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Yield and fruit quality response to foliar application of biostimulants in an apple orchard
Full text linkNutrient supply plays an important role in fruit production technology. Among the methods of nutrient management, the application of foliar fertilization has become an essential tool to harmonize the vegetative and generative performance of fruit trees. This study was conducted to determine the effect of four foliar fertilizers (Bistep, brown juice, Trichoderma harzianum, Clonostachys rosea) on yield and fruit quality in an apple orchard with the cultivar ‘Pinova’, at the University of Debrecen in Hungary. Trees were trained to a slender spindle canopy with a spacing of 4 × 1 m. Treatments were applied five times during different phenological phases in 2021 and 2022. Based on our results, biostimulants had a positive effect on fruit yield and fruit quality, but extreme weather events also influenced the data. In 2021, the effect of the treatments on yield data could not be observed (10.1–13.5 kg/tree; 0.16–0.24 kg/cm²). However, in 2022, plants sprayed with Bistep, T. harzianum, and C. rosea reached 28.7–31.2 kg/tree (0.33–0.46 kg/cm²), while control trees produced only 19.8 kg/tree (0.20 kg/cm²). Fruit size development improved with an increase of 2–6 mm over the two years. Among the treatments, Bistep was able to enhance fruit surface coloration to a greater extent in 2021, as red skin color reached 44% for this foliar fertilizer, while control trees presented only 27%
ISMERETLEN ADATTÖRMELÉKEK A 17. SZÁZAD MÁSODIK FELÉNEK UNITÁRIUS ISKOLA- ÉS PEREGRINÁCIÓTÖRTÉNETÉHEZ
Full text linkThe Unitarian College of Cluj (Kolozsvár), the sole Antitrinitarian institution to sponsor students’ peregrination, saw a significant setback in the early 1660s (due to a combination of fire damage, the bubonic plague, and an erosion of discipline). As a result, Unitarian peregrination temporarily “showed a tendency of decline”. From the 1670s, however, Unitarian students were again regularly sent to study abroad at the expense of the parish of Cluj, but before they left, the peregrines had to issue a pledge, a so-called promissory note (reversalis, obligatoria), to the ecclesia, pledging faithfulness and obedience, primarily; a practice also known in other denominations. These notes are usually – and correctly – regarded as formulaic in nature, but they contain the occasional interesting detail, such as the amount of the “scholarship” granted, the duration of enrolment and the required languages to be learned by the sponsored student. This study offers a systematic overview of these details.
A kolozsvári unitárius iskola, a szentháromság-tagadók egyetlen „küldő intézménye” az 1660-as évek elején erősen hanyatlóban volt (tűzkár, pestis, a fegyelem meglazulása), s ezek folytán átmenetileg az unitárius peregrináció is „beszűkülő tendenciát mutatott”. Az 1670-es évektől azonban – a kolozsvári egyházközség költségén – ismét rendszeresen kezdtek unitárius diákokat külföldi tanulmányútra küldeni, viszont a peregrinusoknak indulásuk előtt már – más felekezeteknél sem ismeretlen – kötelezvényt, úgynevezett reverzálist kellett kiállítaniuk az eklézsia számára, melyben elsősorban hithűségre és engedelmességre kötelezték magukat. Ezeket a reverzálisokat – egyébként nagyon helyesen – formuláknak szokták tartani, időnként azonban nagyon érdekes konkrétumokat is találhatni bennük, így például a folyósított „ösztöndíj” összegét, a tanulmányok időtartamát vagy épp a kötelezően tanulandó nyelvek megnevezését. A tanulmány ezeket a konkrétumokat igyekszik rendszerezve tárgyalni
Educational Psychology
Full text linkBibliography of the reviewed book: Santrock, J. W. (2018). Educational Psychology (6 Ed). McGraw-Hill Education.
A Spirituális Gondozás szemlélete és alkalmazása az egészségügyi és szociális gyakorlatban
Full text linkIn English and German, the concept of Spiritual Care is increasingly becoming the focus of attention. The aim of this paper is to explore this concept and to outline how it can be linked to the idea of active ageing. In the first part of this article, we will look at how Spiritual Care fits into health care. We will approach this question from two perspectives: first, we will define the concept of Spiritual Care and spirituality and, in this context, illustrate the applicability of the concept by briefly presenting two examples from clinical practice: Breitbart's meaning-centred group psychotherapy and spiritual pain. In this theoretical framework, the logotherapeutic approach plays a prominent role. The ways in which Spiritual Care can be understood and implemented at the organisational level will be discussed in detail. In this context, the main features of the Spiritual Needs Questionnaire developed by Büssing will be briefly described. We highlight elderly care as an important field of application of Spiritual Care, justified by demographic changes. The second major content unit of our article introduces the concept of active ageing, the role of spirituality in old age and the areas of spiritual care in old age.Angol és német nyelvterületen egyre inkább a figyelem központjába kerül a Spiritual Care (Spirituális Gondozás) koncepciója. Jelen tanulmány célja ezen fogalom körüljárása és annak felvázolása, hogyan kapcsolható össze e szemlélet az aktív idősödés eszméjével. Cikkünk első részében azzal foglalkozunk, miként illeszkedik a Spiritual Care az egészségügyi ellátásba. Ezt a kérdést kétféle szempontból közelítjük meg: először a Spritual Care és a spiritualitás fogalmát határozzuk meg, és ezzel összefüggésben szemléltetjük a koncepció alkalmazhatóságát a klinikai gyakorlatból vett két példa – a Breitbart-féle értelemközpontú csoportpszichoterápia és a spirituális fájdalom – rövid bemutatásának segítségével. Ebben az elméleti keretben hangsúlyos szerepet tölt be a logoterápiás szemléletmód. Majd részletesen kitérünk arra, hogy mily módon értelmezhető és valósítható meg a Spiritual Care szervezeti szinten. Ehhez kapcsolódóan röviden ismertetjük a Büssing által kidolgozott Spirituális Szükségletek Kérdőív főbb vonásait. A Spiritual Care jelentős alkalmazási területeként – indokolva a demográfiai változásokkal – az időskori ellátást emeljük ki. Cikkünk második nagy tartalmi egysége az aktív idősödés fogalmát, a spiritualitás időskorban betöltött szerepét és a spirituális gondozás időskorra vonatkozó területeit mutatja be
Case Study of Unilever's Zero-Emission Target Realization
Full text linkThis paper presents a detailed case study of Unilever’s strategy and progress toward achieving zero carbon emissions, focusing on Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions. The study analyzes a 10-year time series of both financial and non-financial data to assess the relationship between sustainability indicators, such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, total and renewable energy use, and the company’s operating profit. Forecasting techniques were applied to project future emission levels based on historical data, while correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationships between key variables. The results show a strong positive correlation between total energy use and CO₂ emissions, highlighting the importance of energy efficiency in emission reduction efforts. However, no significant correlation was found between operating profit and CO₂ emissions or energy use, suggesting that sustainability initiatives have not yet had a measurable direct impact on profitability. Despite this, Unilever has demonstrated substantial progress toward its climate targets, including a 91% reduction in CO₂ emissions per ton of production (compared to a 2008 baseline) and the transition to 100% renewable electricity in many of its facilities. The study concludes that while sustainability measures may not immediately influence profit margins, they are essential for long-term competitiveness and corporate responsibility. This case provides valuable insights for firms aiming to integrate environmental performance into strategic decision-making
Advancing Sustainable Waste Management through National Recycling Rate under SDG 12.5.1
Full text linkSolid waste management remains a pressing environmental challenge in both developed and developing nations. Recycling has been promoted globally as a key pathway to sustainability, yet recycling rates often provide only a partial picture of performance. In many contexts, challenges such as poorly regulated recycling policies, informal sector dominance, and practices that prioritize profit over environmental sustainability limit progress towards Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12.5.1, which tracks the national recycling rate. This study investigates the extent to which recycling rates reflect sustainable waste management and identifies the underlying factors that influence their effectiveness. The major objective of this study is to evaluate recycling rates as an indicator of sustainable waste management. This is further specified by: (i) examining recycling practices in selected countries (Germany, South Korea, USA, Brazil, and India), (ii) identifying key drivers and barriers that influence recycling performance, and (iii) assessing the implications of recycling rates for sustainable waste management systems. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining secondary data analysis, comparative country assessment, and policy review. Results show that recycling rates are useful but insufficient as a stand-alone measure of sustainability, since they are influenced by broader elements such as policy enforcement, economic incentives, public participation, and market structures. The findings highlight that Nigeria’s recycling rate remains significantly low compared to leading economies, underscoring the need for integrated waste management reforms. This research contributes to environmental management discourse by demonstrating that while recycling rates provide a benchmark for SDG 12.5.1 monitoring, they must be interpreted alongside contextual drivers to ensure meaningful progress towards sustainable waste management.Solid waste management remains a pressing environmental challenge in both developed and developing nations. Recycling has been promoted globally as a key pathway to sustainability, yet recycling rates often provide only a partial picture of performance. In many contexts, challenges such as poorly regulated recycling policies, informal sector dominance, and practices that prioritize profit over environmental sustainability limit progress towards Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12.5.1, which tracks the national recycling rate. This study investigates the extent to which recycling rates reflect sustainable waste management and identifies the underlying factors that influence their effectiveness. The major objective of this study is to evaluate recycling rates as an indicator of sustainable waste management. This is further specified by: (i) examining recycling practices in selected countries (Germany, South Korea, USA, Brazil, and India), (ii) identifying key drivers and barriers that influence recycling performance, and (iii) assessing the implications of recycling rates for sustainable waste management systems. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining secondary data analysis, comparative country assessment, and policy review. Results show that recycling rates are useful but insufficient as a stand-alone measure of sustainability, since they are influenced by broader elements such as policy enforcement, economic incentives, public participation, and market structures. The findings highlight that Nigeria’s recycling rate remains significantly low compared to leading economies, underscoring the need for integrated waste management reforms. This research contributes to environmental management discourse by demonstrating that while recycling rates provide a benchmark for SDG 12.5.1 monitoring, they must be interpreted alongside contextual drivers to ensure meaningful progress towards sustainable waste management
Az ember- és természetközeli városoknak vannak Magyarországon történelmi gyökerei / Aspektusok és impressziók a városkutatás kapcsán
Full text linkNowadays, the population is significant, the vast majority of the population of our continent lives in cities or in urban environments. Research into the concept, types and legal privileges of the city intensified in Hungary in the 20th century. Urban characteristics are addressed by several branches of social science, including geography, economics, administration, art, geography, and ethnography. An important challenge for today's urban researchers is the multidisciplinary research of the lifestyle of the population living in the city and its catchment area, as well as the examination of the domestic possibilities of urbanization. The study presents the Hungarian researchers of those historical disciplines who have scientifically explored domestic urban development in their works and contributed to the development of the possibilities of urban development. From the work of various research circles, we can learn about the Hungarian characteristics of the city and its environment, the urbanization of catchment areas, based on which today's settlement and social researchers try to present and forecast the current characteristics and expected tasks of the quality of life. Hungarian urban research is somewhat late compared to international research, which is also due to domestic history. Despite the delay, it proves that in our country, as in most of Europe, the historical roots are not in the construction of megacities, the construction of sky-high skyscrapers concentrated in relatively small areas, but rather in the territorial expansion of cities, the development of urbanization in agglomerations and various settlement forms.Napjainkban a népesség jelentős, a mi kontinensünk lakosságának a döntő többsége városlakó vagy városias környezetben él. A város fogalmának, típusainak és a jogi kiváltságainak a kutatása Magyarországon a 20. században felerősödött. A városi sajátosságokkal társadalomtudomány több ága foglalkozik, így földrajz, gazdaság, igazgatás, művészet, geográfia, etnográfia, stb. Napjaink városkutatói számára fontos kihívás a város és vonzáskörzetében élő lakosság életmódjának multidiszciplináris kutatása, valamint az urbanizáció hazai lehetőségeinek a vizsgálata. A tanulmány azoknak a történeti diszciplínáknak a hazai kutatóit mutatja be, akik a hazai városfejlődést tudományos munkáikban feltárták, a városfejlesztés lehetőségeinek kidolgozásához hozzájárultak. A különböző kutatói körök munkásságából a város és környezetének, a vonzáskörzetek urbanizálódásának a hazai jellegzetességeit ismerhetjük meg, amelyek alapján napjaink település- és társadalom kutatói az életminőség jelenlegi jellemzőit és várható feladatait igyekeznek bemutatni, prognosztizálni. A magyar városkutatás a nemzetközi kutatásokhoz képest kissé megkésett, aminek oka a hazai történelemből is adódik. A megkésettség ellenére a kutatások bizonyítják, hogy hazánkban, akárcsak Európa nagy részén, nem a megapoliszok, a viszonylag kis területre koncentrálódó, egeket ostromló toronyházak építésének vannak meg a történelmi gyökerei, sokkal inkább a városok területi kiterjedésének, az agglomerációkban és a különböző települési formákon a városiasodás fejlesztésének van jövője
Study of Rotating and Jet Plasma Treatments on Surface Wettability of Glass
Full text linkThis work investigates the wettability properties of a glass surfaces by using atmospheric pressure cold plasma systems. Treatments were performed by using a rotating-head unit and a jet-type torch during the plazma treatments. The nozzle-to-surface distance (8–15 mm) and the feed rate (50–400 mm/s) were modifying. The untreated glass showed limited wetting, with average water and ethylene glycol contact angles (WCA and EGCA) of 64.7° ± 1.8° and 45.2° ± 1.5°, respectively. After plasma treatment, both systems showed clear improvements, although their efficiency profiles were different. Using the rotating plasma head at 8 mm and 100 mm/s speeds, the WCA decreased to 9.3° ± 0.8°, indicating almost complete wetting. Jet plasma achieved similar results (WCA = 14.1° ± 1.2°), but slightly less uniformly. Changes in wettability were closely related to the exposure time determined by the feed rate: slower movement increased activation, while overexposure occasionally resulted in small thermally induced surface marks that were visible under an optical microscope. As the results showed the rotating plasma reached more homogeneous activation, while the jet system provided stronger local effects at a lower energy input. Based on these results the atmospheric plasma is effective in increasing the surface energy. Rotating systems appear to be advantageous for large, flat areas, while jet plasma is better suited for localized surface modification aimed at improving adhesion or coating performance.This work investigates the wettability properties of a glass surfaces by using atmospheric pressure cold plasma systems. Treatments were performed by using a rotating-head unit and a jet-type torch during the plazma treatments. The nozzle-to-surface distance (8–15 mm) and the feed rate (50–400 mm/s) were modifying. The untreated glass showed limited wetting, with average water and ethylene glycol contact angles (WCA and EGCA) of 64.7° ± 1.8° and 45.2° ± 1.5°, respectively. After plasma treatment, both systems showed clear improvements, although their efficiency profiles were different. Using the rotating plasma head at 8 mm and 100 mm/s speeds, the WCA decreased to 9.3° ± 0.8°, indicating almost complete wetting. Jet plasma achieved similar results (WCA = 14.1° ± 1.2°), but slightly less uniformly. Changes in wettability were closely related to the exposure time determined by the feed rate: slower movement increased activation, while overexposure occasionally resulted in small thermally induced surface marks that were visible under an optical microscope. As the results showed the rotating plasma reached more homogeneous activation, while the jet system provided stronger local effects at a lower energy input. Based on these results the atmospheric plasma is effective in increasing the surface energy. Rotating systems appear to be advantageous for large, flat areas, while jet plasma is better suited for localized surface modification aimed at improving adhesion or coating performance
THE ROLE OF TRADITIONAL FARM RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ON REDUCING CREDIT RISK IN TANZANIA AGRICULTURAL LENDING
Full text linkAgricultural financing enhances food security, job creation, a transition from subsistence to commerce farming, and strengthens the overall economy. However, due to unfavorable weather and market conditions there is limited financing directed towards agriculture especially in developing countries. Despite smallholder farmers' high adoption rate of traditional risk management strategies to minimize these risks, little has been done to examine its moderating role on the relationship between agricultural risks and credit risks. Thus, this study examines the role of farm business risk management strategies on minimizing the influences of production and market risk on smallholder farmers loan repayment capacity. The quantitative study used pooled cross-sectional data from a Tanzanian commercial bank from 2019 to 2021, covering 1,277 smallholder farmers from different administrative regions. Using binary interaction effect logistic regression analysis model, the study's results indicate that irrigation, mechanization, and off-farm diversification significantly minimizes the effects of production and market risk amongst smallholder farmers in Tanzania, an indication that traditional risk management strategies are effective tools amongst smallholder farmers. On the contrary, on-farm diversification strengthens the influence of production and market risk on loan repayment amongst the smallholder farmers in Tanzania, the results that can be influenced by a number of factors, including poor diversification knowledge among smallholder farmers. In light of these findings, the study recommends that policy makers and other development partners to develop agricultural infrastructure and provide more extension agents that can educate smallholder farmers on the best practices on traditional risk management.
EXPLORING THE MEDIATION EFFECT OF PERCEIVED USEFULNESS ON CROP DIVERSIFICATION DRIVERS AMONG SMALLHOLDER COCOA FARMERS IN TANZANIA
Full text linkThe living standard of smallholder cocoa farmers in Tanzania was still low despite the recent transformation in marketing structure which led to the sharp rise in price. This study aimed at examining the drivers for smallholder cocoa farmers in Kilombero, Tanzania to engage in multiple crops farming as the means of poverty alleviation. Based on the cross-sectional survey design, primary data were collected from 501 cocoa farmers obtained through a random selection process that was conducted in their respective 162 agricultural marketing and cooperative societies (AMCOS) found in Kilombero. Results from covariance-based structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that, cocoa market price, payment waiting time, farm size and cocoa farm income played significant roles in cocoa farmers’ decisions to invest while taking into account their perceptions of success. It was only the off-farm income factor that was found to have no statistical significance on farmers’ decision to invest while considering the mediation effect of perception. The study just assessed the investment decisions by smallholder cocoa farmers in Tanzania. Policy makers need to enhance the marketing factors such as cocoa price and payment time to boost farmers’ financial muscles. Meanwhile, farmers themselves are advised to take measures to boost production by increasing farm sizes while adopting better agronomic as per extension officers’ training.This study contributed to knowledge gap by exploring the cocoa-related factors that affect the stallholders’ decision to invest in crop diversification other than the non-cocoa factors that were investigated in previous studies