Central Asian Journal of Social Sciences and History
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A Field Study on Foreign Travelers Writings in the Ottoman Era in Kurdistan Iraq
Get PDFThe writings of foreign travelers are important sources for studying the history of Iraq during the Ottoman era and the history of modern Iraq. Our knowledge of these trips is still limited, and although some studies have appeared that relied on them or translated some of them into Arabic, there is no doubt that the goals and objectives of European travelers were diverse and multiple, but they certainly reflect the European interest in Iraq since the beginning of the sixteenth century, as the writings of foreign travelers were a vital and important source for studying the history of modern and contemporary Iraq, especially in the Ottoman era, and the Kurdistan region of Iraq in the Ottoman era based on what was written by most travelers, especially foreigners. The Kurdistan region, which the Ottomans adopted as a military base, formed a major station on the transportation routes for movement in northern Iraq and was distinguished by its castles, especially Erbil, which formed the center of the city (the region) and in which the population settlement settled. Like the rest of the cities of Iraq, the economic and social aspects formed the true image of the region, and what was associated with them of means of transportation that the residents used, which the travelers divided into two sections: means of transportation in the center of the region, including river and land. All of these matters were covered by the study based on what was written by travelers who passed through the city in the center of the region, which is Erbil, and what this city possesses of many economic and commercial privileges, including the writings of foreign travelers, which are important sources for studying the history of Iraq during the requirements of the Ottoman era and what it contains of importance for this study, and that the region and what it has of interest from the Ottomans and what it possesses of commercial economies in modern Iraq. While Longrigg mentioned more than ninety-six voyages, most of which were European (1: 337-347), some Iraqi writers, researchers and historians estimated them at nearly three hundred voyages (2: 217-227). Therefore, there is no doubt that the aims and objectives of most foreign travelers, including Europeans, were diverse and different, and that the expansion in the Arab-Islamic world, which was initiated by the Dutch and Portuguese, and then the English and French as naval powers that were able to reach different regions of the Ottoman Empire, including Mesopotamia, providing - i.e. travelers - detailed, accurate and important information to their governments, contributed to a great extent in directing and shaping the policy of those countries towards the region (3: 156-173). This study is concerned with clarifying the social, economic and military conditions of the region throughout the Ottoman era, which lasted for about four centuries, relying in its scientific material on the information that foreign travelers transmitted about the city to form a historical picture of its general conditions
Comparative Analysis of Different Countries on Regulation of Ai in Social Relations
Get PDFThis article presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of artificial intelligence (AI) regulation in social relations across various countries. As AI technologies increasingly permeate social interactions, governments worldwide are grappling with the challenge of creating appropriate regulatory frameworks. This study examines the approaches taken by the United States, European Union, China, and Japan, focusing on key areas such as privacy protection, algorithmic transparency, and ethical AI development. The research reveals significant variations in regulatory strategies, reflecting different cultural, political, and economic contexts. Findings suggest that while some countries prioritize innovation and economic growth, others emphasize individual rights and societal well-being. The study concludes by proposing a balanced approach that fosters AI innovation while safeguarding social values and human rights
The Formation of the All-Union Extraordinary Commission
Get PDFThis article examines the formation and early activities of the All-Union Extraordinary Commission (VChK), highlighting its evolution into a powerful punitive body under Soviet rule. The study explores the roles of V. Lenin and F. Dzerzhinsky in its establishment, emphasizing the Commission's primary focus on identifying and suppressing "counter-revolutionaries" opposed to the regime. Despite its initial operational and investigative mandate, the VChK rapidly expanded its authority by 1918 due to internal political unrest and external threats, assuming unlimited powers to arrest, investigate, judge, and execute. Addressing a gap in understanding the sociopolitical impacts of this institution, this research employs a historical-analytical method to trace its transformation into an elite organization with unchecked influence. The findings reveal the VChK's central role in consolidating Soviet power and its implications for governance and civil liberties during this period
From the History of the Activity of Trade Unions and Komsomol Organizations in Uzbekistan in the Post-War Years
Get PDFThis study examines the role of trade unions and Komsomol organizations in shaping post-World War II societal dynamics, particularly in supporting youth. While trade unions significantly influenced community life during this period, the contribution of Komsomol as a youth-focused institution remains underexplored. The research aims to bridge this gap by analyzing the activities and societal impact of these organizations. Using historical analysis and archival data, the study reveals that trade unions played a pivotal role in economic recovery and social stability, while Komsomol organizations became essential in mobilizing and supporting youth. These findings highlight the importance of organized social institutions in post-war reconstruction and provide insights for understanding youth engagement in broader societal frameworks
Some Aspects of The Khiva-Kazakh Relations in The 18th Century: Comparative Analysis of Narratives and Archive Documents
Get PDFThe article illustrates the peculiar character of Khiva-Kazakh relations in the 18th century through the direct involvement of the Russian Empire, which manifested itself in the form of Khiva-Russian-Kazakh relations. It analyzes the issue of accepting Russian allegiance by the Kazakh khanates and the attitude of the Khivan side towards it, was one of the important aspects of the tripartite nature of the Khiva-Kazakh relations. On the basis of the cross-referencing (comparative) analysis paper argues on the interpretation of the document – “the Abulkhair Khan’s letter to the Khan of Khiva” in 1731/1732. To reveal the nature of historical events there are compared historical materials of “Firdavs ul-iqbal” of Munis and Ogahiy is one of the Khorezmian chronicles with the Russian archival documents
Church Proliferation and Social Vices: A Study of Churches in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 2010-2023
Get PDFThe proliferation of churches in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, between 2010 and 2023 and a notable increase in social vices, prompting a critical investigation into the relationship between these two phenomena. This research addresses the problem of understanding whether the rapid growth of churches has had an impact on the prevalence of social vices or if it reflects broader socio-economic factors at play in the city. The Church Growth theory, which explores the dynamics of church expansion and its implications for society, serves as the theoretical framework for this study. The study was guided by two key research objectives and two research questions were posed to guide the study. A secondary method of data collection was employed, drawing on existing literature, reports, and media content to provide a comprehensive analysis of the situation. The study's findings reveal a complex relationship between church growth and social vices. While some churches have actively contributed to community development and moral education, others have been criticized for their commercialization and lack of social responsibility, which may have inadvertently exacerbated social issues. The study recommends that churches should enhance their social responsibility initiatives and collaborate with local authorities to address the root causes of social vices. Additionally, there should be stricter regulation of church activities to ensure that they contribute positively to societal well-being rather than merely proliferating without regard for their impact on the community
Silk Road Restoration Concepts in Central Asia
Get PDFThis article provides a concise overview of the Silk Road restoration concepts in Central Asia, outlining the multifaceted strategies aimed at revitalizing the historic trade routes that connected the East and West. The restoration efforts encompass infrastructure development, cultural heritage preservation, tourism promotion, cross-border cooperation, technological integration, educational initiatives, and environmental conservation. The goal is to reconnect the Silk Road, fostering economic development, cultural exchange, and sustainable practices in the region. This article highlights the significance of Central Asia as a crossroads for civilizations and emphasizes the comprehensive approach undertaken to revive and preserve the historical legacy of the Silk Road.
The Silk Road restoration concepts in Central Asia refer to various initiatives and ideas aimed at reviving and preserving the historical Silk Road trade routes that traversed the region. The Silk Road was a network of ancient trade routes connecting the East and West, facilitating the exchange of goods, cultures, and ideas between different civilizations. Central Asia played a crucial role as a crossroads for these trade routes
Parental Child Rearing Methods and Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies of Students in Rivers State Public Universities
Get PDFThis research investigates the impact of parenting styles on the entrepreneurial skills of college students in public universities in Rivers State. Conducted as a cross-sectional survey, it involved 1,564 undergraduate management majors enrolled during the 2018–2019 academic year, with a sample size of 309 accounting for the finite population. The PCRMPECQ questionnaire assessed parental child-raising methods and personal entrepreneurial abilities. Spearman Rank Order Correlation Coefficient was used for hypothesis testing, setting the significance threshold at 0.01, with partial correlation employed to control for group influence. Findings revealed a correlation between students' entrepreneurial competencies and authoritative parenting styles, characterized by love, support, and reasonable control. The study suggests that children are more likely to develop entrepreneurial abilities when raised by authoritative parents, who balance warmth and support with appropriate discipline. This parenting style fosters self-reliance, confidence, and problem-solving skills, essential for entrepreneurial success
Limitation of Religious Spiritual Values and Increasing Spiritual Decay
Get PDFThis article analyzes the nature of the policy towards religion during the time of the Soviet government and the reasons for the destruction of national and religious values
Social Condition of Population in Cities
Get PDFThis article provides information about the social condition of the urban population of Surkhandarya region after the Second World War, the state of household services provided to them, based on archival and press materials