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Przekształcenia wielkości okręgów wyborczych w wyborach do rad gmin na gruncie Kodeksu wyborczego
Get PDFThe decision on the size of electoral districts is a decision of particular political significance, contributing to increasing or decreasing the electoral chances of individual participants in the electoral procedure. The size of the electoral district, translating into the level of the so-called natural threshold, may in fact decide on the exclusion of certain election committees from participation in the division of mandates, leading to the deformation of the will of the voters. The aim of the article is to trace and assess the transformations of the relevant provisions applicable to elections to municipal councils under the Electoral Code. The analysis conducted leads to the conclusion that the proposals submitted in this regard, aimed at achieving the applicants' immediate political goals, covered a wide range of solutions, convincing about the lack of a crystallized concept in relation to the size of electoral districts.Rozstrzygnięcie w sprawie wielkości okręgów wyborczych stanowi decyzję o szczególnym znaczeniu politycznym, przyczyniającą się do zwiększenia lub zmniejszenia szans wyborczych poszczególnych uczestników postępowania wyborczego. Wielkość okręgu wyborczego, przekładając się na poziom tzw. progu naturalnego, może w istocie decydować o wykluczeniu określonych komitetów wyborczych z udziału w podziale mandatów, doprowadzając do deformacji woli wyborców. Celem artykułu jest prześledzenie i ocena przekształceń odnośnych przepisów, obowiązujących w wyborach do rad gmin na gruncie Kodeksu wyborczego. Przeprowadzona analiza prowadzi do wniosku, że zgłaszane w tym zakresie propozycje, ukierunkowane na realizację doraźnych celów politycznych wnioskodawców, obejmowały szerokie spektrum rozwiązań, przekonujące o braku wykrystalizowanej koncepcji w odniesieniu do wielkości okręgów wyborczych.  
Perfekcjonizm jako idea inspirująca do przemian
Get PDFThe text presents perfectionism as an idea with ethical, psychological and anthropological significance, capable of inspiring change in individuals and society. The author analyses it in the context of upbringing, motivation and role models, pointing to the role of reason and virtue as the foundations of education (Herbart, classical tradition). Ethical perfectionism is presented as a source of motivation for self-improvement, self-expression and moral responsibility, as well as a way to shape role models in different cultures and professions. Attention is drawn to contemporary challenges, including the impact of digitalisation and artificial intelligence on social relations. The article emphasises the need for further research into the presented anthropological-ethical framework in the context of existing changes.Tekst ukazuje perfekcjonizm jako ideę o znaczeniu etycznym, psychologicznym i antropologicznym, zdolną inspirować przemiany jednostki i społeczeństwa. Autorka analizuje go w kontekście wychowania, motywacji oraz wzorów osobowych, wskazując na rolę rozumu i cnoty jako fundamentów kształcenia (Herbart, tradycja klasyczna). Perfekcjonizm etyczny przedstawiony jest jako źródło motywacji do samodoskonalenia, wyrażania siebie i odpowiedzialności moralnej, a także jako droga do kształtowania wzorców do naśladowania w różnych kulturach i zawodach. Zwrócono uwagę na wyzwania współczesności, m.in. wpływ cyfryzacji i sztucznej inteligencji na relacje społeczne. Artykuł podkreśla potrzebę dalszych badań zaprezentowanej siatki antropologiczno-etycznej na tle istniejących przemian
Listy Kyryła Studynśkiego (1868–1941) do Andrzeja Szeptyckiego (1865–1944) z lat 1905–1914 jako źródło do badań nad związkami Metropolity z ukraińską inteligencją na przełomie XIX i XX wieku
Get PDFAndrey Sheptytsky contacts with the Ukrainian intelligentsia still await comprehensive research. In this context, it should be emphasized that the current state of research does not permit their full and thorough analysis. The publication of Kyrylo Studnytsky’s letters to the Metropolitan from 1905–1914 seems to serve as a starting point for further scrutiny. The study illustrates the nature of Sheptytsky’s contacts from the period prior to the outbreak of World War I. The letters provide insights into Sheptytsky’s personal relations with Studynsky and present the exchange of ideas between him and representatives of the Ukrainian intelligentsia. The study does not aim to provide a comprehensive account but offers initial observations on these intellectual connections.Kontakty Andrzeja Szeptyckiego z ukraińską inteligencją nadal czekają na kompleksowe badanie. Należy podkreślić, że dotychczasowy stan badań nie pozwala na zbudowanie pełnego ich obrazu. Prezentowana korespondencja Kyryło Studynśkiego do Metropolity posłuży jako punkt wyjścia do dalszych badań. Analiza pokazuje przykład takich kontaktów z okresu do wybuchu I wojny światowej. Niniejsze badanie stanowi swoisty rekonesans badawczy, nie pretenduje do wyczerpania tematu. Analiza relacji Metropolity z ukraińską inteligencją oraz publikowana tutaj korespondencja pozwalają pokazać przykład jego osobistych powiązań z K. Studynśkim, a także ukazać zjawisko wymiany myśli między nim a jednym z przedstawicieli inteligencji ukraińskiej
Akordeonistyka w artystycznej edukacji muzycznej w wybranych ośrodkach na Podkarpaciu w latach 1951–2010
Get PDFThis article is an attempt to summarize and highlight the importance of professional accordion teaching in selected centers in the Podkarpacie region in the years 1951–2010. Subsequent studies will focus on many distinguished and equally, or even outstanding and excellent accordion teaching centers. The presented text is a fragment of a larger whole, which, due to the enormous amount of material and information, has been divided into several complementary studies in the future. Podkarpacie is the leading area of accordion playing in Poland, and the author’s intention is to create a monograph on the education of accordionists in our region. Subsequent articles will concern other centers. The development of education on this instrument is closely linked to the development of arts education in Poland, the provision of highly qualified staff, and the evolution of the instrument itself at that time – from the so-called standard instrument to the concert keyboard and button instrument with a baritone bass manual. The profiles of the first professional teachers who graduated from music academies and the centers where they began their work, including Stalowa Wola, Mielec, Dębica, Łańcut, Ropczyce, Kolbuszowa, Trzciana, Trzebownisko, and Głogów Małopolski, were recalled. Selected outstanding graduates who perform as soloists and form various music ensembles were also introduced. Thanks to the hard work and motivation for continuous development of many people associated with the accordion in Podkarpacie, it can be said that their work has contributed to the high level of accordion playing in Poland and abroad. Many graduates from this region teach students at music academies and colleges and hold numerous prestigious positions at universities and in arts education.Artykuł jest próbą podsumowania i uwypuklenia znaczenia profesjonalnego nauczania gry na akordeonie w wybranych ośrodkach na terenie Podkarpacia w latach 1951–2010. Kolejne opracowania dotyczyć będą wielu zasłużonych i równie albo wręcz wybitnych i znakomitych ośrodków kształcenia gry na akordeonie. Prezentowany tekst stanowi fragment większej całości, który ze względu na ogromną ilości materiałów i informacji został z założenia podzielony na kilka następnych, uzupełniających się opracowań w przyszłości. Podkarpacie jest wiodącym obszarem akordeonistyki w Polsce i intencją autora jest stworzenie monografii dotyczącej kształcenia akordeonistów w naszym regionie. Kolejne artykuły będą dotyczyć następnych ośrodków. Rozwój kształcenia na tym instrumencie wiąże się ściśle z rozwojem szkolnictwa artystycznego w Polsce, zapewnieniem wysoko kwalifikowanej kadry i ewolucji, jakiej w tym czasie podlegał sam instrument – od tzw. standardowego aż po instrument koncertowy klawiszowy i guzikowy z manuałem basów barytonowych. Przypomniane zostały sylwetki pierwszych profesjonalnych pedagogów, którzy ukończyli akademie muzyczne oraz ośrodki, w których rozpoczęli pracę, m.in. w Stalowej Woli, Mielcu, Dębicy, Łańcucie, Ropczycach, Kolbuszowej, Trzcianie, Trzebownisku, Głogowie Małopolskim. Przedstawieni zostali także wybrani, wyróżniający się wychowankowie, którzy prowadzą działalność koncertową solistyczną i tworzą rozmaite zespoły muzyczne. Dzięki ogromnej pracy i motywacji do ciągłego rozwoju wielu osób związanych z akordeonem na Podkarpaciu można stwierdzić, że ich praca wpisała się w kształtowanie wysokiego poziomu akordeonistyki w Polsce, a także za granicą. Wielu wychowanków pochodzących z tego regionu kształci studentów na akademiach muzycznych oraz wyższych szkołach, piastując liczne, prestiżowe funkcje na uczelniach i w szkolnictwie artystycznym
Utilization of Statistical Methods in Educational Research
Get PDFStatistical methods play a key role in educational research. This paper focuses on the signifi-cance and application of statistical methods in educational research, demonstrating how these methods can be used to examine the effectiveness of different teaching methods, evaluate educa-tional interventions, and identify factors influencing learning. Basic statistical procedures, such as statistics, correlations, regression analyses, t-tests, and statistical hypotheses are discussed. The paper also highlights common errors in the use of statistical methods and stresses the importance of carefully selecting appropriate statistical tools. The aim is to provide educators and researchers with a practical overview
The Impact of Television and Mobile Device Screens on the Development of Children Aged 0 to 3 Years Students
Get PDFIn the digital era, infants and toddlers are frequently exposed to screen media. This article eva-luates effects of screen exposure on children aged 0–3 years. A narrative integrative review synthe-sising empirical studies, meta-analyses, international and national guidelines, and recent reports, with focus on exposure measurement and contextual moderators (content quality, caregiver media-tion, socioeconomic factors).Excessive, unmediated screen exposure is associated with delayed expressive language, re-duced contingent face-to-face interaction, poorer sleep quality and delayed sleep onset (notably with evening use), lower spontaneous physical activity, and challenges in behavioural self-regulation. Conditional benefits – such as video-calls and targeted educational or therapeutic apps – emerge mainly when media are age-appropriate and used with active caregiver engagement. Heterogeneity of measures and predominance of cross-sectional studies limit causal inference.Recommend minimizing non-interactive screen time for under-3s, avoiding screens before bed-time, promoting caregiver-mediated uses and family media plans, and prioritizing longitudinal and intervention research.In the digital era, infants and toddlers are frequently exposed to screen media. This article eva-luates effects of screen exposure on children aged 0–3 years. A narrative integrative review synthe-sising empirical studies, meta-analyses, international and national guidelines, and recent reports, with focus on exposure measurement and contextual moderators (content quality, caregiver media-tion, socioeconomic factors).Excessive, unmediated screen exposure is associated with delayed expressive language, re-duced contingent face-to-face interaction, poorer sleep quality and delayed sleep onset (notably with evening use), lower spontaneous physical activity, and challenges in behavioural self-regulation. Conditional benefits – such as video-calls and targeted educational or therapeutic apps – emerge mainly when media are age-appropriate and used with active caregiver engagement. Heterogeneity of measures and predominance of cross-sectional studies limit causal inference.Recommend minimizing non-interactive screen time for under-3s, avoiding screens before bed-time, promoting caregiver-mediated uses and family media plans, and prioritizing longitudinal and intervention research
Possibilities of Applying FreeCAD in Teaching the Technology Subject
Get PDFThe use of CAD systems is currently one of the common educational problems. Their use in the field of technical education can now be considered non-compliant, especially at higher secondary education at vocational technical schools and universities. Their application is also important in primary school and it is necessary to distinguish the difficulty and availability of the program for the school. The FreeCAD is also available for a complex CAD system usable for the needs of tech-nology teachers at lower secondary education. This paper deals with the possibilities of its use in the creation of working ideas
Modern Requirements for the Training of Scientific Personnel in Environmental Specialties Within the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine
Get PDFThe article presents an analysis of the current state of training scientific and academic staff by Ukrainian higher education institutions and research establishments during the special period of Ukraine’s gaining independence, in particular at the Institute of Agroecology and Environmental Management of NAAS.It is emphasized that as early as 1999 the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine approved the Regu-lation on the training of academic and scientific staff, and starting from 2016 the training of aca-demic and scientific personnel in Ukraine has been reformed in accordance with the requirements of the Bologna Agreement.The authors emphasize that ensuring a healthy lifestyle and quality education is one of the key goals of the UN Sustainable Development Summit and requires an integrated approach and the pro-vision of quality education that will foster the development of life competencies, strengthen health, and improve the quality of life of all members of society.The functions of quality assurance in education are performed by the National Agency for Higher Education Quality Assurance, which has gone through its own path of formation and reform and has incorporated in its activities the best practices of Western agencies, including lessons learned from correcting previous mistakes.The article presents an analysis of the current state of training scientific and academic staff by Ukrainian higher education institutions and research establishments during the special period of Ukraine’s gaining independence, in particular at the Institute of Agroecology and Environmental Management of NAAS.It is emphasized that as early as 1999 the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine approved the Regu-lation on the training of academic and scientific staff, and starting from 2016 the training of aca-demic and scientific personnel in Ukraine has been reformed in accordance with the requirements of the Bologna Agreement.The authors emphasize that ensuring a healthy lifestyle and quality education is one of the key goals of the UN Sustainable Development Summit and requires an integrated approach and the pro-vision of quality education that will foster the development of life competencies, strengthen health, and improve the quality of life of all members of society.The functions of quality assurance in education are performed by the National Agency for Higher Education Quality Assurance, which has gone through its own path of formation and reform and has incorporated in its activities the best practices of Western agencies, including lessons learned from correcting previous mistakes
Determinants of time to first birth among women of childbearing age in Somalia – a survival analysis model
Get PDFIntroduction and aim. The study evaluated factors and the significant indicators of time to first birth for reproductive aged women (aged 15–49 years) in Somalia.
Material and methods. The study considered SDHS, 2020. The log-rank test was used to assess the statistical significance of the observed difference between waiting time for first birth and various socioeconomic and demographic factors. The Cox proportional hazard model was applied to identify the influential factors for the waiting time to the first birth.
Results. The study established that about 71.19% of the respondents got married before the age of 20, while 28.81% did marry after the 20 years of age. Survival analysis revealed that the place of residence, region, age at first marriage, respondent’s education, employment status, and Wealth quintile were statistically significant determinants of waiting time to first birth. The majority of the respondents (64.56%) of the total had their first birth between the ages of 15 and 24. Among these age groups, the highest number of first births occurs at the age of 19 years, with 11.98% of respondents falling into this category. The study also found that the different age groups revealed significantly lower hazards for first births as the age increased. Regarding regional differences, the study found significant variations in the probability of survival of the first birth. In particular, the Togdheer region exhibited a higher hazard ratio (HR=1.132979, p=0.030), indicating an increased risk of experiencing the first birth compared to the reference category. Other regions, such as Galgaduud (HR=1.140067, p=0.029) and Bay (HR=1.199272, p=0.018), also showed higher hazards. On the contrary, Woqooyi Galbeed did not show significant difference in survival probabilities (HR=0.972095, p=0.604) compared to the reference category.
Conclusion. Raising the minimum age for the first childbirth and promoting women’s education are crucial for reducing child marriage rates in Somalia