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Simulating the consequences of climate change on crop production: comparative study of results from agroclimatic (AGI) and phenoclimatic (PHI) indicators, leading to different adaptation recommendations: example of soft wheat in Clermont-Ferrand, France
No full textInternational audienceClimate is the primary factor influencing the feasibility of agricultural production. Given the context of climate change, prospective studies become imperative for anticipating potential consequences on plant development and the adaptation of agricultural systems. The objective of this study is to compare two methods based on the calculation of climatic indicators, which can reveal risks of production losses. The first method relies on agroclimatic indicators (AGIs), computed on fixed calendar dates corresponding to plant development phases. The second method employs phenoclimatic indicators (PHI), calculated between previously simulated phenological stage dates. To provide a concrete comparison and account for a range of potential climate scenarios, the cultivation of soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) in Clermont-Ferrand is used as an example for horizons 2060 and 2100 under the RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios (using the ALADIN63_CNRM-CM5 model from Météo-France). A comparison of the two methods yields contrasting results. It emphasizes the effectiveness of PHIs in closely approximating the conditions encountered by a specific plant, without undermining the significance of AGIs in interpreting changes in diverse climatic parameters that affect plant development overall. The AGIs indicate a rise in water deficit and hot days for soft wheat in 2060 and 2100. Meiosis would be less susceptible to low temperatures, and bolting would benefit from a slightly higher cumulative radiation. Conversely, depending on the chosen sowing dates, the PHIs indicate that heat days and water deficit would not be more pronounced than in the reference period, owing to the earlier physiological maturity date of the grains. However, advancing the bolting date on the calendar would expose it to a lack of radiation and low temperatures. Consequently, recommendations for adaptation and transition in the agricultural sector may vary significantly between the results of AGIs and those of PHIs
Tourisme, technologies et consommation à l’ère du 5.0: Découverte et réflexions face aux enjeux organisationnels et sociétaux
No full textInternational audienceL’histoire nous montre que les technologies aident l’homme dans ses activités quotidiennes. Chaque évolution technologique majeure provoque une révolution économique, culturelle et sociale, transformant les modes de vie des citoyens, des organisations professionnelles et les pratiques de consommation. Les technologies numériques l’illustrent parfaitement, et le tourisme n’y échappe pas. Bientôt, les technologies de la génération « X.0 » (IA, cobots, biotechnologies, etc.) entraîneront une nouvelle révolution sociotechnologique, introduisant l’ère 5.0.Tourisme, technologies et consommation à l’ère du 5.0 explore le rôle et les enjeux des nouvelles technologies dans la « Société 5.0 », qui transforme progressivement les pratiques des professionnels du tourisme et des voyageurs. Face aux défis du changement climatique et du développement durable, il examine les opportunités et les limites des technologies bionumériques en faveur d’un tourisme plus durable et responsable.L’ouvrage aide à décrypter un monde en transition, où les technologies digitales réinventeront les expériences de consommation, notamment dans le tourisme, et encourageront des comportements socialement plus responsables
The Bi-objective Electric Autonomous Dial-A-Ride Problem
No full textInternational audienceThe prevalence of ride-sharing services presents a fundamental trade-off between the operational costs and the users' convenience. While ride-sharing operations reduce operational costs, users may experience certain inconveniences, such as longer ride times when sharing their rides with others. Along with the development of ride-sharing services, the emergence of new techniques, such as electric vehicles and autonomous techniques, has drawn academic interests in operations research to apply a more eco-friendly and comfortable mode of transport. The Electric Autonomous Dial-A-Ride Problem (the E-ADARP) was first introduced by \cite{bongiovanni2019electric}, which consists in designing a set of minimum-cost routes for a fleet of electric autonomous vehicles (EAVs) by scheduling them to provide ride-sharing services for users specifying their origins and destinations. In this work, we emphasize the conflicting interests of service providers and users in the objective function of the E-ADARP and investigate the Bi-objective E-ADARP (hereafter BO-EADARP). The two objectives of the BO-EADARP are the total travel time of all vehicles and the total excess user ride time of all users. We propose an exact algorithm to solve the problem. In the numerical study, we solve the BO-EADARP instances and the classical BO-DARP instances with our proposed method and methods in the literature (e.g., -constraint methods). Our proposed method has demonstrated efficiency in terms of solution quality and computational time. We also analyze the hybridization among different methods, which help to enhance the performance
Recherche Clinique en Oncologie dans les territoires ultramarins: freins, atouts et les moyens à disposition
No full textInternational audienceIntroductionRéduire les inégalités territoriales d’accès aux soins et aux innovations en oncologie est un objectif de la stratégie décennale de lutte contre le cancer. Les populations des territoires d’Outre-mer (OM) sont confrontées à des limites en matière d'accès à la recherche clinique en oncologie.Methodes : L’article vise à partager un état des lieux exhaustif des défis observés au développement de la recherche clinique en oncologie dans les territoires OM mais aussi des moyens identifiés pour y répondre ; et illustrer avec des succès récents en terme de mise en place de programme de recherche clinique en oncologie.Résultats : La recherche clinique en oncologie dans les territoires d'outre-mer français présente des défis uniques, auxquels la couverture des surcoûts dômiens par les tutelles, les réponses législatives pour lever les contraintes réglementaires, le déploiement des solutions innovantes, la télémedecine, la formation continue en distanciel, le partenariat patient, l’apport des chercheurs en SHS et les collaborations académiques sont autant de dispositifs éprouvés pour surmonter ces obstacles. Plusieurs centres ont démontré récemment la faisabilité d’une recherche clinique en oncologie en OM de qualité. Ces initiatives sont à soutenir et à étendre en s’adaptant aux besoins et à la réalité de chaque territoire. En investissant sur les territoires ultramarins, les tutelles locales et nationales peuvent renforcer les capacités des acteurs locaux pour développer une recherche clinique en oncologie répondant aux besoins de la population et à la réalité de ces territoires.Conclusion : Des centres ultramarins ont su relever les défis et ont démontré la faisabilité de mener des projets de recherche cliniques en oncologie pour permettre l'accès des patients ultramarins aux traitements oncologiques innovants et contribuer à l'avancement des connaissances scientifiques en oncologie
Associations between prenatal exposure to PFAS and cardiometabolic health in preadolescents
No full textInternational audienceIntroduction: While a number of studies have examined the effects of prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on childhood obesity, the results reported have been inconsistent and few studies have integrated biological markers. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between prenatal exposure to PFAS and cardiometabolic health parameters at age 12, taking pubertal stage into consideration.Method: This study included 394 mother-child pairs enrolled in the PELAGIE mother-child cohort (France). Nine PFAS were measured in umbilical cord blood, and the children attended a clinical examination at age 12. Anthropometry, blood metabolic markers, and blood pressure were measured and used to build an internal cardiometabolic score. Linear regression and Quantile G-computation models were used to evaluate individual and mixture PFAS effects, adjusting for confounders and stratifying by sex and pubertal stage.Results: No statistically significant association was observed between prenatal exposure to PFAS and cardiometabolic score at age 12. In post-menarche girls, perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) were statistically significantly associated with a decrease in a number of adiposity parameters (e.g., Body mass index z-score: beta [95%CI] = -0.37 [-0.67; -0.07]), as well as a decrease in low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and leptin levels. Similar results were observed with PFAS mixture, with statistically significantly decreased tricipital skinfolds (beta [95%CI] = -1.30 [(-2.54;-0.06)]). Isolated associations, including higher systolic blood pressure, changes in cholesterol levels, and lower adiponectin levels were observed in specific subgroups.Conclusion: There is no clear evidence of an association between prenatal exposure to PFAS and the cardiometabolic health at earlier stage of pubertal development. However, inverse associations between PFAS and anthropometric measures have been observed in post-menarche girls. While the literature on this topic is scarce in pre-adolescents, these results suggest the importance of considering sex and pubertal stage in these associations
The missing link is the object of study: From Xenophon, Smith, Say, Marshall, Whately and Robbins
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A one health approach for integrated vector management monitoring and evaluation
No full textInternational audienceThe French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses) has set up a multidisciplinary working group (WG) to develop an innovative One Health approach for the monitoring and evaluation of an integrated vector management system (IVMS) on a territorial scale. Four existing evaluation guidelines and methods have been combined into a semi-quantitative evaluation approach that takes into account all the dimensions of an integrated process. We propose a set of 34 criteria divided into three sections (obj19ectives and management, implementation, integration) that correspond to the main functional components of an IVMS. Each criterion is assigned a score based on the results of a scoring questionnaire completed by the system's stakeholders, and two graphical outputs are generated using a specific combination of these scores. An overview of the system's performance is provided through a series of pie charts synthesizing the scores for each of the three sections and the corresponding eleven subsections. A radar chart further combines the results according to eight attributes chosen to characterize the qualities of the system. Our approach was tested for the invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus, a main vector of arboviruses, in two French territories with contrasting dengue epidemiology. This approach is intended to be generic and usable in all territories that are at risk of being affected by arboviruses, whether in tropical or temperate regions. Beyond a conventional assessment of the various components of an IVMS, our interdisciplinary and multisectoral approach aims to gain a better understanding of such a system in its environment, its overall functioning and its mechanisms for adapting to contextual change. It also aims to identify avenues for improvement as part of a continuous quality process, and to facilitate comparisons between territories and the cross-fertilization of knowledge between stakeholders
« Ah vous êtes là vous aussi ! ». Enquête collective sur la multipositionnalité associative et politique à l’échelle locale
No full textLes auteurs signent collectivement au nom du Collectif ROCS (Revisite de l’observatoire du changement social).International audienceCe chapitre s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une enquête collective revisitant, quarante ans après, l’un des terrains de l’Action thématique programmée du CNRS sur l’Observation du changement social et culturel (ATP OCS) : le Domfrontais, dans l’Orne. L’entrée sur le terrain par le monde associatif nous permet d’accéder aux acteurs et actrices occupant des positions dominantes (notamment politiques) dans l’espace social local, en suivant les réseaux d’interconnaissance et d’appartenance institutionnelle. Deux objectifs sont poursuivis dans cette contribution. Le premier consiste en une réflexion méthodologique sur l’analyse d’un réseau associatif couplé à l’ethnographie collective, tandis que le second propose d’analyser les formes de reproduction des inégalités dans le Domfrontais en formulant des pistes de recherche à propos des groupes relativement dominants dans cet espace local
