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Traction animale agricole : un regard vers le passé pour préparer l’avenir: Les stratégies de crédibilisation des paysans pour se réclamer modernes
No full textInternational audienceCes dernières décennies, la traction animale connaît un engouement chez les agriculteurs français. La pratique contemporaine s’appuie sur un héritage du passé, sur la tradition. Pour autant, les utilisateurs se sont modernisés, innovent et proposent une manière contemporaine de pratiquer la traction animale. Cet article se propose d’objectiver cette tension entre tradition et modernité autour de la traction animale, tout en rapprochant cette dynamique du cadre de la retro-innovation. Les agriculteurs actuels s’appuient sur une institutionnalisation progressive de la pratique depuis les années 1980, mais souffrent toujours d’une image dépassée. Cela a des conséquences concrètes sur les projets de ces paysans. Dès lors, ils mettent en place des stratégies de crédibilisation de la pratique dans le dessein de visibiliser leur caractère moderne et innovant. En fin de compte, cette rétro-innovation est une proposition politique de redéfinition du modèle agricole
Inter-laboratory variability in cytomegalovirus DNA quantification: implications for standardization and clinical monitoring
No full textInternational audienceCytomegalovirus (CMV) infection monitoring is a key element in the management of immunocompromised patients. CMV DNA quantification in plasma or whole blood is the best indicator for clinicians to adjust immunosuppressive or antiviral therapies. Despite the availability of internationally standardized material, the commutability of CMV quantification results across laboratories remains inadequate. To assess inter-laboratory variability in CMV DNA quantification, we conducted a blinded study in seven independent laboratories. Each participant received a panel of 92 specimens for CMV quantification using their routinely used standard platform. While quantifications were highly correlated and reproducible, large discrepancies were observed with differences up to 1.45 log(10) IU/mL between techniques for identical specimens. However, quantification scattering was lower for the World Health Organization (WHO) international standard or a commercially tested control (interquartile range = 0.129) than for clinical specimens (0.469; P = 0.0142). Blind quantification of the WHO or the commercial standard indicated that all techniques, except for fully integrated platforms, did not align well with the expected values, and most platforms tended to quantify specimens and standards differently. Recalibration of all platforms against the same standard improved the spread of results, but differences of up to 1.19 log(10) IU/mL remained for the same specimens. Achieving commutability in CMV quantification remains an elusive goal. Efforts should focus on improving both the assay calibrators and the run controls, which currently do not appear to simulate the unique characteristics of circulating CMV in patients. Until this is resolved, each transplanted patient should be consistently monitored by the same laboratory on the same platform.IMPORTANCEOur conclusions support previous work on this topic describing the diversity of circulating cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA forms and the difficulties in standardizing CMV viral load (VL) measurement. The inter-assay reproducibility of CMV VL measurement is primarily influenced by the extraction procedure and the amplicon size generated by the technique. Viral standards generated from cell culture supernatant do not reflect circulating CMV forms from patient samples. We highlight the need to develop a new international standard that better reflects the circulating forms of CMV and demonstrate the risk of tracking a patient’s CMV VL in different laboratories
L’environnement de travail et ses impacts sur la santé : enjeux et perspectives pour 2040
No full textNational audienceThe work environment is a singular environment that plays a fundamental role in the physical and mental health of all workers. While it has many similarities with the general environment, it also has its own particularities in terms of regulations, risks, exposomes, time and inequalities, the perspectives of which need to be developed in cooperation between decision-makers, occupational health professionals (doctors, nurses and teams), prevention specialists and workers, in the interests of decent work.L’environnement de travail est un environnement singulier qui joue un rôle fondamental dans la santé physique et mentale des « travaillants » – personne effectuant un travail quelle que soit leur condition sociale. Certes, il présente des similitudes avec l’environnement général, mais il présente des particularités entre réglementations, risques, exposomes, temps et inégalités dont les perspectives sont à construire en coopération entre décideurs, professionnels de santé au travail (médecins-infirmier et équipe), les acteurs de la prévention et les travaillants, pour un travail décent
A framework for risk assessment during natural hazard based on the Choquet integral and MACBETH
No full textInternational audienceThis research is part of a doctoral program in geography, geomatics, and computer science, which began in October 2023.Risk assessment in the face of natural disasters is an increasingly critical issue with climate change. Evaluating risk involves two distinct assessments: first, the probability of the disaster occurring, and second, the potential stakes or impacts of such an event. These impacts are generally categorized along several dimensions, notably human factors and infrastructure concerns. However, even when focusing solely on humanstakes, characterizing risk—particularly in terms of the potential to prevent casualties—is complex. This complexity arises from multiple factors, including the vulnerabilityof individuals present in the affected area (such as the presence of schools or nursing homes), the availability of a safe zone, and the ease with which emergency responders can intervene. Assessing risks presents several challenges. First, it is necessaryto find ways to objectively analyze the situation through measurable indicators (e.g. ease to access the victims for first responders, presence of a safe zone or not, vulnerability of the population). This includes not only defining these indicatorsbut also evaluating their consequences. One possible approach would be to create separate maps for each dimension of risk. However, this would result in a large number of maps, making interpretation difficult. Decision-makers would then need to synthesize these maps to identify the most at-risk areas and prioritize interventions accordingly. To account for the various dimensions inherent to risk assessment,it is first necessary to process these metrics through a function that determines the level of risk for each criterion. Once this step is completed, these criteria are then combined using aggregation functions, allowing for a comprehensive evaluationof the overall risk based on individual indicators. The most common approach to this problem relies on a weighted sum, which assigns specific weights to each criterion.This method effectively establishes the relative importance of one criterion over another and has the advantage of being linear. However, it also presents certain limitations. In particular, its linearity prevents it from capturing interactions between criteria, such as veto effects (where failing to meet a single critical criterion results in a severe situation regardless of other factors, but meeting it alone is not sufficient to ensure a low-risk scenario), as well as complementarities or substitutability betweencriteria (e.g. ease to evacuate a place can be substituted by the presence of a safe zone). In this paper, we propose a risk mapping method that utilizes an alternative aggregation function. Specifically, we rely on the Choquet integral, which allows for the modeling of interactions between criteria, whether in terms of complementarity orsubstitutability, while maintaining desirable properties such as monotonicity.The Choquet integral has been widely used in multi-criteria decision-making problems (Grabisch and Labreuche, 2010), as it enables a more refined representation of interactions compared to the weighted sum, which can be seen as a special caseof this function. Like the weighted sum, the Choquet integral is a parametricfunction based on the definition of an underlying function called a capacity. Determining this capacity requires input from a domain expert or decision-maker. However specifying the model parameters or providing an absolute evaluation can be challenging for these experts.To address this, we rely on MACBETH (Measuring Attractiveness by a Categorical Based Evaluation Technique) (Bana and Costa et al., 2010) and its adaptation to the elicitation of the capacity, a widely used method in multi-criteria decision analysis. MACBETH operates through pairwise comparisons and preference levels, making it more interpretable and accessible for experts.We evaluate our approach by applying it to the challenge addressed in the MOGEC project: coastal flooding projections under IPCC’s RCP 8.5 scenario in the Pays-de-la-Loire region, following a storm of similar magnitude to Xynthia.For this assessment, we rely on the expertise of emergency response teams, particularly the SDIS (Departmental Fire and Rescue Service), for whom risk mapping is a key concern. Specifically, we demonstrate the advantages and limitations of ourapproach in the municipality of Batz-sur-Mer within this projected scenario.Acknowledgement This project has received financial support from the CNRS through the MITI interdisciplinary programs. ReferencesBana and Costa, C. A., de Corte, J.-M., Vansnick, J.-C., 2010. Macbeth (measuring attractiveness by a categorical based evaluation technique). Wiley Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science.Grabisch, M., Labreuche, C., 2010. A decade of application of the Choquet and Sugeno integrals in multi-criteria decision aid. Annals of Operations Research, 175, 247–286
A multi-criteria approach to coastal flooding risk assessment: from modelling to crisis response
No full textInternational audienceThis research is part of a doctoral program in geography, geomatics, and computer science, which began in October 2023. In a context where the effects of climate change are becoming increasingly visible in our society, natural hazards represent a growing threat. Early warning systems are therefore essential tools for implementing a proactive and effective response to crises. Our research specifically focuses on the spatial analysis of vulnerable areas facing the risk of marine submersion. An increasing number of buildings, road infrastructures, and industrial zones will be affected by such crises. A large-scale awareness campaign must be conducted among populations to help prevent and anticipate these events. The objective is to provide emergency services with a detailed database identifying all vulnerable assets, thus facilitating the development of an indicator. This work requires an extensive field reconnaissance study, combined with an in-depth bibliographic analysis. This methodology allows for the identification of vulnerability zones at the municipal scale. The impact of marine submersion crises has been analysed in the territories of Batz-sur-Mer and L’Aiguillon-la-Presqu’île. Initially, simulations of these phenomena were conducted to identify the most sensitive areas. These models incorporate both the analysis of past events, such as the 2010 Xynthia storm, and projections derived from the most pessimistic scenarios of the IPCC for the Pays de la Loire region in France. Based on this information, a thorough territorial analysis of the affected municipalities was carried out, enabling the establishment of a list of vulnerable assets. An importance score was also assigned to each asset to better target the areas presenting critical risks. Simultaneously, refuge zones were identified using geographic processing. Any area larger than 100 m² and located more than 30 cm above the projected level in the worst-case scenario was considered a refuge zone. Finally, a historical study made it possible to analyse and catalog past storms, highlighting previous issues that remain relevant for analysing and managing current risk factors. The precise localization of vulnerable assets represents a major advancement in identifying sensitive and submersible areas, offering a better understanding of the risks associated with marine submersion crises. Through this research, it is possible to accurately quantify the impact of these events on the territory and anticipate the necessary measures to mitigate their effects. In the municipality of Batz-sur-Mer, 552 hectares are exposed to the risk of marine submersion, accounting for 59.5% of the total municipal area. 958 buildings, representing 17.8% of the urbanized area, would be affected in the event of a crisis. Studies also indicate that the road and railway networks would be severely impacted, leading to significant transportation challenges during evacuations or rescue operations. This substantial proportion underscores the municipality's vulnerability to rising water levels and highlights the need for tailored strategies to enhance territorial resilience. To address these challenges and improve crisis management, a dynamic mapping tool has been developed alongside vulnerability analyses. This tool enables the precise localization of high-risk areas while providing a detailed understanding of their composition. With regular data updates, it serves as a crucial resource for local authorities, facilitating the implementation of preventive measures and appropriate actions in case of an emergency. The final perspectives of this work aim to integrate these maps into an advanced digital tool, providing a more refined and precise mathematical analysis. In parallel, the development of this methodology will allow for both fine-scale and comprehensive localization of vulnerable assets across the territory. The ultimate goal is to design a dynamic and interactive decision-support tool, specifically tailored for emergency response teams. This tool will provide them with a clear, real-time visualization of at-risk areas, thereby optimizing intervention strategies and enhancing their effectiveness in managing marine submersion crises.Acknowledgement: This project has received financial sup-port from the CNRS through the MITI interdisciplinary pro-grams.ReferencesCreach, A. (2017). Cartographie et analyse économique de la vulnérabilité humaine de sept communes du littoral atlantique français face au risque de submersion marine. Deleted Journal, 121. https://doi.org/10.4000/mappemonde.3739Meur-Ferec, C., Berre, I. L., Cocquempot, L., Guillou, É., Henaff, A., Lami, T., Dantec, N. L., Letortu, P., Philippe, M., & Noûs, C. (2020). A method for monitoring systemic vulnerability to marine erosion and sea-flooding. Développement Durable et Territoires, Vol. 11, n°1. https://doi.org/10.4000/developpementdurable.16731Chauveau, É., & Poiraud, N. (s. d.). Vulnérabilité des habitations face à l’aléa de submersion marine en baie de Bourgneuf (Loire-Atlantique – Vendée) – Cahiers Nantais. https://cahiers-nantais.fr/index.php?id=139
A multidisciplinary approach to the home management of continuous positive airway pressure therapy for obstructive sleep apnea: beyond usual care pathways (a narrative review)
No full textInternational audienceObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common chronic condition that is growing in prevalence, associated with important comorbidities, and has several different phenotypes. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the gold standard OSA treatment, but its effectiveness relies on consistent adherence, which can often be difficult to maintain. This narrative review discusses current challenges in the care pathways for CPAP therapy management in OSA, including fragmented care/lack of continuity, inadequate management of comorbidities, suboptimal implementation of digital medicine solutions, and existing reimbursement paradigms. Key tasks to be shared between the appropriate healthcare professionals and providers include technical CPAP follow-up (adherence, effectiveness, alert management), management of comorbidities, and multimodal non-invasive monitoring. What this looks like and who provides the different aspects of care should vary by OSA phenotype, ranging from simple follow-up in primary care (uncomplicated OSA with good CPAP adherence) to multidisciplinary specialist management (high-risk OSA with comorbidities), with regular reassessment to ensure continued alignment with the chosen care plan. In addition to better defining these pathways, how they are reimbursed also needs to be addressed. We suggest that there should be a multidisciplinary approach to symptom reduction and adherence, longitudinal assessment of patient-reported outcomes, and a focus on long-term cardiometabolic health as part of managing CPAP-treated patients with OSA. Facilitated by the appropriate use of digital technologies, these approaches should lead to more personalized care and greater patient engagement, resulting in better long-term adherence and treatment effectiveness. The ultimate goal should be to do better for less
Leisure boat harbours, hidden alien species, and pollution: a case study of Hinsholmskilen harbour (Gothenburg, Sweden)
No full textInternational audienceSmall leisure boat harbours have important aesthetic and recreational values in any country with a coastline. In Sweden, there are about 860 000 leisure boats, which is one of the world's highest numbers in relation to the country's population. However, small boat harbours also present a wide range of environmental problems, including the introduction of alien species and high pollution. In this study, we investigated the ecological quality status (EcoQS) of the Hinsholmskilen small boat harbour, located southwest of the city of Gothenburg (Sweden). We performed a reconnaissance survey of the harbour's previously unstudied benthic foraminiferal communities and analysed surface sediment (0–2 cm) samples for potentially toxic elements: copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As). The results show that, based on the total benthic foraminiferal distribution (dead and live specimens), the assemblages in Hinsholmskilen harbour represent a typical European estuarine community with highly abundant Ammonia and Elphidium species. Based on molecular and morphological data, we report the presence of two alien and putatively invasive species likely originating from Asia: Trochammina hadai and Ammonia confertitesta (phylotype T6). Both species have recently been identified elsewhere on the Swedish west coast based on molecular and morphological data but do not have a well-known distribution. The sediment analysis for potentially toxic elements showed that the harbour has good to high EcoQS corresponding to no or little deviation from reference conditions for Cd, Co, Ni, and Pb distribution. Some of the contaminants (Pb, As, Zn, and Cr) showed poor to bad EcoQS in the innermost harbour in proximity to high-pressure cleaning plants, where boats are usually lifted, cleaned, and prepared for winter storage on land. Finally, Cu and Hg showed consistently bad and poor EcoQS all over the harbour, reflecting the use of both metals as biocides in antifouling boat paints
Représentation de la fréquence en fonction du temps d'un signal à l'aide d'un smartphone et d'une flute à coulisse
No full textInternational audienceReprésentation de la fréquence en fonction du temps d'un signal à l'aide d'un smartphone et d'une flute à couliss
Validation of REFRESH: a dietary screener for Rapid Evaluation FoR Environmentally Sustainable and Healthy diets
No full textDate d'acceptation du manuscrit : 2025-05International audienceBackgroundThe urgency of promoting sustainable diets, coupled with limited knowledge of dietary sustainability among health professionals, highlights the need for simple tools to assist in advocating for such diets in clinical settings.ObjectiveNotre objectif était de concevoir un outil de dépistage diététique pour évaluer la santé alimentaire et la durabilité environnementale, et de le valider.MethodsREFRESH (Rapid Evaluation FoR Environmentally Sustainable and Healthy diets) is a dichotomous tool targeting 10 key food groups for healthy diets with low environmental impacts. Each food group is scored as either 0 or 1 point, resulting in a total score ranging from 0 to 10—where 0 indicates the lowest and 10 the highest adherence to an environmentally sustainable and healthy diet. Internal consistency was assessed using the Kuder Richardson-20 (KR-20) coefficient. REFRESH’s relative validity was compared against food diaries, evaluating item agreement, and using Bland-Altman analysis for the total REFRESH score. Cross-classification was tested in low, medium, and high adherence to sustainable healthy diets, along with weighted kappa index. Construct validity was evaluated through Pearson correlation between REFRESH-derived scores and health-promoting and detrimental food groups and nutrients, and environmental impact indicators, as derived from food diaries.ResultsREFRESH had a KR-20 coefficient of 0.70, indicating good internal consistency. It showed high agreement with food diaries (60-88% item agreement), and Bland-Altman analysis indicated REFRESH scores were 1.1 points higher on average than food diaries. Cross-classification showed 59% agreement between methods, with only 1% of participants misclassified in the opposite category. REFRESH-derived scores positively correlated with health-promoting food groups and nutrients, and negatively with detrimental ones. Higher scores were linked to reduced environmental impacts.ConclusionsREFRESH has demonstrated good validity for assessing dietary healthiness and environmental sustainability, helping identify individuals with suboptimal diets