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2007 research outputs found
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Investigating the Consolidation Behaviour of Cement-Bentonite Barrier Materials Containing PFA and GGBS
No full textCement-Bentonite (CB) barriers are expected to become a sustainable and reliable engineering solution. The deformation of CB is of interest to engineers to comprehend, particularly how CB responds to changes in loading during its construction and service life. The purpose of this study was to examine how samples of CB mixtures behaved during consolidation. This study investigated: (1) the influence of curing time and constituent materials on the consolidation properties of CB samples, (2) the volumetric change and the rate of volumetric change in response to a specific loading condition via consolidation tests. For this purpose, a laboratory consolidation test with a load range of 50 to 3200 kPa was carried out in accordance with BS 1377-7:1990 using the oedometer apparatus. This study discovered that the consolidation characteristics of CB samples are similar to those of overconsolidated soil. The CB sample became more resistant to consolidation under varying loads as curing progressed. The presence of more bentonite resulted in an increase in the recompression index. The inclusion of GGBS contributed to the consolidation characteristics of CB through the following mechanisms: (1) the significant decrease of the degree of consolidation with a curing period longer than 28 days, despite the slow strength development of the early-age curing; (2) the increase of the preconsolidation pressure; and the addition of GGBS was found to be more effective than the addition of more bentonite in increasing the preconsolidation pressure. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-03-02 Full Text: PD
Estimate Suitable Location of Solar Power Plants Distribution by GIS Spatial Analysis
No full textThis study proposes a model for the best investment in renewable energy plants that uses DEM, Spatial Analysis, and analysis of indicator weights by AHP to choose a suitable place to locate the solar plants, which increases their efficiency. This is because renewable energy is the most important component of future sustainability. In addition, the cities of Iraq, including Babylon, have increased the proportion of the population, which has led to high rates of urbanization and a lack of services. In particular, the need for services increased, especially electric power, which is characterized by its inefficiency and insufficiency. Yet, the governorate is a good source of solar energy and regular radiation. Therefore, the trend to use renewable energy is the optimal solution, and this manuscript proposes multiple criteria that can determine the optimal locations for building solar energy farms. So methods of analysis are the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), the slope of the earth, efficient distances from the city center, the main road networks and electricity distribution networks, and average solar brightness (hours/day) quantity. Finally, the spatial analysis of all indicators shows eight sites. By using criteria of analysis based on AHP analysis, the result is that six represent suitable sites chosen as sufficient space to locate solar plants. Consequently, the results of this manuscript for solar energy collection projects show percentages ranging between 2% and 37%, with areas starting with 10 "Žkm2 and gradually rising towards the largest proposed area of 155 km2, distributed over the province so that the total proposed areas for solar energy collection projects will be about 422 km2. All that aim to achieve the best service in quality and quantity of renewable energy to establish sustainability and efficiency economic modeling in addition to increasing production efficiency. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-05-013 Full Text: PD
Concept of an Intelligent Parking System; Efforts to Resolve Traffic Conflicts Regulations
No full textMakassar, an Indonesian city, is situated on the south-western coast of Sulawesi Island. It is the largest commercial centre in eastern Indonesia, and traffic congestion is a problem there. Movement management must establish sufficient and well-organized parking areas, as well as a good and transparent system to eliminate unmonitored restitution funds, in order to address these issues. To address parking issues in Makassar, a legal and technical strategy is developed, with an emphasis on inclusiveness and including both legal and illegal parking spaces. The integrated parking concept is comprised of a mobile, everywhere-accessible parking area reservation system, a vehicle registration system based on licence plate numbers, and an effective data management system. 180 million Indonesian Rupiah are spent on all equipment and activity installations (IDR). At least 50 locations utilising this system will be required for a minimum vehicle range of 250,000 units, resulting in an approximate capital cost of 9 billion rupiah. The first clause describes the application of minimum parking fees to flat parking fees (generally 2 thousand rupiah). During a single parking period, it is anticipated that 250,000 vehicles will utilise this parking system if all parking spaces are occupied simultaneously. Government and investors can raise 250 million rupiah in investment capital assuming a 50:50 profit split. Revenue can reach billions of rupiah with just four iterations. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-SP2023-09-05 Full Text: PD
Analysis of Perceptions of Cycling Safety on Roads with Mixed Traffic Depending on Age, Gender, and Riding Experience
No full textPromoting cycling as a sustainable mode of transport necessitates understanding how individuals perceive the risks associated with bicycling based on age, gender, and riding experience. This study addresses a critical gap in the field of traffic by examining cyclists' perceptions of risk and safety on mixed-traffic roads. Despite increased interest in promoting cycling as a sustainable means of transportation, research on this topic is rare. Therefore, this study aims to contribute to existing literature on cyclist perceptions and cycling safety on roads with mixed traffic by examining the significant differences that may exist among age groups, genders, and individuals with varying riding experiences. The research focuses on roads lacking distinct bicycle paths and characterized by heterogeneous traffic streams. The study surveyed 120 cyclists on 13 roads in Pristina, the capital of Kosovo. Safety perception, measured using a Likert scale (1–5), was the dependent variable. Non-parametric methods, specifically the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, were employed to analyze the data and test the hypotheses. The results revealed statistically significant differences between genders (Mann-Whitney test: U = 720; Z = -5.887, p = 0.000 < 0.05; r = -0.537), between groups with and without riding experience (Mann-Whitney test: U = 1240.5; Z = -2.59; p = 0.01; r = -0.236), and among age groups (Kruskal Wallis test: df = 4; p = 0.022 < 0.05). With Bonferroni correction, post hoc analysis using the Mann-Whitney test demonstrated significant differences (adjusted p < 0.0125) between at least two age groups. The median perception of general safety was at Likert scale 3 (average safety), while the perception of comfort was at level 2 (uncomfortable). These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers involved in urban planning, offering targeted strategies to enhance cycling safety based on age, gender, and riding experience. The findings highlight the complicated interaction of these elements and their impact on riders' safety perceptions. By understanding these dynamics, policymakers and urban planners may build targeted interventions and infrastructure upgrades to promote safer and more inclusive riding environments. This work adds to the field by shining light on the elements that influence cyclists' risk perception, eventually guiding methods for improving cycling safety and boosting the use of bicycles as a sustainable transportation choice. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-SP2023-09-011 Full Text: PD
The Analysis of Sustainable Construction Strategies on the Likupang Special Economic Zone (SEZ)
No full textMany challenges are faced in implementing sustainable construction in Indonesia. This research aims to find an effective method for adopting sustainable construction. The method used combines qualitative and quantitative methods by incorporating the identification of significant factors affecting the adoption of sustainable construction. In data collection with the SWOT system, FGDs and interviews provided accurate information regarding factors and strategies to promote sustainable construction, particularly in the Likupang SEZ Project. From the results of the study, the IFSC value for the promotion strategy of sustainable construction in the Likupang SEZ project is the social factor of 0.2, followed by the economic factor of 0.3, the environmental factor of 1.2, and the government support factor, business investment, and cultural factors of 1.4, respectively. The highest IFSC value was obtained for the human resource factor of 1.6. Thus, it can be concluded that human resources must be accompanied by government support along with business investment and cultural influences in order to realize adequate sustainable development projections for the Likupang SEZ project in the future. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-SP2023-09-07 Full Text: PD
Properties of Palm Oil Ash Geopolymer Containing Alumina Powder and Field Para Rubber Latex
No full textMost geopolymer binder is produced using raw materials comprising powder with high silica and alumina content. Additionally, fine aggregate is prepared with river sand for high bulk density. This research proposes using palm oil ash (POA) for the main binder and palm oil clinker (POC) for the fine aggregate. The chemical composition of POA has high levels of silica but low alumina, so it must undergo partial replacement with alumina powder (AP). POA and POC are waste by-products of electrical power plants. The properties to be investigated include compressive strength, bulk density, water absorption, and microstructure. The effect of mixture composition, i.e., POA and field Para rubber latex (FPRL), on those properties is of particular interest. POA was substituted by AP and FPRL at 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%, and at 1%, 3%, 5%, and 10%, respectively. Geopolymer mortars were cured at ambient temperature for 24 hours and kept at ambient temperature until testing. The compressive strengths of the geopolymer mortars were tested at 1, 7, and 28 days. The results showed that the optimal mixture consisted of 5% AP in the case of AP only and 1% FPRL in the case of FPRL only, while the ternary optimal mixture of 1% FPRL and 7.5% AP achieved higher compressive strengths than the control (CT) sample at 28.16, 19.98, and 25.30 MPa, respectively, after 28 days of curing. Bulk density increased with the addition of AP and FPRL. The microstructures of the geopolymer samples investigated using SEM-EDX showed the presence of different elements with different mixtures and displayed a dense, compact geopolymer matrix with high compressive strength. Using large amounts of POA in combination with AP and FPRL improved the environmental aspects of landfill disposal. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-05-017 Full Text: PD
Effect of Curing Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Sanitary Ware Porcelain based Geopolymer Mortar
No full textThe objective of this study was to investigate the effect of curing temperature on the mechanical properties of sanitary ware porcelain powder-based geopolymer paste and mortar under various curing temperatures. The setting time, porosity, water absorption, and compressive strength of specimens mixed with alkaline concentrations of 8M, 10M, 12M, and 14M were compared. All mortar cube (50í—50í—50 mm) specimens were placed into drying ovens for 24 hours at 60°C, 75°C, 90°C, and 105°C, respectively. The specimens were then air-cured for 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed that the elevated curing temperature accelerated the polymerization process of the porcelain geopolymerization reaction. The setting time varied between 89 mins and 380 mins. It showed variability depending on alkaline concentration and initial curing temperature. The setting time of pastes decreased when alkaline concentrations increased. An increasing temperature in the drying oven decreased the initial and final setting times. Similar to this, the rate of water absorption and permeability of porcelain-based geopolymer mortar specimens decreased with drying oven temperatures and increments in alkaline concentration. The lowest water absorption and porosity of the specimen were 2.1% and 15.7%, respectively. The compressive strength increased as drying oven temperatures and alkaline concentrations increased. The highest 28 day compressive strength was found in 14M specimens with 105°C curing temperatures. The ultimate compressive strength was 64.45 N/mm2. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were investigated to study the microstructural properties of the geopolymers. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-08-01 Full Text: PD
Creep Behavior of Fiber Reinforced Mortars and Its Effect to Reduce the Differential Shrinkage Stress
No full textThis research aims to develop durable repair materials that can resist shrinkage cracking by exploring the role of creep in reducing shrinkage stress. In this regard, the creep effect can only be quantified if an accurate creep prediction model and theoretical analysis of the shrinkage stress in the patch repair system exist. For this purpose, the research was carried out in the following sequences: first, the research investigated the short-term creep of the patch repair materials containing accelerator and micro-synthetic fibers in the 0.00–0.12% volume fraction range. This short-term creep was measured on five-cylinder specimens (having a diameter of 75 mm and a height of 275 mm). Three specimens were used to determine the deformation of the repair material under unloading conditions, while those remaining were used to determine the total deformation under loading conditions. The amount of creep deformation was determined by taking away the unloaded (shrinkage) and instantaneous (elastic) deformations from the total deformation of the loaded specimens. Secondly, a modified prediction model of ACI 209R-08 is introduced to accurately capture the rate and magnitude of the observed creep of the repair materials. Finally, a formulated theoretical analysis of shrinkage stress in the patch repair system was proposed to examine how creep potentially reduces the repair material's cracking tendency. The results show that the asymptotic value of the creep curve is attained at an earlier age and that its magnitude is greater than that of most concrete. The modified ACI 209R-08 prediction model can closely estimate the repair materials' creep behavior. The best-fit line, residual values, and coefficient of error analyses confirm the modified model's prediction accuracy. The analysis of tensile stress development in the repair layer suggests that creep can reduce stress by up to 50%. With such a reduction, the repair material is expected to be durable in resisting shrinkage and cracking tendency. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-08-014 Full Text: PD
Study on Mechanical and Durability Properties of East Borneo Double Layer Porous Concrete Paving Block
No full textMassive infrastructure development in East Borneo has reduced the water catchment area. One of the efforts to overcome this is by implementing porous paving with superplasticizer and local materials to improve quality, overcome material scarcity, and save costs. The purpose of this study was to determine the best layer variation of porous paving using Palu and Senoni materials with variations of 1/4, 1/2, and 3/4 of Senoni aggregate. In this study, the test object was made in the form of a beam with a quality of concrete planned at K300 MPa according to the compressive strength, flexural strength, porosity, and permeability values tested at the ages of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Based on the results, the variant layer of 1/4 Senoni obtained maximum compressive strength, flexural strength, porosity, and permeability of 17.306 MPa, 3.984 MPa, 18.120%, and 0.216 cm/second at the age of 28 days, respectively. Thus categorized this combination as C quality. Which was included in the C quality group with an application as a pedestrian area. According to the permeability result, double-layer porous paving can accelerate water absorption on the surface to prevent waterlogging when it rains. The increasing variation of layers in double-layer porous paving affects the compressive strength, flexural strength, porosity, and permeability. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-SP2023-09-012 Full Text: PD
Assessing Artificial Recharge on Groundwater Quantity Using Wells Recharge
No full textIn arid and semi-arid countries like Iraq, which suffer from water scarcity due to the effects of climate change and decreased surface water flow, groundwater is considered a vital source of irrigation water. This study is concerned with the influence of artificial recharge on the rehabilitation of the unconfined aquifer called Al-Dibdibba, located between the cities of Najaf and Kerbala in central Iraq around 31°550"² N and 32°450"² N and 43°300"² E and 44°300"² E. Due to excessive groundwater pumping rates for irrigation, this aquifer has suffered from groundwater decline and increased salinization during the previous 20 years. By establishing a conceptual model in the groundwater modeling system software (GMS), a numerical model was made to simulate groundwater flow. Artificial recharge using recycled water (tertiary treatment) from Kerbala's primary WWTP was carried out using 25 injection wells. The model was calibrated against historical and observed water level data for periods from 2016 to 2017. Three scenarios to predict how the aquifer would act with artificial recharge of 5%, 8%, and 10% from the total daily outflow of the WWTP in Kerbala (100000 m3/day) were studied. The calibration model met the observed values of groundwater levels with R2 = 0.989 for steady-state simulations and R2 = 0.987 for transient simulations. In the final analysis of the simulation, the results show that the maximum predicted groundwater level was raised by the injection of treated water through 25 wells by 1.05 m for 5000 m3/day, 2 m for 8000 m3/day, and 3 m for 10,000 m3/day recharge pumping rates. In addition, if water were pumped into the aquifer, it might support the development of agricultural lands covering more than 93 km2. So, artificial recharge can be considered one of the important solutions to adaptation to the effects of climate change and desertification in Iraq. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-09-010 Full Text: PD