Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias
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Genetic diversity and pathogenicity on root seedlings from three soybean cultivars of Fusarium graminearum isolated from maize crop residues
Get PDFCrops residues are an important source of maintenance of Fusarium graminearum inoculum in the soybean agroecosystem. Given that these populations can interact in the substrate through mechanisms of mycelial recognition and that they can come into direct contact with the implanted seed and cause disease, the following objectives were set: (1) to evaluate the genetic diversity through of the mycelial compatibility of F. graminearum strains isolated from maize crop residues; (2) to analyze the pathogenicity of F. graminearum strains isolated from crop residues towards soybean seedlings from different cultivars treated and untreated with fungicide. Mycelial compatibility studies showed a unique pattern of mycelial compatibility for each strain, indicating a great heterogeneity in the population evaluated. Pathogenicity tests in all strains tested were capable of causing symptoms of root rot with varying degrees of severity and reductions in the height of seedlings. In the factorial statistical analysis, the greatest effect was marked by the soybean cultivar effect. A clear decline in the severity index was also observed with the fungicide application, so this would be a useful prevention tool to reduce the intensity in soybean seedling diseases.Crops residues are an important source of maintenance of Fusarium graminearum inoculum in the soybean agroecosystem. Given that these populations can interact in the substrate through mechanisms of mycelial recognition and that they can come into direct contact with the implanted seed and cause disease, the following objectives were set: (1) to evaluate the genetic diversity through of the mycelial compatibility of F. graminearum strains isolated from maize crop residues; (2) to analyze the pathogenicity of F. graminearum strains isolated from crop residues towards soybean seedlings from different cultivars treated and untreated with fungicide. Mycelial compatibility studies showed a unique pattern of mycelial compatibility for each strain, indicating a great heterogeneity in the population evaluated. Pathogenicity tests in all strains tested were capable of causing symptoms of root rot with varying degrees of severity and reductions in the height of seedlings. In the factorial statistical analysis, the greatest effect was marked by the soybean cultivar effect. A clear decline in the severity index was also observed with the fungicide application, so this would be a useful prevention tool to reduce the intensity in soybean seedling diseases
Algunos aspectos emergentes y de importancia para la construcción del enfoque agroecológico
No full textLa Agroecología puede ser inscripta dentro de un nuevo paradigma de las ciencias agropecuarias desde el cual generar y/o validar prácticas que promuevan el uso de los recursos naturales a una tasa menor o igual en los cuales estos se regeneran y que fortalezcan las indispensables propiedades emergentes de los agroecosistemas: resiliencia socio-ecológica, productividad y equidad (6, 17). Todas ellas, como formas de contribuir a la sostenibilidad, en términos de sustentabilidad fuerte e integral de los agroecosistemas y de la agricultura, en general (8, 12, 13, 24).La Agroecología puede ser inscripta dentro de un nuevo paradigma de las ciencias agropecuarias desde el cual generar y/o validar prácticas que promuevan el uso de los recursos naturales a una tasa menor o igual en los cuales estos se regeneran y que fortalezcan las indispensables propiedades emergentes de los agroecosistemas: resiliencia socio-ecológica, productividad y equidad (6, 17). Todas ellas, como formas de contribuir a la sostenibilidad, en términos de sustentabilidad fuerte e integral de los agroecosistemas y de la agricultura, en general (8, 12, 13, 24)
Modelos de manejo del espacio interfilar en viñedos: percepciones acerca de su valor como proveedores de servicios ecosistémicos
Get PDFCurrently, in the main wine region of Argentina there are several management techniques of the vineyard, which impact on biodiversity and the supply of ecosystem goods and services. We wanted to investigate the perception degree that technicians and local grapevine growers have on the effects of inter-row management practices on the provision of ecosystem services, as well as their associated costs. Through interviews, we asked about the degree of contribution that the five inter-row management techniques identified over the main vine productive areas of Mendoza, have on 33 environmental, cultural and productive key variables. The perception values obtained were contrasted with current scientific knowledge to identify the degree of adequacy between them. Finally, by means of data triangulation, causal loop diagrams were constructed in order to explain the operation of the models from a complex system dynamics approach. Results show that local growers and technicians perceive greater environmental benefits in those managements with vegetation cover, particularly the permanent ones and those incorporating native species, in coincidence with the scientific evidence. Likewise, the causal loop diagrams show a greater complexity of relationships in these management techniques that could evidence a greater resilience of the agroecosystems and better possibilities of conserving the native biodiversity and its ecosystem services.Actualmente, en la principal región vitícola de Argentina conviven diversos manejos técnicos del viñedo, que impactan sobre la biodiversidad y la oferta de bienes y servicios ecosistémicos. Quisimos investigar en qué grado los referentes de la producción vitícola perciben los efectos de las prácticas de manejo del espacio interfilar sobre la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos, como también los costos asociados. A través de entrevistas, se consultó acerca del grado de contribución que poseen cinco esquemas de manejo identificados en las principales áreas productivas, sobre 33 variables (ambientales, culturales y productivas). Los valores de percepción obtenidos fueron contrastados con el conocimiento científico actual para identificar el grado de adecuación entre ellos. Finalmente, mediante triangulación de datos se construyeron diagramas causales, para explicar el funcionamiento de los modelos desde un enfoque de dinámica de sistemas complejos. Los resultados muestran que los referentes locales perciben mayores beneficios ambientales en prácticas de manejo con coberturas vegetales, en particular las permanentes y con especies nativas, en coincidencia con la evidencia científica. Asimismo, los diagramas causales muestran una mayor complejidad de relaciones en estos manejos, que evidenciarían una mayor resiliencia de los agroecosistemas y mejores posibilidades de conservar la biodiversidad nativa y sus servicios ecosistémicos
The study and use of traditional knowledge in agroecological contexts
Get PDFThe importance of researching and maintaining traditional knowledge is a concern within contemporary academic debates and public policies. Scientist of different disciplines have recognized this importance, indicating this is a broader interdisciplinary issue. Specifically, within the field of agroecological science, the concept of traditional knowledge is basic to the analysis of agroecosystems. This essay aims to analyze, within scientific papers, the approaches to traditional knowledge through agroecological studies. First, insights from traditional knowledge studies in socio-ecological systems are presented as a wider view. Secondly, papers that illustrate agroecological approach to traditional knowledge and the usage of participative research methodologies are systematically reviewed to the forward development of five propositions: 1) traditional knowledge dynamics, 2) importance of traditional knowledge and professional’s ethics, 3) methodologies used for traditional knowledge gathering, 4) subjects of study in agroecological and traditional knowledge studies and 5) the integration of traditional knowledge with scientific knowledge.The importance of researching and maintaining traditional knowledge is a concern within contemporary academic debates and public policies. Scientist of different disciplines have recognized this importance, indicating this is a broader interdisciplinary issue. Specifically, within the field of agroecological science, the concept of traditional knowledge is basic to the analysis of agroecosystems. This essay aims to analyze, within scientific papers, the approaches to traditional knowledge through agroecological studies. First, insights from traditional knowledge studies in socio-ecological systems are presented as a wider view. Secondly, papers that illustrate agroecological approach to traditional knowledge and the usage of participative research methodologies are systematically reviewed to the forward development of five propositions: 1) traditional knowledge dynamics, 2) importance of traditional knowledge and professional’s ethics, 3) methodologies used for traditional knowledge gathering, 4) subjects of study in agroecological and traditional knowledge studies and 5) the integration of traditional knowledge with scientific knowledge
A first approach to the Design Component in the agri-food industry of southern Spain
Get PDFThis work raises the need to open new research lines to bring closer "Design" and "Agri-food Industry", understanding design as a structured and multidisciplinary working process headed up to create products, images, spaces, etc. Within this framework, the following objectives have been outlined: i) Identification of the major design areas with regards to the agri-food sector, ii) estimation of the importance of the "Design" component and iii) definition of the possible lines of action. After carrying out a previous bibliometric analysis, which highlighted the lack of relevant bibliography regarding the design component in the agri-food sector, the Delphi method was selected as a suitable working methodology to interactively and systematically answer the aforementioned questions by relying on a panel of experts. The obtained results pointed out to the need of providing incentives for design in agri-food industry as a non-technological innovation aimed at increasing the added value and development of the sector. This should also help promote the design culture and push forward the creation of innovative business strategies.This work raises the need to open new research lines to bring closer "Design" and "Agri-food Industry", understanding design as a structured and multidisciplinary working process headed up to create products, images, spaces, etc. Within this framework, the following objectives have been outlined: i) Identification of the major design areas with regards to the agri-food sector, ii) estimation of the importance of the "Design" component and iii) definition of the possible lines of action. After carrying out a previous bibliometric analysis, which highlighted the lack of relevant bibliography regarding the design component in the agri-food sector, the Delphi method was selected as a suitable working methodology to interactively and systematically answer the aforementioned questions by relying on a panel of experts. The obtained results pointed out to the need of providing incentives for design in agri-food industry as a non-technological innovation aimed at increasing the added value and development of the sector. This should also help promote the design culture and push forward the creation of innovative business strategies
Bases teórico-metodológicas para el diseño de sistemas agroecológicos
Get PDFThis paper summarizes a range of experiences that when applied allow the identification and analysis of definitions, structures, dimensions-scales and key processes for the design of agro-ecological with the objective to drive the analyzes towards understanding of process that promote an important ecological, social and economic functionality. The theoretical framework-methodological built is provenances from agro ecological experiences review of agroecosystems that conserve natural resource. From the experiences analysis, it suggests that, in the context of sustainable agriculture, the agro ecological practices have evolved as a result of the local experiences of individual farmers and farmer’s associations, and territorial development projects, with different territorial scale and strategist to the implementation. Based on productive activities on the agro ecological approach, was summarized indicators of functionality as well as, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services, productivity, and ecological net at landscape, to reach ecological, social and economic objectives, in scales as farm, watershed, and landscape. It is under this premise that, we conclude that at varying degrees, these systems serve to integrate different approaches on the conservation of nature and human development thanks to the fact that their dynamic is determined by natural and social elements with multiple contexts.Este artículo resume una serie de experiencias que desde la aplicación de los principios agroecológicos permiten identificar y analizar definiciones, estructuras, dimensiones-escalas, métodos de evaluación de sistemas agroecológicos, con el objetivo de orientar el análisis hacia el entendimiento de los procesos que promueven una alta funcionalidad ecológica, social y económica. La construcción del marco teórico-metodológico presentado es resultado de una revisión de experiencias con enfoque agroecológico, en agroecosistemas estratégicos para la conservación de los recursos naturales. Los resultados de la revisión y análisis de las experiencias muestran que, en el contexto de la agricultura con enfoque de sostenibilidad, las prácticas agroecológicas han evolucionado producto de experiencias tradicionales acumuladas por productores individuales, asociaciones, y proyectos de desarrollo territorial; asumiendo diferentes escalas de aplicación y mecanismos. Con base en las dinámicas productivas con enfoque agroecológico, fue posible extraer y sintetizar de cada experiencia los indicadores de procesos funcionales como conservación de la biodiversidad, servicios ecosistémicos, productividad, conectividad del paisaje, para el logro de objetivos ecológicos, sociales y económicos, tanto a escala de finca como de cuenca, y paisaje. Es bajo esta premisa, que se planea que el análisis de sistemas agroecológicos a diferentes escalas, conlleva elementos metodológicos integradores de distintas visiones de la gestión de recursos naturales, debido a que su dinámica está determinada por elementos naturales y sociales con múltiples contextos
La dimensión simbólica de la agroecología
Get PDFLa perspectiva ambiental es una manera de interpretar la realidad, que pretende explicar las complejas relaciones que suceden entre los seres humanos y el resto de la naturaleza o, como lo propuso el maestro Augusto Ángel Maya, las relaciones ecosistema cultura (Angel, 1993; 1995; 1996). Esta última connotación, indica que la humanidad se apropia y transforma el resto del ordenamiento natural, a partir de las estructuras simbólicas del pensamiento, de sus distintas manifestaciones de organización (social, económica, política y militar) y de los instrumentos físicos que desarrolla a través de sus cambiantes plataformas tecnológicas.
Pero en esa red compleja de acciones y reacciones entre el mundo ecosistémico y las acciones humanas, que daría la impresión a primera vista de no tener soluciones fáciles o de esconder truculentos caminos muchos de ellos sin salida, subyace una especie de mejor ruta para resolver esas complejidades, una suerte de guía hacia procesos de armonía, de caminos donde las cosas encuentran su sitio en el mundo, su razón de ser, su correspondencia única. Y esa ruta, que devela el justo sentido de la dimensión ambiental, pertenece al mundo de los símbolos y es ética y estética. No corresponde a la razón económica y esquiva los caminos del poder, incluso los de las sectas y fanatismos. Esa ruta que encausa lo bello y lo sensible con lo justo y lo equitativo, no requiere modelos matemáticos sino una predisposición individual de origen desconocido, que no necesita explicaciones, porque se conoce de antemano. Unos le llaman conciencia moral, otros la denominan intuición, otros consideran que es el balance necesario surgido del mismo asombro del vivir, de la misma expectación de la vida
La diversidad productiva y su influencia en los aportes orgánicos y la eficiencia energética, en sistemas extensivos del centro de Córdoba, Argentina
Get PDFThe processes of agriculturization-sojization and the retraction and intensification of livestock in the province of Córdoba, reduced the productive diversity of the farming systems, leading to simple, fragile, little resilient and highly subsidized systems. The adoption of the simplification model is not homogeneous and some family farmers introduce strategies such as a greater crops and pasture diversity, inclusion of animal production and alternative technological management that affect the circulation of organic matter and energy flow. To analyze this situation, 7 establishments of different productive and trophic diversity were studied. Land use and technological management data were recorded in an average of 3 campaigns and spatial and temporal diversity indexes, contributions of organic matter and energy efficiency were calculated. The results indicate that productive diversification and agricultural-pastoralist integration have favorable effects, especially in mixed breeding systems, that optimize the circu¬lation of matter and energy flows. Agricultural systems have less productive diversity, greater energy efficiency but with a lower contribution of organic matter. In situations of livestock intensification there is a decrease in energy efficiency and organic contribu¬tions, negatively affecting the sustainability of production systems.Los procesos de agriculturización-sojización y la retracción e intensificación ganadera en la provincia de Córdoba, redujeron la diversidad productiva de los sistemas agropecuarios, conduciendo a sistemas simples, frágiles, poco resilientes y muy subsidiados. La adopción del modelo de simplificación no es homogénea ya que algunos productores familiares introducen estrategias como una mayor diversidad de rubros, inclusión de la producción animal y manejos tecnológicos alternativos que afectan la circulación de materia orgánica y el flujo energético. Para analizar esta situación, se estudiaron 7 establecimientos de diferente diversidad productiva y trófica. Se registraron datos de uso del suelo y manejo tecnológico en un promedio de 3 campañas y se calcu¬laron índices de diversidad espacial y temporal, aportes de materia orgánica y eficiencia energética. Los resultados indican que las diversificación productiva y la integración agrícola-ganadera pastoril tienen efectos favorables, especialmente en sistemas mixtos de cría, que optimizan la circulación de materia y flujos de energía. Los sistemas agrícolas presentan menor diversidad productiva, mayor eficiencia energética pero con un menor aporte de materia orgánica. En situaciones de intensificación ganadera se produce una disminución de la eficiencia energética y de los aportes orgánicos, afectando negativa¬mente la sustentabilidad de los sistemas productivos
Resistance to Meloidogyne enterolobii in sweet potatoes
Get PDFThe present work was designed to select for sweet potatoes clones (Ipomoea batatas) resistant to Meloidogyne enterolobii (Syn. M. mayaguensis) as well as evaluate the efficiency of the selection methods used by estimating their genetic (VCg) and environmental (VCe) variation coefficients as well as broad sense heritability. A total of 142 sweet potato genotypes were tested, including four commercial varieties (Brazlândia Rosada, Brazlândia Roxa, Brazlândia Branca, and Palmas) as well as the Santa Clara tomato cultivar (utilized as a susceptibility standard). The experimental design was completely randomized blocks, in two repetitions of six plants each. Resistance levels were classified according to the numbers of eggs per gram of roots, the reproduction factor (RF), and the reproduction index (RI) relative to the Santa Clara tomato cultivar. The b= VCg/VCe ratio and broad sense heritability were high in terms of the numbers of eggs per gram of roots, as well as in terms of the reproduction factor and reproduction index, demonstrating the efficiency of the methodology used in the selection of resistant genotypes. Thirty-one sweet potato genotypes resistant to M. enterolobii were identified as having significant potential for continuing the breeding program.The present work was designed to select for sweet potatoes clones (Ipomoea batatas) resistant to Meloidogyne enterolobii (Syn. M. mayaguensis) as well as evaluate the efficiency of the selection methods used by estimating their genetic (VCg) and environmental (VCe) variation coefficients as well as broad sense heritability. A total of 142 sweet potato genotypes were tested, including four commercial varieties (Brazlândia Rosada, Brazlândia Roxa, Brazlândia Branca, and Palmas) as well as the Santa Clara tomato cultivar (utilized as a susceptibility standard). The experimental design was completely randomized blocks, in two repetitions of six plants each. Resistance levels were classified according to the numbers of eggs per gram of roots, the reproduction factor (RF), and the reproduction index (RI) relative to the Santa Clara tomato cultivar. The b= VCg/VCe ratio and broad sense heritability were high in terms of the numbers of eggs per gram of roots, as well as in terms of the reproduction factor and reproduction index, demonstrating the efficiency of the methodology used in the selection of resistant genotypes. Thirty-one sweet potato genotypes resistant to M. enterolobii were identified as having significant potential for continuing the breeding program
Propuesta metodológica para la obtención de indicadores de sustentabilidad de agroecosistemas desde un enfoque multidimensional y sistémico
Get PDFAgroecosystems are human-made ecosystems to obtain products and services of their own interest. In this manner, the ecosystems come into being agroecosystems. Therefore, in order to describe, understand or intervene on them, it is necessary to observe emerging biological properties and attributes related to social, economic, cultural and institutional aspects. At the same time, if these agroecosystems are to be analyzed in terms of sustainability, in addition to contemplating the different dimensions that integrate it, a systemic perspective must be taken into account in the conceptual and operational constructions that allow sustainability indicators to be obtained. In this sense, the present work reviews and classifies the different forms exposed in the bibliography to obtain indicators and shows the scarcity of proposals that operate with a systemic perspective in order to resolve the tension between production and conservation which swings around the idea of sustainability. Taking all this into account, a methodological proposal alternative is presented to obtaining indicators of aroecosystems sustainability, which operates conceptually and empirically from a multidimensional and systemic perspective by contrasting the state of the agroecosystem, in each of its dimensions, with the demands established by the sustainability of these dimensions. Finally methodological considerations about its use are made and advantages and limitations of its application are highlighted.Los agroecosistemas son ecosistemas construidos por los seres humanos para obtener productos y servicios de su interés. De este modo, los ecosistemas adquieren la forma de socioecosistemas. Por ello, para poder describirlos, comprenderlos o intervenir sobre los mismos, resulta necesario observar propiedades emergentes de tipo biológicas y atributos relacionados con aspectos sociales, económicos, culturales e institucionales. A su vez, si se pretende analizar dichos agroecosistemas en clave de sustentabilidad, además de contemplar las diferentes dimensiones que la integran, se deberá tener un enfoque sistémico en las construcciones conceptuales y operativas de tal modo que sea posible obtener indicadores de sustentabilidad. El presente trabajo repasa y clasifica las diferentes formas expuestas en la bibliografía para obtener indicadores y muestra la escasez de propuestas que operen con un enfoque sistémico para resolver la tensión entre producción y conservación que gira en torno a la idea de sustentabilidad. Por ello, se presenta una propuesta metodológica alternativa para la obtención de indicadores de sustentabilidad de agroecosistemas que opera conceptual y empíricamente desde un enfoque multidimensional y sistémico, mediante la contraposición del estado del agroecosistema, en cada una de sus dimensiones, con las exigencias que dichas dimensiones de la sustentabilidad establece. Finalmente se vierten consideraciones metodológicas sobre su uso y se destacan fortalezas y limitaciones de su aplicación