Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias
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Revisión del género Salix (Salicaceae) en la Provincia de Mendoza, Argentina
Full text linkSe realiza una revisión del género Salix This work revises the genus Salix in the en la provincia de Mendoza a fin de contribuir province of Mendoza in order to contribute to al conocimiento de su flora fanerogámica. Son the knowledge of its phanerogamic flora. Seven reconocidas siete especies, una subespecie, species, one subspecies, one variety, two forms dos formas y tres híbridos. Entre ellos existe and thre hybrids are recognized. Among them una especie y una variedad nativa. Cada taxa there is one native species and one native es identificada a través de una clave, descripta, variety. Each taxon is identified through one key, documentada e ilustrada.Se realiza una revisión del género Salix This work revises the genus Salix in the en la provincia de Mendoza a fin de contribuir province of Mendoza in order to contribute to al conocimiento de su flora fanerogámica. Son the knowledge of its phanerogamic flora. Seven reconocidas siete especies, una subespecie, species, one subspecies, one variety, two forms dos formas y tres híbridos. Entre ellos existe and thre hybrids are recognized. Among them una especie y una variedad nativa. Cada taxa there is one native species and one native es identificada a través de una clave, descripta, variety. Each taxon is identified through one key, documentada e ilustrada
Diversificación con frambuesa: el impacto de su introducción en sistemas hortícolas de Coronda , Santa Fe, Argentina: análisis de un caso de estudio
Full text linkEl objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar el impacto micro-económico que produce la introducción del cultivo de frambuesa en una pyme hortícola de Coronda, dedicada esencialmente a la producción de frutillas.El patrón de diversificación actual es escaso, debido principalmente a las limitaciones financieras existentes a nivel predial. Se combina el cultivo de frutilla con otras hortalizas, a contra-ciclo, tales como zapallito, berenjena, choclo, sandía y melón. Se analizaron los resultados económicos del ejercicio 2009/2010 de una empresa pyme, estudiada como caso, con una Superficie Agrícola Útil de 5,5 ha, que implantó en el ejercicio evaluado 2 ha de frutilla e introdujo 0,5 ha de frambuesa al esquema productivo, en reemplazo de alguno de los cultivos hortícolas que realizaba. Se obtuvo un Ingreso al capital equivalente a 59.786, una rentabilidad sobre el capital total de 12,95 % y sobre el capital sin tierra de 28,79 %. Estos tres indicadores mostraron un incremento de 258%, 248% y 236% respecto de la situación sin frambuesa, respectivamente. Se mejora el grado de diversificación analizado a través del Índice de Entropía y exhibe una excelente complementariedad tanto en el aspecto financiero como laboral
Resilience and performance of wine cooperatives in Castilla La-Mancha (Spain) during a period of financial crisis
Full text linkThe economic crisis has had an asymmetric effect on Spanish and regional/local economies. This study aims to analyze the strategies developed by cooperative wineries in Castilla-La Mancha (CLM) and their impact on performance measurements. The paper opted for an exploratory study based on a compilation of financial statements consisting of the traditional economic-financial profitability ratios (ROA, ROI, ROS) plus a specific analysis, Return of Owner Cooperative (ROC). We have also used two financial measurements: Liquidity and Leverage. Trade dynamism is the hallmark of wine cooperatives in CLM in terms of strategic action in the face of a crisis. Their resilience is patent in the conquest of foreign markets via low unit costs, which have been transferred to sales prices. The paper has implications for the understanding of the resilience of the agricultural cooperatives during the crisis period in question. The consistency of the results provides a context to promote the cooperative model as an essential factor in the social economy. This paper fulfils an identified need to show the cooperative model as a resilient one in the agricultural field and in the context of rural development.
Highlights:
Cooperative wineries contribute to economic and social development in Castilla La Mancha (Spain).
Social economy companies withstood the crisis better due to their objective function (maximizing cooperative owners’ income) and thanks to their flexibility in terms of grape payment policies.
The Return of Owner Cooperative (ROC) measures the transfer of income to farmers and is higher than the payment they would receive from other agents.
The cooperative wineries have reacted to the crisis with good financial indicators: liquidity and leverage.
The cooperative wineries have adopted a strategy based on exports that has allowed them to overcome the economic crisis.The economic crisis has had an asymmetric effect on Spanish and regional/local economies. This study aims to analyze the strategies developed by cooperative wineries in Castilla-La Mancha (CLM) and their impact on performance measurements. The paper opted for an exploratory study based on a compilation of financial statements consisting of the traditional economic-financial profitability ratios (ROA, ROI, ROS) plus a specific analysis, Return of Owner Cooperative (ROC). We have also used two financial measurements: Liquidity and Leverage. Trade dynamism is the hallmark of wine cooperatives in CLM in terms of strategic action in the face of a crisis. Their resilience is patent in the conquest of foreign markets via low unit costs, which have been transferred to sales prices. The paper has implications for the understanding of the resilience of the agricultural cooperatives during the crisis period in question. The consistency of the results provides a context to promote the cooperative model as an essential factor in the social economy. This paper fulfils an identified need to show the cooperative model as a resilient one in the agricultural field and in the context of rural development.
Highlights:
Cooperative wineries contribute to economic and social development in Castilla La Mancha (Spain).
Social economy companies withstood the crisis better due to their objective function (maximizing cooperative owners’ income) and thanks to their flexibility in terms of grape payment policies.
The Return of Owner Cooperative (ROC) measures the transfer of income to farmers and is higher than the payment they would receive from other agents.
The cooperative wineries have reacted to the crisis with good financial indicators: liquidity and leverage.
The cooperative wineries have adopted a strategy based on exports that has allowed them to overcome the economic crisis
Fertilización foliar con macronutrientes a plantas de naranja Valencia late (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) y tangor Murcott (Citrus reticulata Blanco x Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck)
Full text linkThe objective of this study was to analyze the effects of different doses of foliar fertilizers with macronutrients on 'Valencia late' sweet orange and 'Murcott' tangor. Field experiments were done during three seasons in commercial orchards in Corrientes, Argentina. On complete block designs with four replications and experimental plots of four trees. Tested treatments were: T1 control; T2 N (12%) 2 L. ha- 1; T3 N (12%) 4 L.ha-1; T4 N (9%) and P (2.6%) 2 L. ha-1; T5 N (9%) and P (2.6%) 4 L ha- 1; T6 N (9.3%), P (2.6%) and K (2.1%) 2 L.ha-1; T7 N (9.3%), P (2.6%) and K (2.1%) 4 L.ha-1; sprayed three times per season, at pre-flowering, full flowering and last summer sprouting. Leaf concentrations of N, P and K were determined in leaves of fruiting branches obtained in autumn. At harvest, total fruit production was measured and diameter, percentage of juice, soluble solids content, acidity and ratio were determined on a 40 fruits per plot sample. Variance analysis and Duncan test were performed. In 'Valencia late', compared to the control, all sprayed treatments increased P foliar concentration. Treatment T7 increased the yield 38.7% respect to T1, but fruits presented smaller diameter. In 'Murcott', the fertilizer treatments increased fruit yield compared to the control, with higher production in T7 (64.9% upper) and T6 (43.8% up); T7 increased P foliar and decreased total soluble solids in juice compared with control. Foliar fertilization with macronutrients allows increased fruit production of 'Valencia late' sweet orange and 'Murcott' tangor. This report shows the utility of the foliar nutrition with macronutrient as a tool in citrus fertilization programs designed to optimize the fruit performance.El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el efecto de diferentes dosis de fertilizantes foliares con macronutrientes en plantas de naranja Valencia y de tangor Murcott. Los experimentos fueron realizados durante tres campañas consecutivas en Corrientes Argentina. El diseño experimental fue en bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones y parcelas experimentales de cuatro plantas. Los tratamientos ensayados fueron T1 control; T2 N (12%) 2 L.ha-1; T3 N (12%) 4 L.ha-1; T4 N (9%) y P (2,6%) 2 L ha- 1; T5 N (9%) y P (2,6%) 4 L.ha-1; T6 N (9,3%), P (2,6%) y K (2,1%) 2 L.ha-1; T7 N (9,3%), P (2,6%) y K (2,1%) 4 L.ha-1, de fertilizante foliar formulados en base a sales de sulfato de amonio, fosfato monoamónico y nitrato de potasio según tratamiento. Los mismos fueron aplicados por campaña en prefloración, plena floración y en otoño. Se midieron las concentraciones foliares de N, P y K en hojas de otoño de ramas fructíferas y al momento de cosecha se determinó rendimiento total, diámetro de fruta, porcentaje de jugo, sólidos solubles, acidez y relación sólidos solubles/acidez. En Valencia late todos los tratamientos incrementaron el contenido de P foliar en comparación con el control. El tratamiento T7 incrementó un 38,7% el rendimiento respecto de T1, aunque los frutos presentaron menor diámetro. En "Murcott" todos los tratamientos incrementaron el rendimiento comparados con T1, y las máximas producciones se observaron en los tratamientos T7 (64,9% mayor) y T6 (43,8% mayor) además T7 incrementó el contenido de P foliar y disminuyó el contenido de sólidos solubles en comparación con el control. La fertilización foliar con macronutrientes incrementó la productividad en naranja Valencia late y tangor Murcott. Este trabajo muestra la utilidad de la fertilización foliar con macronutrientes como una herramienta complementaria en los programas de fertilización diseñados para optimizar el rendimiento
Regeneración de plantas de té (Camellia sinensis) por cultivo invitro de meristemas, yemas axilares y segmentos uninodales *
Full text linkPlants of two clones (CH 14 INTA and CH 318 INTA) of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) were regenerated by in vitro culture of three types of explants disinfected by immersion in 70% ethanol (1 min) and 1.5% sodium hypochlorite (20 min). The best medium for shoot regeneration from uninodal segments, for both clones, as well as for axillary buds of CH 14 INTA clone was ½ MS + 1 mg/L BAP. While the best medium for axillary buds of CH 318 clone was ½ MS + 1 mg/L BAP + 1 mg/L AG3. For meristems culture, the best medium, for both clones was ½ MS + 1 mg/L KIN + 1 mg/L AG3. Rooting of regenerated shoots were achieved by culture them on ¼ MS + 6 mg/L IBA.
Tres tipos de explantes de dos clones ( C H 1 4 I N TA y C H 3 1 8 I N TA ) d e t é (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) fueron evaluados para su regeneración in vitro, bajo la influencia de dos citocininas (BAP y CIN) y una giberelina (AG3). Previa desinfección, con etanol 70% (1 minuto) e hipoclorito de sodio 1,5% (20 minutos) y tres enjuagues con agua destilada estéril, los explantes fueron aislados y cultivados en los distintos medios de cultivo. Las mejores respuestas en formación de vástagos se registraron con los segmentos uninodales de ambos clones cultivados en el medio ½ MS + 1 mg/L de BAP o con el cultivo de yemas axilares del clon CH 14 INTA en el medio ½ MS + 1 mg/L de BAP o del clon CH 318 INTA en el medio ½ MS + 1 mg/L BAP + 1 mg/L AG3. Los mejores resultados con el empleo de meristemas caulinares se obtuvieron en el medio ½ MS + 1 mg/L de CIN y 1 mg/L de AG3. Los vástagos obtenidos fueron enraizados mediante su cultivo en ¼ MS + 6 mg/L de IBA
Plantas medicinales de los bajos alcalinos de la cuenca del arroyo del Azul (provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina)
No full textThis research was carried out in 7 alkaline wetlands located in the plain sector of the Azul creek basin (center of Buenos Aires province, Argentina). Such environments, due to soil limitations are used for breeding cattle. The aim of this paper is to analyze these landscape units from a perspective that allows their revaluation, considering the great diversity of plant species of medicinal value that develops in them. 150 species were identified, of which 81 (54%) had medicinal properties. The family with most species with medicinal use was Asteraceae, followed by Poaceae and, to a lesser extent, Apiaceae and Plantaginaceae. The medicinal use group most represented was that of digestive, then diuretic and hepatic. These environments should be considered as providers of ecosystem services because of the wide diversity of their flora and its medicinal potential.El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo en 7 bajos alcalinos ubicados en el sector más llano de la cuenca del arroyo del Azul (centro de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina). Dichos ambientes, debido a sus limitaciones edáficas, son destinados a la cría de ganado bovino. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar estas unidades del paisaje desde una perspectiva que permita valorizarlos aún más, a partir de la consideración de la gran diversidad de especies botánicas de valor medicinal que se desarrolla en ellos. Se identificaron 150 especies, de las cuales 81 (54%) resultaron con propiedades medicinales. La familia con mayor cantidad de especies con uso medicinal fue Asteraceae, seguida por Poaceae y, en menor medida, por Apiaceae y Plantaginaceae. El uso medicinal potencial más representado fue el diurético (30 especies), seguido por el digestivo (17 especies), el hepático (15 especies) y el vulnerario (13 especies). Por otro lado, más de la mitad de las especies encontradas (60,5%) presenta alguna acción vinculada con el sistema digestivo. Los ambientes analizados debieran ser considerados como proveedores de servicios ecosistémicos ya que es significativa la riqueza de su flora y la potencialidad de sus aplicaciones medicinales
Is Taeniothrips inconsequens (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) a pest of stone and pip fruit trees in Argentina?
Full text linkThe presence of the “pear thrips” Taeniothrips inconsequens has been cited in Argentina in 1921 by Teresa Joan. This has affected exports of fruit tree propagation materials. However currently there is a concern about that citation because it was probably an incorrect identification of the thrips species. The objective of this work was to confirm the presence of Taeniothrips inconsequens in fruit orchards in Argentina. Fruit orchards were sampled in the main producing areas of Argentina. A total of 10,696 specimens from 393 samples were examined and no T. inconsequens were found. The citation of this species for Argentina could be the result of misidentifications. Ninety percent of the collected specimens corresponded to four species of thrips: 37% Frankliniella australis, 29% Thrips tabaci, 14% Frankliniella occidentalis and 10% Frankliniella gemina. Of the remaining 10%, 2% were larvae and 8% corresponded to the species Aneristothrips rostratus, Frankliniella frumenti, Frankliniella schultzei, Frankliniella inesae, Frankliniella juancarlosi, Frankliniella spp, Leptothrips mali, Aeolothrips fasciatipennis, Arorathrips texanus, Tenothrips frici, Haplothrips spp, Haplothrips fiebrigi, Haplothrips trellesi, Thrips australis, Karnyothrips spp., and Caliothrips phaseoli.
Highlights
Taeniothrips inconsequens was not found in Argentina.
No slides of specimens collected in Argentina of inconsequens were found at the Museo de La Plata.
Frankliniella gemina was dominant in Buenos Aires, Thrips tabaci in Mendoza, Haplothrips in Río Negro and Neuquén, Frankliniella occidentalis in Chubut and Santa Cruz, and Farnkliniella australis Morgan in San Juan.
Frankliniella australis was dominant in almond and peach trees, while Thrips tabaci was dominant in pear and quince trees.The presence of the “pear thrips” Taeniothrips inconsequens has been cited in Argentina in 1921 by Teresa Joan. This has affected exports of fruit tree propagation materials. However currently there is a concern about that citation because it was probably an incorrect identification of the thrips species. The objective of this work was to confirm the presence of Taeniothrips inconsequens in fruit orchards in Argentina. Fruit orchards were sampled in the main producing areas of Argentina. A total of 10,696 specimens from 393 samples were examined and no T. inconsequens were found. The citation of this species for Argentina could be the result of misidentifications. Ninety percent of the collected specimens corresponded to four species of thrips: 37% Frankliniella australis, 29% Thrips tabaci, 14% Frankliniella occidentalis and 10% Frankliniella gemina. Of the remaining 10%, 2% were larvae and 8% corresponded to the species Aneristothrips rostratus, Frankliniella frumenti, Frankliniella schultzei, Frankliniella inesae, Frankliniella juancarlosi, Frankliniella spp, Leptothrips mali, Aeolothrips fasciatipennis, Arorathrips texanus, Tenothrips frici, Haplothrips spp, Haplothrips fiebrigi, Haplothrips trellesi, Thrips australis, Karnyothrips spp., and Caliothrips phaseoli.
Highlights
Taeniothrips inconsequens was not found in Argentina.
No slides of specimens collected in Argentina of inconsequens were found at the Museo de La Plata.
Frankliniella gemina was dominant in Buenos Aires, Thrips tabaci in Mendoza, Haplothrips in Río Negro and Neuquén, Frankliniella occidentalis in Chubut and Santa Cruz, and Farnkliniella australis Morgan in San Juan.
Frankliniella australis was dominant in almond and peach trees, while Thrips tabaci was dominant in pear and quince trees
Line x tester analysis to estimate combining ability in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)
Full text linkSorghum in Mexico ranks third in grain production. This study aimed to estimate general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) for commercial and experimental sorghum grain parents and hybrids. The combining ability was estimated using the line x tester method described by Kempthorne. The experiment was established during the spring-summer 2018 cycle at INIFAP, Las Huastecas, México. It consisted of five lines, eight testers and 40 hybrids; in a randomized block design with three replications. The ANOVA showed highly significant differences for lines, testers, and line x testers, suggesting the existence of a broad base of genetic variability. GCA and SCA differences were statistically significant for grain yield, specific grain weight and plant height, indicating additive gene relevance, dominance and epistasis. For grain yield, the experimental lines: RB214A, RB225A and RB248A, and the testers RB133 and RB221, resulted significantly higher in GCA and superior to commercial RB225A line and RTx430 and RTx437 testers. Seventeen experimental hybrids were found to have significantly higher in SCA and were superior to INIFAP commercial hybrids.
Highlights
The combining ability was estimated using the line x tester method in grain sorghum; General Combining Ability (GCA) and Specific Combining Ability (SCA) were important for grain yield, grain specific weight and plant height.
GCA and SCA differences were statistically significant for grain yield, specific grain weight and plant height, in grain sorghum, indicating additive gene relevance, dominance and epistasis.Sorghum in Mexico ranks third in grain production. This study aimed to estimate general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) for commercial and experimental sorghum grain parents and hybrids. The combining ability was estimated using the line x tester method described by Kempthorne. The experiment was established during the spring-summer 2018 cycle at INIFAP, Las Huastecas, México. It consisted of five lines, eight testers and 40 hybrids; in a randomized block design with three replications. The ANOVA showed highly significant differences for lines, testers, and line x testers, suggesting the existence of a broad base of genetic variability. GCA and SCA differences were statistically significant for grain yield, specific grain weight and plant height, indicating additive gene relevance, dominance and epistasis. For grain yield, the experimental lines: RB214A, RB225A and RB248A, and the testers RB133 and RB221, resulted significantly higher in GCA and superior to commercial RB225A line and RTx430 and RTx437 testers. Seventeen experimental hybrids were found to have significantly higher in SCA and were superior to INIFAP commercial hybrids.
Highlights
The combining ability was estimated using the line x tester method in grain sorghum; General Combining Ability (GCA) and Specific Combining Ability (SCA) were important for grain yield, grain specific weight and plant height.
GCA and SCA differences were statistically significant for grain yield, specific grain weight and plant height, in grain sorghum, indicating additive gene relevance, dominance and epistasis
Effect of bioslurries on tomato Solanum lycopersicum L and lettuce Lactuca sativa development
Full text linkBioslurries, obtained by anaerobic digestion of fresh organic matter, are emerging as a cheaper and low-impact alternative for synthetic products in agriculture. The aim of this study was to evaluate bioslurry obtained from biogas digestion (Biog), bioslurry for plant nutrition by FAO (Bfao), and lactic fermentation (Blac) as biostimulant in tomato and lettuce plants. Based on a toxicity test, a 10% dilution was finally applied to the plants. In lettuce, Bfao and Blac significantly increased aerial biomass (2.17 ±0.54 and 2.33 ±1.13 g respectively), regarding water control (1.16 ±0.60 g), while root biomass was only increased by Bfao (1.60 ±0.44 g) compared to control (0.66 ±0.34 g). All digestates increased chlorophyll content index (CCI), while yield (Fv/Fm) and performance index (Plabs) did not show differences with water control. In tomato, only aerial biomass was significantly increased by Bfao. All digestates significantly increased CCI, while Fv/Fm was only significantly higher in Bfao and Blac, related to water control. PIabs showed no differences. In both plant species, commercial fertilizer showed significantly higher values for all parameters. In conclusion, all digestates stimulated plant growth, Bfao showed the highest effect on tomatoes and lettuce biomass followed by Blac and Biog, being a cheaper, safer and lower-impact alternative for traditional products for crop growing.
Highlights
Digestates are valuable by-products, with different characteristics and effects on plant biomass, suggesting complex interactions.
All digestates stimulated tomatoes and lettuce growth.
The digestate designed by FAO showed the highest effect on plant biomass, constituting an adequate alternative for a cheaper, safer and low-impact strategy for crop growth.Bioslurries, obtained by anaerobic digestion of fresh organic matter, are emerging as a cheaper and low-impact alternative for synthetic products in agriculture. The aim of this study was to evaluate bioslurry obtained from biogas digestion (Biog), bioslurry for plant nutrition by FAO (Bfao), and lactic fermentation (Blac) as biostimulant in tomato and lettuce plants. Based on a toxicity test, a 10% dilution was finally applied to the plants. In lettuce, Bfao and Blac significantly increased aerial biomass (2.17 ±0.54 and 2.33 ±1.13 g respectively), regarding water control (1.16 ±0.60 g), while root biomass was only increased by Bfao (1.60 ±0.44 g) compared to control (0.66 ±0.34 g). All digestates increased chlorophyll content index (CCI), while yield (Fv/Fm) and performance index (Plabs) did not show differences with water control. In tomato, only aerial biomass was significantly increased by Bfao. All digestates significantly increased CCI, while Fv/Fm was only significantly higher in Bfao and Blac, related to water control. PIabs showed no differences. In both plant species, commercial fertilizer showed significantly higher values for all parameters. In conclusion, all digestates stimulated plant growth, Bfao showed the highest effect on tomatoes and lettuce biomass followed by Blac and Biog, being a cheaper, safer and lower-impact alternative for traditional products for crop growing.
Highlights
Digestates are valuable by-products, with different characteristics and effects on plant biomass, suggesting complex interactions.
All digestates stimulated tomatoes and lettuce growth.
The digestate designed by FAO showed the highest effect on plant biomass, constituting an adequate alternative for a cheaper, safer and low-impact strategy for crop growth
Evaluación de las características físico-químicas y biológicas en dos suelos superficiales cultivados con pera (Pyrus communis L.) cv. Williams bajo manejo convencional
Full text linkEl objetivo del trabajo fue identificar las características físico-químicas y biológicas en dos suelos superficiales fertilizados con nitrógeno y enmienda orgánica en el Alto Valle de Río Negro (huertos H1 y H2). En ambos huertos se aplicó fertilizante nitrogenado durante las temporadas 2008-2009 y 2009-2010 y en H2 se aplicó estiércol de pollo. Se extrajeron muestras de suelos en primavera y otoño y se determinó: carbono orgánico total, conductividad eléctrica, cationes de intercambio, relación de adsorción de sodio y nitratos, respiración microbiana, carbono de la biomasa microbiana, actividad de la deshidrogenasa y el índice de mineralización. La concentración de carbono orgánico total, potasio y nitrógeno fueron adecuadas para la producción de pera. El comportamiento de las variables biológicas fue diferente en los huertos. En H1 fueron mayores en primavera, en ambas temporadas y el índice de mineralización fue ligeramente superior a 1 en otoño, indicando equilibrio entre la mineralización y la humificación del carbono. En H2 las mediciones biológicas fueron similares entre las estaciones como consecuencia de realizar fertilización nitrogenada (N) en primavera y en otoño. La enmienda orgánica no reflejó un aumento de la actividad biológica en primavera. La actividad microbiana y enzimática en H1 y H2 fue sensible a los cambios que ocurrieron en los suelos.El objetivo del trabajo fue identificar las características físico-químicas y biológicas en dos suelos superficiales fertilizados con nitrógeno y enmienda orgánica en el Alto Valle de Río Negro (huertos H1 y H2). En ambos huertos se aplicó fertilizante nitrogenado durante las temporadas 2008-2009 y 2009-2010 y en H2 se aplicó estiércol de pollo. Se extrajeron muestras de suelos en primavera y otoño y se determinó: carbono orgánico total, conductividad eléctrica, cationes de intercambio, relación de adsorción de sodio y nitratos, respiración microbiana, carbono de la biomasa microbiana, actividad de la deshidrogenasa y el índice de mineralización. La concentración de carbono orgánico total, potasio y nitrógeno fueron adecuadas para la producción de pera. El comportamiento de las variables biológicas fue diferente en los huertos. En H1 fueron mayores en primavera, en ambas temporadas y el índice de mineralización fue ligeramente superior a 1 en otoño, indicando equilibrio entre la mineralización y la humificación del carbono. En H2 las mediciones biológicas fueron similares entre las estaciones como consecuencia de realizar fertilización nitrogenada (N) en primavera y en otoño. La enmienda orgánica no reflejó un aumento de la actividad biológica en primavera. La actividad microbiana y enzimática en H1 y H2 fue sensible a los cambios que ocurrieron en los suelos