Diffusion Fundamentals (E-Journal)

Janczak-Rusch, J.

Chiodi, M.

Cancellieri, C.

Araullo-Peters, V.

The Open-Access Journal for the Basic Principles of Diffusion Theory, Experiment and Application
 
 
 
 
Exploring fast diffusion at the nano-scale for nanojoining technologies 
 
J. Janczak-Rusch*, M. Chiodi, C. Cancellieri, V. Araullo-Peters, L.P.H. Jeurgens   
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Empa, Dübendorf, Switzerland 
*jolanta.janczak@empa.ch 
 
With the continuing miniaturisation of micro-electronic devices the nanojoining technology is 
expected to become an enabling technology for the large-scale production of integrated components in 
the coming decades. The successful development of nanojoining processes requires fundamental 
understanding of diffusion, melting and phase formation at surfaces and interfaces at the nano-scale.  
At Empa novel nanomultilayer (NML) joining materials are developed for fast, low-temperature 
nanojoining processes by exploiting short and fast diffusion paths along surfaces and interfaces [1]. 
Such NML fillers typically consist of alternating nanolayers (individual thickness < 10 nm) of a 
brazing metal/alloy filler (e.g. Ag, Cu, Ag-Cu) and a chemically-inert barrier material (e.g. carbon, 
nitride, oxide, refractory metal) and are deposited by magnetron sputtering techniques: see Fig. 1a. 
 
Figure 7: a) Schematic of the NML-filler, constituted of alternating nano-layers (thickness < 10 nm) of a metal 
or alloy (e.g. Ag, Cu, Ag-Cu) and a chemically inert barrier material (e.g. carbon, nitride, oxide, refractory 
metal). (b) Cross-sectional secondary electron image (light grey: Ag-Cu, dark grey: AlN) and corresponding 
composition-depth profile measured by XPS of an as-deposited Ag-Cu/AlN NML. 
 
With the aim to exploit fast directional mass transport of the brazing material, the structural evolution 
of Ag/AlN and Ag-Cu nano-multilayers (NMLs), as deposited on α-Al2O3 substrates by magnetron 
sputtering, upon heating was investigated. A combinatorial analytical approach using real-time in-situ 
Synchrotron Transmission-X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), 
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) was applied to 
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
1
 
 
study the structural and morphological changes of the NMLs during fast heating up to 550°C [2,3]. 
The experiments evidence fast transport of the metallic brazing filler to the NML surface at 
temperatures starting from 200 °C. The process is governed by the delicate interplay between spatial 
confinement, atmosphere [2], internal stress gradients [4] and the interfacial structure [5]. 
The investigations show that nano-confinement of metals and alloys in a NML configuration 
may be exploited to invoke fast directional mass transport at low temperatures for joining 
technologies.  
Acknowledgment 
The authors acknowledge the financial support of FP7-PEOPLE-2013-IRSES Project EXMONAN. 
References 
[1] B. Lehmert, et al.: Copper-Based Nanostructured Coatings for Low-Temperature Brazing 
Applications.  Materials Transactions 56, 1015-1018 (2015). 
[2] M. Chiodi, et al.: Massive Ag migration through metal/ceramic nano-multilayers:  an interplay 
between temperature, stress-relaxation and oxygen-enhanced mass transport. J. Mater. Chem. 22, 4927-38 
(2016). 
[3] J. Janczak-Rusch et al., Structural evolution of Ag-Cu nano-alloys confined between AlN 
nanolayers upon fast heating, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17, 28228-28238 (2015). 
[4] C. Cancellieri et al.: The effect of thermal treatment on the stress state and evolving 
microstructure of Cu/W nano-multilayers, J. Applied Physics, 120, 195107 (2016).  
[5] G. Pigozzi et al., Phase constitution and interface structure of nano-sized Ag-Cu/AlN 
multilayers: Experiment and ab initio modelling, Applied Physics Letters 17, 181602 (2012). 
 
 
2


English

Exploring fast diffusion at the nano-scale for nanojoining technologies

Kheyfets, B.

Galimzyanov, T.

Mukhin, S.

The Open-Access Journal for the Basic Principles of Diffusion Theory, Experiment and Application
 
 
 
 
Lipids diffusion anomalies in bilayer membranes at main phase transition 
 
B. Kheyfets*, T. Galimzyanov, S. Mukhin 
 
NUST “MISIS”, Moscow, Russia 
* kheyfboris@gmail.com 
 
The diffusion coefficient jump by an order of magnitude at the liquidgel phase transition in the lipid 
membranes so far was missing theoretical description. Rattling in the cage microscopic mechanism of 
lipids self-diffusion responsible for the jump is captured by our microscopic model. We found 
analytically temperature dependencies of the major thermodynamic characteristics of the lipid 
membranes including diffusion coefficient, membrane thickness, volume per lipidmolecule. 
Dependence of phase transition temperature on lipid chain length is in quantitative agreement with 
experimental data. 
 
  
 
Figure 9: Separately plotted compression (left) and activation (right) factors contributions to the self-diffusion 
coefficient Eq.(1). At phase transition compression changes by two times, whereas activation contribution is 
relatively less pronounced All results are calculated using our previously developed microscopical model [1]-[3]. 
                                                         (1) 
                                                                                                            
 
References 
[1]   Mukhin S.I., Kheyfets B.B.: Analytical approach to thermodynamics of bolalipid membranes. 
Phys. Rev. E,   
 82, 051901-9 (2010).  
[2] Kheyfets B., Galimzyanov T., Drozdova A., Mukhin S.: Analytical calculation of  the lipid 
bilayer bending modulus. Phys. Rev.E, 94, 042415-11 (2016). 
[3] Mukhin S.I. and Baoukina S.V.: Analytical derivation of thermodynamic characteristics of 
lipid bilayer from flexible string model, Phys. Rev. E, 71, 061918-6 (2005). 
 
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
1


Lipids diffusion anomalies in bilayer membranes at main phase transition

Shavlokhova, Zaira

The Open-Access Journal for the Basic Principles of Diffusion Theory, Experiment and Application
 
 
 
 
The diffusion of law or borrowing from foreign legal systems 
 
Zaira Shavlokhova 
 
Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy 
and Public Administration, Moscow 
developrus@mail.ru 
 
 
The diffusion of law is transferring of the regulation from one legal jurisdiction into 
another.[1] The diffusion of law implies that the legal systems are dependent from each other 
where the entry of foreign legal norms into domestic law occurs to a certain extent 
spontaneously because of the interrelatedness of the legal institutions and the legal systems. 
 
In the context of globalization, the cooperation between States on several important issues 
such as anti-corruption, international terrorism, legalization of proceeds of crime as well as 
interaction between legal and natural persons under economic treaty-based legal relations is 
essential.[2] 
 
Therefore the diffusion of law is based on the implementation of standard rules and 
regulations of international law into specific national legal system in order to apply uniform 
institutions and the rule of law. 
 
References 
 
[1] Guenther Doecker-Mach and Klaus A. Ziegert (Ed.): Law, legal culture and politics in the 
twenty first century. Stuttgart 2004, 359. 
[2] William Twining: Diffusion of law: A Global Perspective, The Journal of legal pluralism and 
unofficial law 49 (2004). 
 
 
 
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
1


The diffusion of law or borrowing from foreign legal systems

Foulaadvand, M.E.

Aghaei, B.

Saeidi, A.

Volpe, G.

The Open-Access Journal for the Basic Principles of Diffusion Theory, Experiment and Application
 
 
 
 
Driven mixture of active/passive colloids in a constricted geometry 
 
M.E. Foulaadvand1*, B. Aghaei1, A. Saeidi1, G. Volpe2 
 
1Department of Physics, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran 
2Department of Physics, University of Gutenberg, Gutenberg, Sweden 
*foolad@znu.ac.ir 
 
Characteristics of a driven binary colloidal mixture are explored. The mixture is confined to a two 
dimensional narrow channel and consists of both active (self-propelled) and passive particles. The 
channel walls are hard and periodic boundary condition is applied along the channel. Colloidal 
particles perform Brownian motion in a solvent having a fixed temperature and interact with each 
other via a Debye-Huckel Coulombic interaction (Yukawa potential). A constant external force drives 
one of the species along the channel. Hydrodynamic interactions are neglected and the dynamics is 
assumed to be over-damped. The flow increases nonlinearly with the external force but does not 
exhibit a notable dependence on channel width. Above a critical driving force the system undergoes a 
homogeneous to laning transition. It is shown that the mean lane width as well as the laning order 
parameter increases with the channel width. We investigate the dependence of laning parameter on 
various quantities namely the number ratio of active to passive colloids, the magnitude of the 
externally driving force etc. 
 
 
Figure 18:lane formation.                       Figure 2: Flow of active particles versus external driving force  
.  
References 
[1] P. Henseler, A. Erbe, M. Koppl, P. Leiderer and P. Nielab, Phys. Rev. E 81, 041402  
(2010). 
[2]    J. Dzubiella, G. P. Hoffmann and H. Loewen, Phys. Rev. E 65, 021402 
(2002). 
[3]   M. E. Foulaadvand, B. Aghaee, Eur. Phys. Journal E 39, 39 (2016). 
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
1


Driven mixture of active/passive colloids in a constricted geometry

Hwang, S.

Chmelik, C.

Haase, J.

Prager, L.

Seoane, B.

Gascon, J.

Kärger, J.

The Open-Access Journal for the Basic Principles of Diffusion Theory, Experiment and Application
Transport diffusion of CO2 in mixed matrix membranes  
 
S. Hwang1*, C. Chmelik1, J. Haase1, L. Prager2, B. Seoane3, J. Gascon3 and J. Kärger1 
 
1 University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany 
2 Leibniz Institute of Surface Modification, Leipzig, Germany 
3 Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands 
*seungtaik.hwang@physik.uni-leipzig.de 
 
Over the last few decades there have been significant research efforts aimed at developing energy-
efficient Mixed Matrix Membranes (MMMs) which have great potential for gas separation processes 
by overcoming the limitation of pure polymeric membranes, namely, the trade-off between permeability 
and selectivity. Considering the progress on MMM fabrication techniques and enhanced characteristics 
of new MMM generations, however, there have been relatively few studies carried out on understanding 
fundamental diffusion phenomena in MMMs. In other words, it is hardly understood how differently 
the guest molecules, such as CO2, H2 and methane, penetrate the two distinctive spaces, i.e. polymer 
and filler regions, within the MMMs. 
With Infrared microscopy (IRM) [1], we have recently investigated the diffusion mechanism of CO2 
molecules in pure 6FDA-DAM polymer sheet. By varying the thickness of the polymer from 25 μm to 
320 μm, it was found that the diffusional time constant, 𝜏, was linearly proportional to the thickness of 
the polymer, as shown in Fig. 1. This linear relationship, in turn, means that the CO2 adsorption in the 
polymer is strongly limited by the surface barrier instead of the diffusion inside, according the Eq. (1): 
 
           𝜏 = 𝜏𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 + 𝜏𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝐿
𝛼
+
𝐿2
3𝐷T
                                                       (1) 
 
where, 2L is thickness, 𝛼 is surface permeability, and 𝐷T is transport diffusivity. Further research is 
required to elucidate whether the insertion of fillers alters the limiting step of the CO2 uptake process 
in MMMs.  
In addition, our IR microimaging technique enabled us to record CO2 concentration profiles over a 
MMM consisting of 6FDA-DAM polymer and big ZIF-8 crystals (>70 μm size) during transient 
adsorption. From this we can directly observe how fast and how much the guest molecules diffusion 
into and adsorb on to the two different regions in the MMM. 
 
 
 
Figure 1: Relationship between diffusional time constant and thickness of polymer 
 
Reference 
[1] J. Kärger, et al.: Microimaging of transient guest profiles to monitor mass transfer in nanoporous materials. 
Nature Materials 13, 333-343 (2014). 
y = 0.7521x - 9.1135
R² = 0.998
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 100 200 300 400
Ti
m
e 
co
n
st
an
t 
(s
)
Thickness (µm)
Sample (a): Pure 6FDA-
DAM
Sample (b): MMM (6FDA-
DAM + ZIF-8 Basolite 20
wt%)
Sample (c): MMM (6FDA-
DAM + big ZIF-8 crystals
20 wt%)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
1


Transport diffusion of CO2 in mixed matrix membranes

Kustov, A.

Migel, I.

The Open-Access Journal for the Basic Principles of Diffusion Theory, Experiment and Application
 
 
 
 
Study using acoustic waves state of metal alloys after diffusion influences  
with the aim of predicting their behavior 
 
A. Kustov1., I. Migel2 
 
1 Voronezh, Russia, Voronezh State Pedagogical University      
2   Voronezh, Russia, Military Educational and Scientific Center of the Air Force Academy  
      named after Professor N. E Zhukovsky and Y.A. Gagarin 
akvor@yandex.ru 
 
Metallic materials commonly used in practical applications objects. Their state plays a 
leading role in the process of operation. On the condition of the materials is influenced by 
various external influences. Such influences manifested in the process of manufacture and in 
the operation should be attributed primarily to processes of diffusion. They substantially 
change the physical parameters of the surface layers. Therefore, the actual task of assessment 
of health products and predicting their behavior. For solving this task was proposed to 
monitor the status of materials by means of acoustic waves (AW), i.e., to use AMD-methods 
[1,2]. GHz- range was chosen to ensure a sufficiently high resolution. 
Fig. 1. a) the dependence of the absorption level of AW in the surface layers of steel (38ХМЮА) depth 
of nitriding layer (t0 process 5600С); b) the dependence of the thickness of the layer with altered properties from 
the time of nitriding (at t0 = 5000С) obtained by the change of speed υR of surface acoustic waves  in steel 
(40ХНМА). 
The essence of the work was to develop methods for studying the state of the materials 
and in the assessment of the level of exposure of diffusion processes using the AMD methods. 
The objects of the study - model materials, and steel of various types. It is experimentally 
shown that AMD-methods sensitive to diffusion effects. For example, the processes of 
carburizing and nitriding of steels demonstrates the dependence of the number of 
characteristics of acoustic waves (AW) from the parameters of diffusion processes. These 
settings include, first, the concentration of a substance- diffusion, temperature and time of 
process. In Fig.1 shows examples of the dependence of the absorption level of AW in the 
surface layers of steel from the depth of the nitriding layer and the dependence of the 
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
1
 
 
thickness of the layer with altered properties from the time of nitriding obtained by the change 
of speed υR of surface acoustic waves  in steel .  
The experiments confirm the high sensitivity of AMD-methods as parameters of the 
diffusion processes and their changes [3]. This fact allows to monitor the processes of 
diffusion, to control the structure of materials, identify and characterize system defects (e.g., 
microcracks, pitting, etc.).  
 
References 
1. Miguel I. A., Kustov A. I. Investigation of structural parameters of metallic materials 
and their influence on physical-mechanical properties methods of acoustic microscopy // 
Metallophysics and newest technologies. Intern. scientific.-tech. Sib./, Kiev. 2009. T. 31. No. 
3. S. 381-388. 
2. Miguel I. A., Kustov A. I. Development acoustic-microscopy methods to assess the 
impact of external influences on the surface state of materials and their physical properties // 
Bulletin of Tambov University., ser. “Natural and technical Sciences”. – Tambov. 2010. T. 
15. vol.3. part I., pp. 1062-1063. 
3. Kustov A. I., Miguel, I. A. Analysis of transformation of structure of surface layers of 
steels and their influence on the process of hardening of AMD-methods // Vestnik PNIPU. 
Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science., volume 18, number 4,  2016. – p. 134 - 146. 
 
2


Study using acoustic waves state of metal alloys after diffusion influences with the aim of predicting their behavior

Nechaev, Yury S.

The Open-Access Journal for the Basic Principles of Diffusion Theory, Experiment and Application
 
 
 
 
The compound-like nanosegregation at dislocations and grain boundaries 
in metallic materials, relevance to physics of the diffusion anomalies 
 
Yury S. Nechaev 
 
 I.P. Bardin Central Research Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy,  G.V. Kurdyumov Institute of Metals 
Science & Physics, Moscow, Russia 
yuri1939@inbox.ru 
 
       According to [1-9], the apparent diffusion coefficient of an impurity (DΣ) in metallic systems 
with dislocations (⊥s) or grain boundaries (GBs), for the regime A, can be described as: 
     DΣ = [D·(1- η⊥GB) + D⊥GB·η⊥GB (∂C⊥GB/∂C)] / [1 - η⊥GB  + η⊥GB ·(∂C⊥GB/∂C)],                           (1) 
CΣ ≈ C·(1-η⊥GB+η⊥GB·K⊥GB),  K⊥GB ≈ (∂C⊥GB/∂C) ≈ (C⊥GB/C) ≈ exp(∆SB/R)·exp(-∆HB/RT),          (2, 3) 
                                            D⊥GB  ≈ (DΣ·CΣ - D·C) / (CΣ - C),        (4) 
where ∆HB (< 0) is the bonding energy with ⊥s or GBs; D⊥GB is the diffusion coefficient in ⊥s or GBs. 
If (η⊥GB·K⊥GB) <<1, then  DΣ  ≈  [D + D⊥GB·η⊥GB ·K⊥GB] – the Hart-Mortlock type equation (DΣ > D); it 
is the case of the Cottrell type nanosegregation, which can be “easy diffusion paths”. 
If (η⊥GB·K⊥GB ) >>1, then  DΣ ≈  [D⊥GB + (D/η⊥GB ·K⊥GB)] – the modified Oriani type equation (DΣ < D); 
it is the case of the non-Cottrell (compound-like) nanosegregation, it can be non-easy diffusion paths.      
       Some systems and diffusion processes are in detail considered [1-9], including the following ones:  
(1) the hydride-like nanosegregation of hydrogen at dislocations and grain boundaries in palladium 
and their influence on the apparent characteristics of hydrogen solubility and diffusivity in palladium; 
(2) the physics of the anomalous characteristics of diffusion of Fe and other transition impurities in 
crystalline Al at elevated temperatures, the role of the compound-like nanosegregation (CLNS) of Fe 
and the others at dislocations and grain boundaries in Al, analysis of the Mössbauer and diffusion data 
on CLNS of Fe at grain boundaries and dislocations in Al; (3) some new physical aspects of internal 
oxidation and nitridation of metals (for Cu-0.3% Fe alloy/Cu2O surface layer, and for (Ni-5% Cr) alloy 
/ N2 gas), the role of CLNS at dislocations and grain boundaries, study results on the large deviations 
from the classical theories predictions and their interpretation.  
       The possibility is considered of nanotechnology applications of the study results for creation of 
nanostructured metals with CLNS structures at grain boundaries, in order to obtain specific physical 
and mechanical properties of such cellural-type nanocomposites. In particular, it can be created 
complex hydride-like, carbide-like, carbohidride-like, nitride-like, carbonitride-like, boride-like, 
oxide-like or intermetallide-like nanosegregation structures at grain boundaries in such materials.                                  
 
References 
 
[1] Yu.S. Nechaev: On Specific Phase Transitions to the Compound-Like Impurity Nanosegregation Structures 
at Dislocations and GBs in Metals and their Influence on Diffusion-Assisted Processes. Solid State 
Phenomenon, 138, 91-118 (2008).  
[2] Yu.S. Nechaev: On the Physics of the Anomalous Characteristics of Fickian Diffusion of Fe and Other 
Transition-Element Impurities in Crystalline Al at Elevated Temperatures. DDF, 251-252, 111-122 (2006). 
[3] Yu.S. Nechaev: On the Influence of Dislocations on Diffusion and solubility of impurities in metals. Defect 
and Diffusion Forum (DDF), 66-69, 881-888 (1990). 
[4] Yu.S. Nechaev, G.A. Filippov: Hydride-like Segregation at Dislocations in Fe and Steels. DDF, 194-199, 
1099-1104 (2001). 
[5] Yu.S. Nechaev, A. Oechsner: Essay on Techniques & Physics of Some Diffusion-Controlled Processes in 
Materials: Relevance to Nanofabrication Applications. DDF, 289-292, 679-686 (2009). 
[6] Yu.S. Nechaev: Some New Aspects of the Internal Oxidation of Metals. DDF, 194-199, 1713-1718 (2001). 
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
1
 
 
[7] Yu. S. Nechaev: Metallic materials for hydrogen energy industry and main gas pipelines: complex physical 
problems of aging, embrittlement and failure. Physics–Uspekhi, 51 (7), 709-726 (2008).  
[8] Yu.S. Nechaev: The distribution of carbon in steels. Physics-Uspekhi, 54, # 5, 465-471 (2011). 
[9] Yu.S. Nechaev et al.: Anomalies of structural defects, diffusion processes and physical properties in 
constructive metallic materials and nanomaterials. Proc. NANO IMET-2016  (www.nano.imetran.ru). 
 
The work is supported by the Russian Foundation of Basic Research (project 17-08-00515).  
 
 
2


The compound-like nanosegregation at dislocations and grain boundaries in metallic materials, relevance to physics of the diffusion anomalies

Palacheva, V.V.

Emdadi, A.

Emeis, F.

Bobrikov, I.A.

Divinski, S.V.

Balagurov, A.M.

Wilde, G.

Golovin, I.S.

The Open-Access Journal for the Basic Principles of Diffusion Theory, Experiment and Application
 
 
 
 
Diffusion-controlled phase transitions as a tool for tailoring  
Fe-Ga functional properties  
V.V. Palacheva1, A. Emdadi1, F. Emeis3,  I.A. Bobrikov2,  
S.V. Divinski3, A.M. Balagurov2, G. Wilde3, I.S. Golovin1 
1 National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, Leninsky ave. 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia 
*Emails: lera.palacheva@mail.ru and i.golovin@misis.ru 
2 Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia 
3 Institute of Materials Physics, University of Munster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, 
Germany 
 
Fe-Ga alloys exhibit unique functional properties such as magnetostriction that can be varied 
from the highest positive values among iron-based alloys to negative values including zero 
magnetostriction, if proper compositions and heat treatments are chosen. This remarkable 
behavior is related to rather complex diffusion-controlled phase transformation sequences in 
this alloy family that are still unresolved. In earlier studies, the phase transformations in Fe-
Ga alloys were studied by X-ray diffraction, which provides structural information limited to 
the near-surface sample area. In this work, we use electron back-scatter diffraction and in situ 
neutron diffraction to characterize the D03 and L12 phases that originate from the fcc and bcc 
phases in the Fe-27Ga type bulk alloy, respectively. Different ratios between these phases, 
characterized by magnetostriction values of different signs, were achieved using an isothermal 
annealing treatment that produces an intrinsic composite in the alloy. Depending on the 
relative fraction of the D03 and L12 phases, the magnetostriction values of the alloy, λS, vary 
from +100 to -50 ppm, including the value of λS = 0 for the alloy with L12:D03 = 2:1 achieved 
after 600 min annealing at 400°C, thus demonstrating the controlled adjustment of 
magnetostriction in these advanced alloys. 
With respect to phase transitions, we demonstrate that the phase transition from a metastable 
ordered bcc-derivative D03 phase to an equilibrium fcc-derivative ordered L12 phase first 
leads to disordering of the D03 phase to obtain an A2 structure followed by an A2 to Α1 
transition with final A1 phase ordering to achieve the L12 structure. This transition sequence: 
D03 → A2 → A1 → L12 is proven for the Fe-27Ga alloy at both instant heating and 
isothermal annealing between 400 and 475°C. Additional doping by Tb stabilizes bcc-
derivative phases with respect to heating rate or annealing time and, therefore, fixes structures 
with high positive values of magnetostriction.  
 
The results of this work present the details of the phase transformations occurring in Galfenol 
for the first time and they also pave the way for tuning the microstructure of the alloy in such 
a way that the magnetostriction of the material can be tuned in a controlled way to meet the 
demands of a given application. 
 
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
1


Diffusion-controlled phase transitions as a tool for tailoring Fe-Ga functional properties

Tolmachev, D.

Lopatina, T.

The Open-Access Journal for the Basic Principles of Diffusion Theory, Experiment and Application
 
 
 
 
International scientific cooperation as a mechanism for diffusion of 
competences in the field of advanced manufacturing technologies 
D. Tolmachev*, T. Lopatina 
 
Graduate School of Economics and Management, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, 
Russia 
* novik1974@bk.ru 
 
Two main channels of technology diffusion can be identified: innovation spillover and 
innovation transfer, which includes license trading, global innovation activity of multinational 
corporations and global S&T cooperation. We concentrate on the last one, considering S&T 
collaboration in the sphere of advanced manufacturing technologies (including robotics, 
additives, M2M, biotechnology). 
Strategy of international S&T collaboration is decisive for participating organizations 
(obtaining competences) and its influence on the technology level of the location (as a result 
of technology transfer, staff migration etc.). Collaboration with organizations-leaders in 
particular field means not only getting competences, but also may have a number of 
significant shortcomings: necessity for attraction of additional resources to motivate foreign 
partner and for creating the system of competences reproduction. The most promising option 
is the collaboration in terms of relative leadership in specific areas (for instance, high level of 
publication activity in different topics in the same sphere) - it implies the mutual interest in 
the emergence and development of cooperation. 
So the development of model of acting and potential international scientific 
collaborations identification and assessment is considered to be an important research task. 
Our model is based on complex analysis of competences and includes 18 indicators, which 
can be grouped into four blocks: scientific publication analysis, patent landscapes, research 
grants analysis, participation in industrial clusters. For example, Russian organization 
compares two potential collaborators in the field of autonomous systems. Figure 1 shows that 
TU Ilmenau has highly cited articles and experience in collaboration with Russian 
institutions, while South China University of Technology is active in publishing articles and 
in patenting, so the choice of academic partner depends on purposes of Russian organization. 
 
 
 
 
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
1
 
 
 
 
South China University of Technology 
Technische Universität Ilmenau 
 
Figure 1: Comparison between potential partners 
(topic: autonomous systems, sphere: robotics), 
indicators are normalized to the maximum 
 
 
 
This model enables for a comparative analysis between the various alternatives under 
consideration. Such a comparison is necessary, due to the large heterogeneity of the included 
indicators and the various purposes that organizations can set themselves while finding 
potential foreign partners. In some cases, an organization may be interested in joint research, 
in others - in the commercialization of its competencies, or in applied works. In each case, the 
importance of indicators will be different. 
 
 
 
Pu
bl
ic
at
io
ns
 
 
1. Number of articles in topic 
2. Number of articles in sphere 
3. Field-Weighted Citation Impact  in topic 
4.Field-Weighted Citation Impact  in sphere 
5.Number of articles in collaboration in topic 
6. Number of articles in collaboration in 
sphere
Ex
pe
rie
nc
e 
in
 
co
lla
bo
ra
tio
n 
w
ith
 R
us
sia
 
7. Number of articles in collaboration with 
Russia in topic 
8. Number of articles in collaboration with 
Russia in sphere 
9. Number of articles in collaboration with 
selected Russian university in topic 
Pa
te
nt
s 
 
10. Number of patents in topic 
11. Number of patents in sphere 
12. Number of citation patents in topic 
13. Number of citation patents in sphere 
14. Number of active patents in topic 
15. Number of active patents in sphere
2


International scientific cooperation as a mechanism for diffusion of competences in the field of advanced manufacturing technologies

Heitjans, Paul Heitjans

Editorial: Special Issue "Mobility of Ions in Solids"

Not a member yet