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From Schleswig to Anschluss: The Plebiscites and Referendums of Interwar Germany
Get PDFThis paper aims to bridge the gap between the plebiscites following the First World War and the referendums of the Third Reich. To this point, the literatures on these sets of votes have remained completely separate. No scholars have considered the NSDAP’s votes in the context of the postwar votes. By comparing and contrasting these groups of plebiscites for the first time, this paper will shed light on the democratic backsliding of interwar Germany.
This paper argues that when planning their referendums, the leaders of the Third Reich had the immediate postwar plebiscites in mind and were, in some cases, subtly responding to them. When searching for signs of the postwar plebiscites in the Third Reich’s referendums, it will look at three metrics: direct allusions, voting procedures, and propagandistic messaging
The Colby Echo (February 23, 2023)
No full textPublished by the students of Colby College since 1877, The Colby Echo is the weekly, editorially independent student-run newspaper of Colby College in Waterville, Maine. Published monthly, 1877-1886; semi-monthly, 1886-1897; and weekly during the academic year, 1898-present
The Colby Echo (March 9, 2023)
No full textPublished by the students of Colby College since 1877, The Colby Echo is the weekly, editorially independent student-run newspaper of Colby College in Waterville, Maine. Published monthly, 1877-1886; semi-monthly, 1886-1897; and weekly during the academic year, 1898-present
Geology, Uranium, and Apartheid: South Africa’s Nuclear Program and the International Politics of the Cold War
Get PDFThis paper examines the history of mining and uranium and its importance in South Africa’s nuclear history. It begins with the development of minable mineral deposits in South Africa through geologic processes and ends with the South African signing of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). The paper explores the intermittent period between creating the Atomic Energy Board and developing South Africa’s energy program through assistance from the United States and France. As the apartheid government brought sanctions to South Africa, the government began considering nuclear weapons through a different lens to project power. South Africa slid towards isolation under sanctions from the West. The study draws on the personal archive of E.S Reddy, government memos from the United States and South Africa, anti-apartheid publications, and more to understand the implications of South Africa’s “geologic luck” and how the early mining history in South Africa has longer-term consequences for the development of a South African nuclear program
Elliptic Curves Over Finite Fields
Get PDFThe goal of this thesis is to give an expository report on elliptic curves over finite fields. We begin by giving an overview of the necessary background in algebraic geometry to understand the definition of an elliptic curve. We then explore the general theory of elliptic curves over arbitrary fields, such as the group structure, isogenies, and the endomorphism ring. We then study elliptic curves over finite fields. We focus on the number of Fq-rational solutions, Tate modules, supersingular curves, and applications to elliptic curves over Q. In particular, we approach the topic largely through the use of the Frobenius endomorphism. While the earlier sections are written so that the material is applicable to arbitrary fields, much of the presented information was chosen because of its utility to the theory of elliptic curves over finite fields
Overture: Journal of International Affairs vol. 3
No full textFull issue of Overture: Journal of International Affairs vol. 3. Editor-in-Chief: Josh Brause \u2723. Sponsored by the Goldfarb Center for Public Affairs
The Colby Echo (March 16, 2023)
No full textPublished by the students of Colby College since 1877, The Colby Echo is the weekly, editorially independent student-run newspaper of Colby College in Waterville, Maine. Published monthly, 1877-1886; semi-monthly, 1886-1897; and weekly during the academic year, 1898-present
Does tssH deletion in Paraburkholderia bonniea affect its symbiosis with Dictyostellum discoideum?
Get PDFParaburkholderia are amoeba resistant, gram negative bacteria that form facultative symbiotic relationships with D. discoideum, a soil dwelling amoeba host. Three species of Paraburkholderia, P. agricolaris, P. hayleyella, and P. bonniea are able to persistently infect nonnative, or symbiont free, D. discoideum. These three species share a type III secretion system (T3SS) and type VI secretion system (T6SS) that is absent in other close relatives We hypothesized that the ability to persistently infect D. discoideum may be partially attributed to the T3SS and T6SS shared across the three species of Paraburkholderia.
The goal was to test the phenotypic effect of a P. bonniea tssH ATPase gene knockout within the shared T6SS complex. We hypothesized that the ability of the mutant ∆tssH to infect and influence host fitness compared to the wild type would be significantly reduced. To compare the wildtype versus mutant variants of P. bonniea, we performed two assays. In each, D. discoideum hosts were paired with wildtype P. bonniea bb859 and bb433 strains, along with their respective mutant strains. These assays assessed differences between mutant and wildtype strains in changes in host fitness as infection prevalence increases and how host fitness was affected. We also generated and analyzed RNA sequencing data to understand the molecular impact of T6SS perturbation in this amoeba-bacteria symbiosis.
Although some phenotypic differences were observed between ∆tssH variants with the tssH-ATPase gene knockout within the T6SS and wildtype P. bonniea infected D. discoideum hosts, their impact on how host fitness changed as infection prevalence increased was not different between the ∆tssH mutant and wildtype. This observation was also reflected in our RNA-sequencing data, where there were no statistically-significant differentially expressed genes between them. However, significant differences were observed between the variants during horizontal transmission, where infection was spread from host to host. Thus, the T6SS may be closely involved with virulence after the bacteria has entered the cell, rather than immediately upon encountering the host
Petroleum and the Politics of Decolonization in Indonesia: A Study of Economic Development and Nationalism
Get PDFThis study examines Indonesia’s reliance and independence on foreign direct investment (FDI) and multinational corporations (MNCs) in the oil and gas sector. Analyzing historical, economic, and political primary and secondary sources and conducting qualitative interviews, the research explores the friction between economic development aspirations and nationalist sentiments. The study reveals that the current ambiguity surrounding FDI and MNC policies in Indonesia’s oil and gas sector can be traced back to the country’s economic decolonization and demonstrates that Indonesia’s economic policies towards these factors shifted in the aftermath of political change. Since gaining independence, Indonesia has strived to balance the pursuit of economic sovereignty and the potential benefits of FDI and MNCs in driving growth and social welfare. This investigation pays particular attention to the interplay between the socialist Indonesian Constitution, specifically Article 33, and the more liberal regulations governing investments that led to the establishment of production-sharing regimes for resource extraction. The experiences of the oil and gas industry serve as a case study for broader discussions on natural resources