Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings
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Context of collaborative human-machine systems architecture design for enhanced functionality awareness and balanced command and control authority
Get PDFAircraft control systems and their interfaces have been subjects of significant research effort, yetthere are gaps in human-machine collaboration related to functionality requirement awareness inthe development process, and to command-and-control authority of the system being designed.While their command, control and integration characteristics allow the expectation of near-futureautonomous mobility systems, the path in this direction has been difficult because of increasedexposure to hazards deriving from emerging system functionality and integration issues, and re-duced situation awareness of system operators. This contribution establishes the context of asystems architecture framework to reduce uncertainty about whether intended functionality willmatch the operating context and its circumstances, and to support developing context-matchingsystems architecture with balanced command-and-control in human-machine collaboration. Thecontext hereby established involves human-machine collaboration between acting engineer andlarge language models as supportive agents, proceeding through the generation of system spe-cifications, and then enabling human verification and authentication of design output consideringthe purpose requirements for system functionality. The contribution provides a pilot example de-claring design intent through prompt questions. This is processed into design synthesis directivesfor a large language model, resulting in systems specification outputs from context towards re-quirements. The example helps assessing the reasons why human-machine collaboration in thedesign process and system design can support functional and situational awareness, informationefficiency and operating effectiveness
GenHEX: A new heat exchanger design framework
Get PDFThermal management is considered a main challenge when attempting to further increase the efficiency of gas-turbine engines or during the development of future aircraft engine concept including fuel cell, hybrid electric or unconventional cycle engines such as the composite cycle engine. Heat exchanger selection is notoriously difficult, especially in aviation when weight and volume are of great importance and should be included already during the early design stages. This paper aim to further convince the usefulness of the GenHEX method and present how it can be used to estimate heat exchanger performance without having to select a heat exchanger family of configuration. % Next, summarise the methodological approach employed to address that aim. This is achieved through the generalization of all/any heat exchanger matrix geometry to the lowest possible resolution which still allow for estimation of the aerothermal performance and design guidance when attempting to translate the generalized geometrical parameters to actual matrix geometries. % Following this, highlight the key findings. Although the GenHEX method has been validated against state-of-the-art heat exchangers and has already been implemented into engine cycle simulations for the development of future aircraft propulsion It is of great interest to broaden the usage to further benchmark the method against existing and installed heat exchangers to further improve the performance estimation metrics while providing a easy-to-use means for selecting application suitable heat exchangers
The Large Language Model Pilot: Generative Artificial Intelligence for Cyber-Physical Flight Simulations
Get PDFA previous study investigated the application of Large Language Models (LLM) in Agent-Based Simulations for System of Systems studies, where the LLM acted as an Incident Commander during a wildfire event. Firefighting Concept of Operations were utilized as an initial prompt to limit the LLM's answers. The findings were promising, indicating that LLMs may effectively drive simulation agents. Building on these insights, the goal is to integrate an LLM directly into a particular agent's decision-making loop. The present work will investigate whether LLMs perform well in cyber-physical simulation environment. The LLM will be used with a cyber-physical simulation to fly an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and study its adherence to mission objectives. The LLM's judgments and the computational resources utilized throughout the simulation will be discussed with special interest in future improvements and implications for designing autonomous aerial firefighting systems
Flight control investigation using a 3D-printed radio-controlled demonstrator
Get PDFIn the Swedish national aeronautical research program, the project: Flight Control Subscale Flight Testing, it is investigating how to use 3D-printed flying demonstrators for testing of new and innovative flight control laws. The aim of this project is to show that it is possible to test new technologies, quickly and at low cost for aeronautical engineering purposes. This can lead to the possibility to explore many different ideas early on during the concept phase of an aircraft. The timing is right since Sweden is looking into designing the next generation fighter. But green civil aviation programs could benefit from this type of design initiative. The work being done in Sweden in the field of subscale flight testing have caught the interest from international groups and a NATO project has shown interest in using subscale flight to test different control law solutions. To design the control laws a simulation environment is developed that can used together with the same hardware as is installed in the flying demonstrator. Validation and verification can then be done in this simulation environment to test the control laws before incorporating these into the actual flying demonstrator. This makes it possible to secure a seamless and quick integration of the control laws before flight testing. First flight is in 2025, first without a control law implemented to see that the 3D-printed demonstrator behaves as expected. Later, flight with several other control laws will be done
Model-Based Design and Characterization of an Actuator with Low-Boiling Liquid
Get PDFVisually impaired people rely on special equipment for access to graphic representations in digital form. The available devices are very large and expensive. A simple and cost-effective alternative to the existing concepts for haptic displays is therefore desirable. This paper evaluates the concept of a lifting actuator based on a fluid with a low boiling point for this purpose. A functional prototype is constructed and its behavior is characterized. A corresponding model is built and validated to simulate the actuator and to analyze its operation. It provides detailed information about the actuator that can be used to further develop the design and to make decisions on the usability of the new actuator in the product design process. Following test runs and investigations on the model, the actuator concept proved to be suitable for haptic display devices under certain assumptions. Therefore the newly developed model presents a good starting point for future revisions of the concept
Advanced Edge Deployment: Abstracting Cyber-Physical Models via FMU Mastery
Get PDFDeploying cyber-physical models at the edge or in the cloud as software components is the key step of modelbased- design. Depending on run-time environment, an extensive customization often needs to be made. To streamline and facilitate the deployment of models and simulators in production, a unified framework is developed. The implementation utilizes functional mockup units (FMUs) as the executable binary for the models and JavaFMI as the simulation engine. Each model deployment is encapsulated inside a microservice with all the software dependencies, with communication realized through RabbitMQ. A generalized approach to manage the model namespace has been implemented, ensuring that the FMU executor remains agnostic to changes in both model and application, as long as the AsyncAPI specification includes a mapping of the model's input-output space to the protocol’s topics. Two examples are presented to illustrate the convenience and effectiveness of the proposed framework: a winch controller at the edge for oil and gas wireline operation and a wireline logging unit simulator in the Azure DevOps pipeline for software-in-the-loop testing
Simulation of Biogenic Carbon Capture and Utilization Process Chain
Get PDFCarbon capture and utilization (CCU) is a growing field in chemical engineering with high expectations to replace fossil carbon. This paper focuses on modeling and simulation of a CCU process chain utilizing biogenic CO2. A scenario with a pulp mill recovery boiler effluent is assumed. CO2 capture is performed with a membrane-based system. This is followed by methanol synthesis, and the majority of produced methanol is directed to dimethyl carbonate (DMC) synthesis.The process chain with fixed process design was simulated for different scenarios of the flue gas properties. The key process indicators were observed. Further, the flexibility of the processes was evaluated to mitigate the changes in process indicators due to fluctuating flue gas properties. Finally, model parameter uncertainties and modeling assumptions were discussed. The results indicate the level of uncertainties of CCU models and their key process indicators that should be considered when moving on to the system level simulations and techno-economic or life cycle analyses
Modelling and simulation of CO2 capture through aqueous indirect mineralization using CaO-containing by-products
Get PDFMineralization of CaO-rich industrial wastes by CO2 is a way to simultaneously obtain CO2 sequestration and tackle waste pollution problems. In such a process, CO2 reacts with the CaO in the waste and the produced CaCO3 can be utilized.In this study, four different mineralization processes applying different chemicals, all with a relatively high performance documented from laboratory experiments, are scaled up to industrial size and outlined with the required process equipment. Based on published lab results, mass and energy balances of the up-scaled processes are performed, and performance parameters of the processes are calculated using an in-house made process simulation tool. Furthermore, an economic analysis is done for all processes, and the results are compared. Factors impacting the techno-economic feasibility of each process are evaluated through a sensitivity study.The results indicate that the potential of capturing CO2 and producing CaCO3 can be as high as 530 kg and 1200 kg per ton of the waste while the yearly energy consumption can be as low as 0.7 kWh per kilogram of captured CO2. The aqueous indirect mineralization of CO2 can be profitable and the emitted CO2 by the process can be so low as 6% of the captured amount
Computational Designing Approach for Medium Manganese Steels with Potential Better Hydrogen Embrittlement Resistance
Get PDFMedium manganese steels (MMnS) are known as third-generation high-strength steels, providing an excellent balance of high strength and ductility at a lower cost than second-generation steels. However, the increasing demand for steels with improved hydrogen embrittlement resistance highlights the need for the effective development of new alloys. This study explores the computational design of MMnS with a better combination of strength, ductility, and hydrogen embrittlement resistance. Mechanical properties vary due to changes in chemical composition and processing routes. Computational approaches enable precise optimization of these parameters, avoiding the inefficiencies of traditional trial-and-error. Therefore, CALPHAD-based thermodynamic calculations were employed to design a novel MMnS chemistry, increasing the fraction and stability of the retained austenite and providing efficient traps for hydrogen. As a result, the optimised chemical compositions were determined to be (in wt.%): 0.35C-9Mn-1Si-1Mo-1&3Al-0.1Nb, and 0.35C-9Mn-1Si-1Mo-3Al-0.05Nb and 0.3V. Thermo-Calc precipitation simulations identified 0.1% Nb as optimal since higher Nb contents reduce carbon in austenite, lowering its stability, and increase the size of the carbides. This Nb content results in NbC formation with an size distribution around 1 nm, 36 nm, and a size distribution of 1.2×1030, and 5.4×1027respectively. 3% Al promotes the delta ferrite formation and avoids the formation of kappa carbides, and 1% Mo compromises the volume fraction of NbC, strengthening the alloy and serving as an effective hydrogen deep trapping site. 0.3% V was chosen, compromising its effects on the size distribution of VC and available C for the austenitic phase, improving its mechanical stability
Modelling and simulation of full-scale sequential batch reactor biological process operation using GPS-X
No full textSequencing Batch Reactors (SBR) have become a popular wastewater treatment technology and are now used widely for the removal of nitrogen and carbon compounds from reject water (i.e. water from sludge dewatering process) and high-strength industrial wastewater. SBR is a fill-and-draw wastewater treatment system where the biological activities are identical to the conventional activated sludge process. The two different biological processes in SBR are the nitrification and denitrification process which takes place within one reactor. The reject water at the municipal wastewater treatment plant in Porsgrunn, Norway, contains 2500 mg/L of total chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 600 mg/L ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) concentration which cause disturbances in the treatment process when it is mixed with the receiving wastewater. Hence, the wastewater treatment plant recently upgraded with two similar SBRs operating in 24-hour cycles with a working volume of 115 m3 and 100.4 m3, respectively. Modelling and simulation of the simultaneous nitrification/denitrification (SND) process using key control parameters, such as dissolved oxygen (DO), alkalinity and pH, helps to understand more about the processes as well as to monitor and regulate plant operations efficiently. The objective of this research was to model and simulate the nitrification-denitrification process in these SBRs with simple and advanced cycle settings using GPS-X tool, a modelling and simulation software designed for planning and optimizing both new and upgraded municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants. The complete treatment process in the plant was modelled integrating the in-built SBR model in GPS-X. The built model was simulated with key inputs parameters such as inflow rate, total carbon, total nitrogen, and aeration. In conclusion, the GPS-X model helps to understand the biological process in the SBR reactor which enables to improve the process efficiency by adjusting the different operating parameters