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Variability of Mortality in Georgia and its Regions in 1994-2024
No full textThe paper presents the results of statistical analysis of variability mortality rate (annual mortality per 1000 population) in the regions of Georgia in 1994-2024. It was shown that in Guria and Kakheti, in the post-COVID-19 period (2022-2024), compared to the pre-COVID-19 period (2017-2019), the mortality rate decreased by 1.0 and 1.1, respectively. In all other regions, this rate did not change significantly during these time periods. In 2024, compared to 2023, a slight increase in mortality was observed in all regions except Tbilisi (unchanged) and Racha-Lechkhumi Kvemo Svaneti. Correlations between regions of Georgia by the mortality rates were studie
Статистический анализ связи месячных и накопленных многомесячных сумм осадков с количеством оползней в регионах Грузии
No full textA detailed statistical analysis of the relationship between monthly and accumulated multi-month precipitation sums and the number of landslides in 12 regions of Georgia is presented. Landslide data with a known month and year of activation were used (a total of 788 landslide events from 1961 to 2022). For the analysis, the precipitation sum for the month of landslide activation (P1) was determined, as well as the accumulated precipitation sum for the month of activation and for 1 month (P2), 2 months (P3), …, and 11 months (P12) prior to landslide occurrence.
Specifically, the following results were obtained. The relationship between average precipitation values (threshold values) and monthly precipitation duration during the month of landslide activation and before landslide activation in Georgia and its individual regions was determined. It was found that, overall, in eastern Georgia (including the Samtskhe-Javakheti region), landslide activation occurs with significantly lower precipitation sums than in western Georgia. The average P1 values are 76 and 156 mm, respectively, and the P12 values are 684 and 1588 mm. The linear correlation between the number of landslides and the P1…P12 values across the regions of Georgia is low for P1 and moderate for P2…P12. The sum of precipitation associated with landslides exceeds the general long-term average monthly precipitation by approximately 16%. For Georgia as a whole, the dependence of the number of landslides on the P1 and P12 values has the form of a fifth-order polynomial (sequentially: slight increase – plateau – strong increase). For P1 values, the precipitation sum plateau, after which a strong increase in the number of landslides begins, covers the range from 62 to 149 mm, and for P12 – from 914 to 1588 mm (the number of landslides is ≈ 108–114).წარმოდგენილია საქართველოს 12 რეგიონში ყოველთვიური და დაგროვილი მრავალთვიანი ნალექების რაოდენობასა და მეწყერების რაოდენობას შორის ურთიერთკავშირის დეტალური სტატისტიკური ანალიზი. გამოყენებული იქნა მეწყერის მონაცემები გააქტიურების ცნობილი თვისა და წლის მიხედვით (სულ 788 მეწყერის მოვლენა 1961 წლიდან 2022 წლამდე). ანალიზისთვის განისაზღვრა მეწყერის გააქტიურების თვის ნალექების რაოდენობა (P1), ასევე დაგროვილი ნალექების რაოდენობა გააქტიურების თვისთვის და მეწყერის წარმოქმნამდე 1 თვის (P2), 2 თვის (P3), ... და 11 თვის (P12) განმავლობაში.
კერძოდ, მიღებული იქნა შემდეგი შედეგები. განისაზღვრა ნალექების საშუალო მნიშვნელობებსა (ზღვრულ მნიშვნელობებსა) და ყოველთვიურ ნალექების ხანგრძლივობას შორის ურთიერთკავშირი მეწყერის გააქტიურების თვეში და მეწყერის გააქტიურებამდე საქართველოში და მის ცალკეულ რეგიონებში. დადგინდა, რომ, საერთო ჯამში, აღმოსავლეთ საქართველოში (მათ შორის სამცხე-ჯავახეთის რეგიონში), მეწყერის გააქტიურება ხდება ნალექების მნიშვნელოვნად დაბალი რაოდენობით, ვიდრე დასავლეთ საქართველოში. P1 საშუალო მნიშვნელობები შესაბამისად 76 და 156 მმ-ია, ხოლო P12 მნიშვნელობები 684 და 1588 მმ-ია. საქართველოს რეგიონებში მეწყერების რაოდენობასა და P1…P12 მნიშვნელობებს შორის წრფივი კორელაცია დაბალია P1-ისთვის და ზომიერი P2…P12-ისთვის. მეწყერებთან დაკავშირებული ნალექების რაოდენობა დაახლოებით 16%-ით აღემატება ზოგად გრძელვადიან საშუალო ყოველთვიურ ნალექებს. მთლიანად საქართველოსთვის, მეწყერების რაოდენობის დამოკიდებულებას P1 და P12 მნიშვნელობებზე აქვს მეხუთე რიგის პოლინომის ფორმა (თანმიმდევრობით: მცირე ზრდა - პლატო - ძლიერი ზრდა). P1 მნიშვნელობებისთვის, ნალექების პლატო, რომლის შემდეგაც იწყება მეწყერების რაოდენობის ძლიერი ზრდა, მოიცავს დიაპაზონს 62-დან 149 მმ-მდე, ხოლო P12-სთვის - 914-დან 1588 მმ-მდე (მეწყერების რაოდენობა ≈ 108–114-ია).Представлен подробный статистический анализ связи месячных и накопленных многомесячных сумм осадков с количеством оползней в 12 регионах Грузии. Использовались данные об оползнях с известным месяцем и годом их активизации (всего 788 случаев оползней в период с 1961 по 2022). Для анализа определялась сумма осадков в месяц с активизацией оползней (P1), а также накопленная сумма осадков в месяц с активизацией осадков и за 1 месяц (P2), 2 месяца (P3), … , 11 месяцев (P12) до возникновения оползня.
В частности, получены следующие результаты. Определена зависимость средних значений осадков (пороговых значений) от продолжительности осадков по месяцам в течение месяца активизации оползня и перед активизацией оползней в Грузии и ее отдельных регионах. Выявлено, что в целом, в восточной Грузии (включая регион Самцхе-Джавахети) активизация оползней происходит при значительно меньшем количестве осадков, чем в западной. Средние значения P1 составляют 76 и 156 мм соответственно, а значения P12 – 684 и 1588 мм. Линейная корреляция между количеством оползней и значениями P1…P12 по регионам Грузии для P1 низкая, для P2…P12 - умеренная корреляция. Количество осадков, связанных с оползнями, превышает общее многолетнее среднемесячное количество осадков примерно на 16%. В целом по Грузии зависимость количества оползней от значений P1 и P12 имеет вид полинома пятого порядка (последовательно: небольшой рост – плато – сильный рост). Для значений P1 плато количества осадков, после которого начинается сильный рост числа оползней, охватывает диапазон от 62 до 149 мм, а для P12 – от 914 до 1588 мм (число оползней ≈ 108–114)
Dependencies reflecting quantitative changes in phyto- and zooplankton in the Tbilisi Reservoir
No full textThe presented article is focused on the methodology for calculating changes in phyto- and zooplankton in the Tbilisi reservoir, which mainly determines the change in organoleptic indicators of water. Such an approach is explained by the fact that consumers have expressed complaints about the smell and taste of drinking water.
The advantage of the methodology is especially noticeable when conducting predictive calculations, which is explained by the fact that natural hydrochemical and bacteriological analyses, as a rule, are discrete and episodic in nature, which is why statistical processing does not allow obtaining complete and reliable results
Changes in the Atmospheric Precipitation Regime in Georgia
No full textThis study examines long-term changes in the atmospheric precipitation regime in Georgia from 1960 to 2019 under the impact of temperature variations and global warming. Using daily data from 14 meteorological stations, precipitation was classified into four intensity categories: light, moderate, heavy, and very heavy. Changes were evaluated with both the difference method and dynamic norm, also probability distributions and normalized analyses were conducted to evaluate regional and temporal variations. Results indicate the reduction of light precipitation days and a slight increase in very heavy precipitation events, with average annual changes across Georgia about −0.0037 mm/year for light, +0.0001 mm/year for moderate, −0.0006 mm/year for heavy, and +0.0063 mm/year for very heavy precipitation. Regional analysis shows stronger impacts in high-precipitation areas, and polynomial approximations reveal cyclic patterns of precipitation changes. These findings demonstrate that global warming is altering precipitation regimes in Georgia, increasing the frequency of extreme events while reducing the duration of light rainfall, emphasizing the need for rational water management and climate adaptation strategies
The Cycle of Floods and Their Negative Consequences in the Kharagauli District
No full textNatural disasters pose a problem for many countries of the world, preceded by global climate warming, the result of which is landslides, avalanches, rock avalanches, glacial activities, mudslides, and flash floods. Here, we should single out the Kharaguli region, where floods and flash floods have occurred for years. Currently, tectonic processes are activated in the region, as a result of which landslides and rock avalanches are activated. As a result, the Karneba River was blocked by a landslide. In order to prevent the danger of a landslide, a channel was built, as a result of which unlimited flash floods were avoided. Therefore, constant observation and monitoring are needed to prevent catastrophic flash floods
The Effects of Lead Radioisotopes Formed During the Decay of Radon on the Human Body and Associated Health Risks
No full textThe work shows the pattern of formation of radiation load on red bone marrow under the influence of radon. The study is based on the process of radiation decay of radon with the formation of a lead radioisotope (210Pb). The calculation of the dose load was carried out in the following sequence: inhaled radon, radon entering the blood, distribution of the formed lead isotope, localization of lead-210 in the bones and irradiation of the red bone marrow with this radioisotope as the main hematopoietic system. The issue of the significance of the accumulation of radioactive lead in flat bones as a factor in chronic irradiation of the hematopoietic system and the associated health risks is considered
Assessment of 222Rn Distribution in Water and Soil Gas in the Shida Kartli Region, Georgia
No full textWithin the framework of the SRNSFG FN-19-22022 project “222Rn Mapping and Radon Risk Assessment in Georgia,” fieldwork was carried out to quantify 222Rn distribution in water and soil gas and to identify geological factors influencing 222Rn concentrations in selected areas of Georgia. In Shida Kartli region, on-site 222Rn measurements were performed at 78 soil gas sampling points and 90 water sources (63 springs, 27 boreholes) using the AlphaGUARD PQ2000 PRO (Saphymo GmbH) radon monitor. Measured 222Rn concentrations ranged from 0.08 to 51.76 Bq/L in water and up to 46.6 kBq•m⁻³ in soil gas. Basic statistical analysis and visualization revealed that most water and soil gas values fall in the low to moderate range, with occasional localized high values. All observation sites were georeferenced using GPS. The data were digitized and integrated into a GIS to illustrate 222Rn distribution in water and soil gas across Shida Kartli.
The works [8-11] present the results of our early studies of 222Rn content in soil gas and water in various regions of the country
Analysis of the Forbush Effect of Cosmic Ray Variations Based on Data from the Period May 30-June 10 Registered at the Tbilisi Cosmophysical Observatory
No full textCosmic rays, reaching from the depths of the galaxy and the Sun, bring information to Earth about the space where they are formed, accelerated, and propagated. The method of studying variations in cosmic rays allows us to use this information channel to study the processes that occur in interplanetary space, on the Sun, and in the Earth's atmosphere. The article discusses the analysis of data on the neutron component of cosmic rays observed at the Cosmophysical Observatory of the Institute of Geophysics for the period from May 30 to June 10, 2025 in relation to the parameters of the Earth's magnetic field
Application of Hydrogeochemical Diagrams and Geothermometry to Characterize the Samtskhe-Javakheti Geothermal System, Georgia
No full textThe Samtskhe–Javakheti region of southern Georgia hosts significant geothermal resources associated with volcanic and tectonic activity. This study applies a combined hydrogeochemical and geothermometric approach to characterize the chemical evolution and thermal regime of thermal waters in the area. Major cation and anion analyses were interpreted using Piper, Durov, diamond grid, Ludwig–Langelier, and Schoeller diagrams to classify water types, evaluate mixing processes, and assess fluid–rock interactions. Reservoir temperatures were estimated using silica geothermometers and the Giggenbach Na–K–Mg triangle, distinguishing between immature and fully equilibrated fluids.
Results indicate that thermal waters range from calcium–sulfate and mixed alkaline–bicarbonate types to sodium–potassium–chloride and alkaline–chloride–sulfate types, reflecting diverse geochemical evolution. Temperatures derived from silica geothermometers and the Giggenbach triangle range from 70 to 122 °C, consistent with medium-enthalpy geothermal reservoirs. The study demonstrates that Samtskhe–Javakheti thermal waters comprise a heterogeneous mixture of immature and equilibrated fluids, providing a comprehensive understanding of water evolution and thermal characteristics. These findings support future geothermal exploration and sustainable utilization of the region’s resources
Prospects for Recycling of Garbage Waste Using W2E Technology
No full textThe article provides an overview of the world's methods of energy recycling of waste recycling (W2E technology). Data on the accumulation of municipal solid waste and its processing by the construction of waste processing plants in the Chechen Republic are presented. For the possibility of comparison, information has been collected on the volume of municipal solid waste generated and processed, recycling technologies, and the efficiency of enterprises both in Russia and abroad. Some analysis of the degree of impact of incinerators on the environment is carried out. Attention is drawn to the trends, political and social aspects of the construction of such facilities. The possibility and levers of bringing into effect the widespread introduction of the principle of waste-free production and the role of the architectural appearance of buildings in this matter are being considered. The conclusion is made about the prospects of building a plant based on W2E technology on the territory of the Chechen Republic