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Essays in Regional Economics : Nutrition Assistance, Pharmaceutical Marketing, and Tribal Business Activity
No full textThesis (Ph.D.)--Michigan State University. Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics - Doctor of Philosophy, 2024Economic outcomes vary tremendously throughout the United States. This variation is due to an amalgamation of processes, ranging from spatial access barriers to differences in institutions across jurisdictions. This dissertation explores three different aspects of these spatial variations. Specifically, I explore how economic outcomes across the United States are affected by social safety net policies, pharmaceutical marketing, and the expression of American Indian sovereignty through self-determination policies.The first essay is titled \u201cThe Impact of Food Assistance Work Requirements on Labor Market Outcomes.\u201d The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly named the Food Stamp Program, has long been an integral part of the US social safety net. During US welfare reforms in the mid-1990s, SNAP eligibility became more restrictive with legislation citing a need to improve self-sufficiency of participating households. As a result, legislatures created two of these eligibility requirements: the General Work Requirement (GWR), which forces an adult to work to receive benefits, and the Able-Bodied Adult Without Dependents (ABAWD) work requirement, which requires certain adults to work a certain number of hours to receive benefits. Using restricted-access SNAP microdata from nine states, I exploit age cutoffs of the ABAWD work requirement and General Work Requirement (GWR) to estimate the effect of these policies on labor outcomes. I find that at the ABAWD age cutoff, there is no statistically significant evidence of a discontinuity across static and dynamic employment outcomes. At the GWR age cutoff, unemployed SNAP users and SNAP-eligible adults are on average more likely to leave the labor force than to continue to search for work.The second essay is titled \u201cOpen Payments and Opioid Overdose Mortalities in the United States.\u201d The United States registered over 190 opioid overdose deaths per day in 2020. Many factors contribute to the epidemic, but a pronounced feature is overprescribing of opioid analgesics. I explore the legal marketing of medical technologies via provider payments and its potential effect on mortality rates. Using the Open Payments database from the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services and cause of death data from the CDC, I examine the relationship between population-weighted opioid-associated payments and overdose deaths at the county level for the contiguous US. The presence and magnitude of payments varies across counties and regions. Results indicate that opioid producers predominantly advertise through food and entertainment related transfers with median values of around \$17. Additionally, I found no statistically significant evidence of \u201cdetailing\u201d behavior. Regression results suggest that the number of physicians receiving a payment in a county at an earlier period has a stronger association to opioid-mortalities than the aggregate value of the transfers in the county. The third essay is titled \u201cBusiness Activity in Tribal Areas During the Self-Determination and Nation-to-Nation Eras.\u201d Despite development efforts, tribal nations inside the borders of the US exhibit higher poverty rates and associated social concerns than other areas of the US. Business development can be a key way to sustainably reduce poverty. This article characterizes differences between county-level economies with and without tribal lands using several measures of business activity. Consistent with county-level business size distribution plots, results from regression analyses show that tribal areas on average have more firms and establishments compared to nontribal US counties over the entire analysis period. In terms of industrial diversity, employment is becoming more concentrated in certain industries over time relative to nontribal areas. Estimates from counterfactual kernel densities show that estimating conditional means may not accurately reflect the changing distributions of tribal business activity. The chapter concludes that stronger support systems for existing enterprises could foster future economic growth in tribal counties.Description based on online resource. Title from PDF t.p. (Michigan State University Fedora Repository, viewed ).Includes bibliographical references
Exploiting Semantic Structures Toward Procedural Reasoning
No full textThesis (Ph.D.)--Michigan State University. Computer Science - Doctor of Philosophy, 2024Reasoning over procedural text, which encompasses texts such as recipes, manuals, and 'how to' tutorials, presents formidable challenges due to the dynamic nature of the world it describes. Reasoning over procedural text has many challenges. These challenges are embodied in tasks such as 1) tracking entities and their status changes~(entity tracking) and 2) summarization of the process(procedural summarization).This thesis aims to enhance the representation and reasoning over textual procedures by harnessing semantic structures in the input text and imposing constraints on the models' output. It delves into using semantic structures derived from the text, including relationships between actions and objects, semantic parsing of instructions, and the sequential structure of actions. Additionally, the thesis investigates the integration of structural and semantic constraints within neural models, resulting in coherent and consistent outputs that align with external knowledge. The thesis contributes significantly to three main areas: Entity tracking, Procedural Abstraction, and the Integration of constraints in deep learning.In the entity tracking task, we have made four primary contributions: 1) Developed a novel architecture for encoding event flow in pretrained language models. 2) Enabled seamless transfer learning from diverse corpora through task reformulation. 3) Enhanced language models by incorporating knowledge from semantic parsers and leveraging ontological abstraction of actions. 4) Created a new evaluation scheme considering fine-grained semantics in tracking entities.Regarding procedural summarization, the thesis proposes a model for an explicit latent space for the procedure that is indirectly supervised to ensure the summary's action order corresponds to the order of events in the multi-modal instructions.sIn the realm of integrating domain knowledge with deep neural networks, the thesis makes two significant contributions, 1) it contributes to the development of a generic framework that facilitates the incorporation of first-order logical constraints in neural models, and 2) it creates a new benchmark for evaluating constraint integration methods across five categories of tasks. This benchmark introduces novel evaluation criteria and offers valuable insights into the effectiveness of constraint integration methods across various tasks.Description based on online resource. Title from PDF t.p. (Michigan State University Fedora Repository, viewed ).Includes bibliographical references
PROTECTING WATER QUALITY AND INCREASING RESILIENCY OF CROP PRODUCTION WITH CLIMATE-SMART DRAINAGE STRATEGIES
No full textThesis (Ph.D.)--Michigan State University. Biosystems Engineering - Doctor of Philosophy, 2024Accurate phosphorus (P) load estimation in subsurface drainage water is critical for assessing the field-scale efficacy of conservation practices and minimizing the environmental impact of P loss from subsurface-drained fields to freshwater bodies like the Great Lakes. Also, to build a more resilient crop production system in a changing climate, it is crucial to understand how future weather patterns affect subsurface drainage design and whether subirrigation will be needed in the future for crop production. In this study, we used high-frequency P concentration measurements to investigate P transport dynamics and evaluate the effects of water sampling strategies on the uncertainty of P load estimation. We also evaluated the change in the optimum drain spacing from using historical (1994 - 2023) and future (2030 - 2059) weather data and assessed the efficacy of subirrigation to alleviate yield reduction due to drought stress in southeast Michigan, USA.We used the HydroCycle-PO4 instrument to measure total reactive P (TRP) concentration at a high resolution from a subsurface-drained field. Hourly TRP concentration and hourly drainage discharge measurements formed the reference P load dataset. Four hypothetical water sampling strategies were evaluated: (a) time-proportional discrete sampling, (b) time-proportional composite sampling, (c) flow-proportional discrete sampling, and (d) flow-proportional composite sampling. All sampling strategies underestimated TRP load compared with the reference dataset, regardless of whether the underestimation was statistically significant. Total reactive P load underestimation changed from 0.2 to 51% as time-proportional discrete sampling intervals increased from 3 h to 14 d. Total reactive P load underestimation changed from 12 to 43% as the time-proportional compositing scenario increased from 1 to 7 d, each with one aliquot per day. In the case of the flow-proportional discrete sampling scenario, the lowest (0.6%) and the highest (\u20135.1%) uncertainties were observed when 1- and 5-mm flow intervals were used. The relative error based on the results provided by the flow-proportional composite sampling ranged from 0.2% when using a 1-mm flow interval to \u20136.7% when using a 5-mm flow interval. In conclusion, the flow-proportional sampling strategies provided a more accurate estimate of cumulative P load with fewer samples because a greater portion of samples were taken at higher flow rates compared with time-proportional sampling strategies.Results showed that there was a good relationship between TRP concentration and drainage discharge (R-squared = 0.60) such that TRP had a transport-limited chemodynamic pattern, that is TRP concentration tended to increase with an increase in flow during events. A 1% increase in drainage discharge resulted in a 1.36% increase in TRP load, indicating a significant increase in P concentration during high flows. We found that flow events substantially contributed to P loss (89%) because of capturing the rapid increase in P concentration during high flows. The rate of increase in P concentration during the rising limb ranged from 0.02 to 0.66 mg/L per hour. The highest 7.7% of drainage flow transported 75% of the TRP load during the monitoring period. The hysteresis pattern tended to be positive (clockwise) during the study period, indicating that preferential flow was a pathway for TRP loss. Most flow events (30 out of 36) displayed a flushing effect in which P concentration increased with a rise in drainage discharge. In conclusion, high-frequency P sampling showed that management and conservation practices should target flow events to reduce P loss.A total of 27 general circulation models with a moderate greenhouse gas emission scenario (shared socioeconomic pathway 2-4.5) were used for climate projections. Simulations were performed using the DRAINMOD model, and the optimum drain spacing was determined based on the maximum average annual return on investment. Results showed that the projected 30-year average annual precipitation is not expected to change significantly while that of the temperature will increase by 2.5\ub0C in the future. Future optimum drain spacings for depths of 75 cm and 125 cm were found to be 300 cm and 600 cm wider than historical spacings, respectively. On average, there was a 23% decrease in 30-year average annual drainage discharge, attributed to an average 17% increase in evapotranspiration. Drought stress is projected to be the primary cause of yield loss in the future, due to increased temperatures and an average 8% deeper water-table depth. Subirrigation shows high potential in reducing year-to-year crop yield variability in the future (decreasing the coefficient of variation for the yield from 0.26 to 0.06, on average) and increasing yield by up to 31%. In the past, subirrigation initiation was feasible in late June with a weir depth of 70 cm. However, in the future, subirrigation is anticipated to be more advantageous when starting sooner in early to mid-June, coupled with a shallower weir depth ranging from 65 cm to 55 cm. In conclusion, a wider drain spacing, providing reduced drainage intensity, along with subirrigation may be needed in the future to mitigate crop yield loss from drought stress.Description based on online resource. Title from PDF t.p. (Michigan State University Fedora Repository, viewed ).Includes bibliographical references
Forces of Change : Examining Influencers of Congressional Behavior
Get PDFThesis (Ph.D.)--Michigan State University. Political Science - Doctor of Philosophy, 2024In an increasingly polarized political climate, understanding the sources that influence the behavior of institutional actors is essential to understanding the outcomes and dy namics that emerge from our institutions as a whole. While much has changed over the years, the core motives shared by members of Congress largely remain the same- though changes in the political environment force members to adapt their behavior to best sat isfy those objectives. The secular belief shared by many social scientists and the public at large is that members are chiefly motivated by reelection, and they are willing to do any thing to secure it. The increased rate of voluntary departures from the institution testify to the potency of other objectives that factor into the member career calculus. Examining the patterns of voluntary congressional retirement from 1973 to 2023, I find evidence that members consider their effectiveness and influence as legislators when determining if it is worth seeking reelection. Beyond intrinsic features that influence member behavior, external factors such as the President of the United States are also able to impact both be havior and the political fates of legislators. Presidents have long used their "bully pulpit" to engage with and ultimately influence Congress. President Trump\u2019s use of Twitter, and its amplified media coverage, maximized his pulpit. I study how he used the platform over the length of his tenure in office as a political tool towards members of Congress exploring who he talked about, how and when he did so, and finally, some of the conse quences faced by his copartisans as a result. While the medium, scale, and tone departed fromhispredecessorsintheOvalOffice, Trump\u2019stacticsstillbearsemblancetotraditional executive-legislative relations.Description based on online resource. Title from PDF t.p. (Michigan State University Fedora Repository, viewed ).Includes bibliographical references
ESSAYS ON SOCIAL INCENTIVES IN ECONOMIC DECISION MAKING
Get PDFThesis (Ph.D.)--Michigan State University. Economics - Doctor of Philosophy, 2024This dissertation examines the roles of social incentives in economic decision-making. The first chapter analyzes the impact of (partially) revealing social identity on the behavior of individuals online. The second chapter studies an experiment that targeted leveraging social incentives and social relations to facilitate informal risk-sharing. The last chapter studies the role of social networks in propagating preventive health behaviors, beliefs, and knowledge. In the first chapter, I study if reducing user anonymity and partially revealing a user's social identity could affect communication on social media. In a motivating signaling framework, I find revealing group-level identity discourages marginalized groups' participation and exacerbates ideological segregation. I test the predictions by leveraging a recent IP location disclosure policy imposed by the Chinese government on mainstream Chinese social media platforms. Empirical findings are consistent with the model predictions using recent text analysis technology advancements. Benchmark analysis through a regression discontinuity in time framework suggests that revealing the user's IP-based geographic location reduced the participation of non-mainland users substantially by nearly 30% one month after the policy implementation. Delving into the mechanism, the policy amplifies geographic-based sorting, possibly leading to ideological segregation. These findings highlight the negative impact of revealing social identity by hurdling intergroup information transmission and intensifying the echo chamber. The second chapter (co-authored with Prabhat Barnwal and Lex van Geen) studies whether policymakers could engineer the informal risk-sharing between households to mitigate the idiosyncratic risks during shocks. We design a novel experiment to study how ex-ante commitments improve risk-sharing in the context of groundwater arsenic poisoning in Bangladesh. In a field experiment conducted across 135 village communities in rural Bangladesh, we evaluate the impact of facilitating ex-ante commitments between household pairs to share safe water. On top of the commitment facilitation, we design a two-part randomized trial that first notifies and then implements peer monitoring of these commitments before and after testing the arsenic. Well-owners from communities with facilitated commitments reduce arsenic intake by 8.7%, while the effect spillover to non-well-owners by 16.7\%. On the other hand, notifying peer monitoring increases the level of sorting in risk-sharing formation, and implementing peer monitoring eventually hinders risk-sharing facilitated by ex-ante commitment. Our mixed findings imply the complexity of leveraging social incentives and relations to design community-driven programs. In the last chapter (also co-authored with Prabhat Barnwal and Lex van Geen), we study how societal interactions influence the adoption of preventive health measures. We document three main findings using social networks and geo-location data collected in in-person and phone surveys from 135 villages in rural Bangladesh during the COVID-19 pandemic. First, our results suggest that socially connected and geographically nearby households induce households' adoption of preventive health measures. Second, such peer effects only exist for preventive measures that can be publicly observed. Third, these peer effects tend to disappear when social and geographic distance between households increases. Our findings suggest that the social incentives underlying decisions to adopt preventive health measures are important.These three chapters highlight my main goal to bridge the recent theoretical studies in the economics of social incentives to novel solutions to real-world problems. I show that social incentives exist, substantially matter for people's decision-making, and, most importantly, could be cleverly engineered to improve the welfare of people in underdeveloped areas. The importance of pursuing further study in this area is threefold. First, social incentives can be correctly engineered to become powerful economic policy tools. Second, while social incentives may matter for all the perceivable economic decisions, our knowledge of predicting to individual and group behavior is still quite limited. Last of all, a deeper study in this area could possibly reshape our understanding of how efficient and economical behavior can be encouraged/distorted by social concerns.Description based on online resource. Title from PDF t.p. (Michigan State University Fedora Repository, viewed ).Includes bibliographical references
Reframing Ethics Education : Why Professional Responsibility Requires Structural Competency
Get PDFThesis (Ph.D.)--Michigan State University. Philosophy - Doctor of Philosophy, 2024This dissertation presents structural competency as a response to three interrelated problems. First, ethics education is at a crisis of relevance, with widespread complaints among educators that students do not regard ethics as important. Second, ethics does not take oppression to be theoretically significant, and only rarely addresses major movements like Black Lives Matter or #MeToo as isolated case studies. Third, a reactionary conservative campaign against diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives is gaining momentum, especially at academic institutions. As a theoretical and pedagogical model, structural competency holds that addressing structural oppression is necessary for responsible professional practice. As such, it should be treated as a required competency in professional training. While mirroring cultural competency in many ways, the shift from culture to structures as the focus of the competency makes it much more effective in discussing systemic oppression. Structural competency solves the first problem of relevance by remedying the deficiency of ignoring oppression in the second. In centering structural oppression as a necessary topic for professional ethics, structural competency takes up moral problems that many experience as pressing questions of right and wrong but have long been excluded from ethics. Simultaneously, structural competency provides a strategic response for the attacks on DEI by repositioning attention to oppression as a necessary component of professional preparation. Chapter One surveys ethics education literature to make the case that professional ethics education is both facing a crisis of relevance and failing to address structural oppression. Chapter Two identifies necessary features for a working understanding of structural oppression as intersectionality, starting from lived experiences, the centrality of race and colonialism, structures as adaptive and dynamic, and a complex understanding of agency. The importance of these features is illustrated positively in women of color feminist accounts of structural oppression from Patricia Hill Collins and Elena Ru\uedz and negatively in accounts that fall into the trappings of white feminism from Nancy Hartsock, Iris Marion Young, and Miranda Fricker. On the way to articulating a view of structurally sensitive professional responsibility, Chapter Three examines the subject of moral responsibility, searching for an account that can explain responsibilities in relation to structural oppression. A relational understanding of responsibility is needed because successfully accounting for structural oppression requires acknowledging relationships as a legitimate source of moral requirements. Major accounts of moral responsibility, including rights and duties, blameworthiness, liability, and Young\u2019s social connection model, ultimately discount relationships as a source of moral requirements. Instead, they rely on the Kantian premise that the self-legislating subject is the only legitimate source of moral requirements, because imposition of requirements from an external source violates individual autonomy. Chapter Four presents the structural competency model as it is situated in the health care ethics literature before developing a generalized adaptation that can be applied to a variety of fields. Chapter Five offers guidelines for incorporating structural competency into ethics courses and professional degree programs and analyzes how structural competency can function to sidestep many of the current attacks on DEI. Ultimately, this project approaches ethics education from the starting point of regarding structural oppression as theoretically significant and offers resources for making the changes that this approach demands.Description based on online resource. Title from PDF t.p. (Michigan State University Fedora Repository, viewed ).Includes bibliographical references
ISOLATION AND EVALUATION OF SAPONIN EXTRACT FROM SOYMEAL AS A NATURALLY OCCURRING COUPLING AGENT FOR FIBER-BASED BIOCOMPOSITES FOR FOOD PACKAGING
No full textSoymeal is the prominent byproduct of soybean oil extraction and is mainly used as a high-protein source in animal feed. Saponins are also components of this soymeal. They have been associated with various health issues for livestock and are noted to negatively impact the taste and appeal to eat. The safe removal of saponins from soymeal can provide a sustainable source for saponins, and simultaneously provide a more desirable meal for livestock. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a saponin extract from soymeal as a naturally occurring coupling agent to improve the properties of fiber-based composites for food packaging. The first part of this study focused on determining the invasiveness of the saponin extraction on the meal. The isolation of saponins was proven via HPLC-MS, and a proximate composition analysis of soymeal post-extraction confirmed a nutritional content that was consistent with the initial meal. Second, this study focused on investigating the effectiveness of the saponin extract as a coupling agent. This effectiveness was shown for polylactic acid-soyhull composites based on an improvement of mechanical properties. The treatment of the filler with sulfuric acid prior to its inclusion into the polymer matrix improved the water vapor permeability, UV barrier, and thermal stability of the composites. With both treatments (saponin extract and acidification), mechanical, barrier, and thermal properties of composites were improved. This study shows that the saponin extract from soymeal has promise for potential as a coupling agent.Thesis (M.S.)--Michigan State University. Packaging - Master of Science, 2024Includes bibliographical reference
Spatial Genetic Programming
No full textSpace, while inherent to the natural world, often finds itself omitted in bio-inspired computational system designs. Spatial Genetic Programming (SGP) is a Genetic Programming (GP) paradigm that incorporates space as a fundamental dimension, evolving alongside Linear Genetic Programming (LGP) programs. In SGP, each individual model is represented by a 2D space consisting of one or many LGP programs. These programs execute in an order controlled by their spatial position. The contributions of this work are: Introducing SGP as a tool for studying evolution of space in GP. Application of the proposed system to a range of problems including symbolic regression, classic control and decision-making problems and a comparison to other common GP paradigms. A study on how spatial dimension influences generational diversity, on emergence of spatially-induced localization within the system, and on the emergence of iterative structures within the system. The findings of this research open new avenues towards a better understanding of natural evolution and how the dimension of space could be useful as a handle for controlling important aspects of evolution.Thesis (Ph.D.)--Michigan State University. Computer Science - Doctor of Philosophy, 2024Includes bibliographical reference
THE EXCITATION OF ISOVECTOR GIANT RESONANCES VIA THE 60Ni(3He, t) REACTION AT 140 MEV/U
No full textNuclear charge-exchange reactions at intermediate energies are powerful probes of the isovector response of nuclei. They provide an opportunity to study isovector giant resonances, such as the Gamow-Teller resonance and the isovector giant monopole and dipole resonances. The properties of these giant resonances provide important insights into the bulk properties of nuclear matter and have important implications for neutrino and astrophysics. In this work, the focus is on the investigation of the properties of isovector giant resonances excited via the \isotope[60]{Ni}(\isotope[3]{He},) reaction at 140 MeV/u up to excitation energies of 60 MeV to study the Gamow-Teller resonance, isobaric analog state, isovector (spin) monopole, dipole, and quadrupole giant resonances.The (\isotope[3]{He},) reaction was used as an isovector probe to investigate the properties of isovector giant resonances in \isotope[60]{Cu}. To investigate these isovector giant resonances, the analysis was done through a multiple decomposition analysis (MDA). The differential cross sections were fitted with a linear combination of the distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) angular distributions associated with different angular momentum transfer . The angular distributions were calculated in DWBA by using the code package FOLD code. Different giant resonances were seen at different excitation energies. The results were compared with shell-model, and normal-mode calculations.It was found that the Gamow-Teller strengths extracted from the experiment could be reproduced reasonably well by the shell-model calculations. The extraction of the isovector dipole and monopole resonances was complicated by the presence of the quasi-free continuum. A detailed extraction of the isovector monopole resonances was not possible. For isovector dipole resonance, a reasonable consistency was found with the normal-mode calculations, after applying a simple estimate for the contributions from the quasifree continuum. Overall, this work provides valuable insights into the properties of isovector giant resonances, highlights the importance of continuum subtraction, and provides a detailed analysis of the (\isotope[3]{He},) reaction for probing these resonances at high excitation energies.Thesis (Ph.D.)--Michigan State University. Physics - Doctor of Philosophy, 2024Includes bibliographical reference
CONSTITUTIVE MODELING OF CROSS-LINKED POLYMERS DURING AGING
No full textThesis (Ph.D.)--Michigan State University. Civil Engineering - Doctor of Philosophy, 2024Due to the unique features such as high stretchability, chemical toleration, wear resistance, anti- slipping, and durability; industrial applications of cross-linked polymers have been growing through past decades. Their practical function can cover a broad range of applications from insensitive to sensitive industries such as automotive, medical, mining, and petroleum. In most such cases, the polymeric components are simultaneously exposed to mechanical loads as well as environmental elements like humidity and oxygen. This affair can considerably reduce the nominal service life of the polymers and cause irreversible damage to their functionality. In the literature, this chem- ical/physical phenomenon is generally regarded as the aging mechanism, which is classified into different subcategories based on the source of aging. Thermo-oxidation, hydrolysis, and hygrother- mal are some of the main types of chemical aging in which oxygen, temperature, and water play major roles in the deterioration of polymer matrix.Such classes can be either result of individual aging elements or due to combined synergized ef- fects of the above-mentioned environmental factors. Any type of aging can induce irreversible damages to the polymer matrix, which results in the reduction of materials\u2019 nominal service life. While predicting any of these types of aging is a great interest of researchers in the last few years, there is still a long way to find a comprehensive model which can consider the synergized effects of chemical aging. Here, multi-physics models are devised to describe the solo and combined long-term effects of different environmental elements on the constitutive behavior of cross-linked polymers. These models are relevant for all decay mechanisms formed by the occurrence of two simultaneous micro- mechanisms; (i) formation/reduction of the cross-links, and (ii) chain scission. We modeled each sub-mechanism through a linear kinetic equation which is then coupled into the modular network concept to allow the calculation of synergies and parallel damage accumulation through multiple sources. In this respect, hydrolytic aging is considered to be induced by chain scission and re- duction of the cross-link, while thermal aging is considered as a superposition of two competing effects of cross-link formation and chain scission. Besides, hygrothermal damage can be regarded as a race among three micro-structural phenomena; i) chain scission due to the presence of temperature, ii) reduction of cross-links attributed to the attendance of water, and iii) formation of cross-links as a consequence of oxygen reactions. These proposed models are micro-mechanically based and are mainly relevant to thin samples due to our underlying assumption of homogeneous diffusion of oxygen and water throughout the matrix. These models have been validated against extensive data sets obtained from experiments we specifically designed for concept validation. In view of their interpretation, precision, and deep insight, it provides insight into the nature of damage accumulation. The model is a good choice for advanced implementation in FE applications.Description based on online resource. Title from PDF t.p. (Michigan State University Fedora Repository, viewed ).Includes bibliographical references