EANSO East African Nature and Science Organization Journals
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Revisiting the Multiplier–Crowding-Out Trade-off: Empirical Evidence from Kenya
Get PDFThis study investigates the complex interplay between government fiscal policy and economic growth in Kenya, focusing particularly on the balance between fiscal multipliers and the crowding-out of private investment. Using a quantitative approach, the research applies Local Projection Methods (LPM) to estimate the size and timing of fiscal multipliers and employs Vector Autoregressive (VAR) models to assess the extent to which public borrowing influences private sector investment. The analysis utilises time-series data spanning from 2000 to 2023, sourced from authoritative institutions such as the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, the Central Bank of Kenya, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund. The results reveal that fiscal multipliers in Kenya are moderate in magnitude, with government spending raising GDP by approximately 0.25% in the short run, increasing to nearly 0.60% over a longer horizon. Notably, capital investments—especially in infrastructure and education—demonstrate significantly stronger multiplier effects compared to recurrent expenditure, which shows only limited influence on growth. The study also uncovers a pronounced crowding-out effect whereby heightened public borrowing leads to increased interest rates, thereby constraining private investment, particularly when public debt levels are high. Furthermore, the effectiveness of fiscal interventions is found to vary according to macroeconomic conditions, emphasising the importance of maintaining fiscal prudence. These findings highlight the critical need for strategic fiscal management, prioritising productive public investments alongside sustainable debt practices, to enhance economic growth and foster inclusive development in Keny
Enhancing Financial Sustainability through Effective Cash Management: Insights from Women Owned Businesses in Kisii Township, Kenya
Get PDFThis study examines the relationship between cash management practices and the financial sustainability of female-owned enterprises in Kisii Township, Kenya. Utilising a cross-sectional survey research design with a quantitative approach, this study targeted a population of 1,134 officially registered female entrepreneurs operating in Kisii Township. A sample of 114 female entrepreneurs was selected using multistage sampling techniques. Data were gathered via questionnaires featuring closed-ended questions and were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings indicate that cash-holding methods, technology use in cash management, and cash pooling practices significantly affect the financial sustainability of women-owned enterprises. Additionally, access to financial resources, financial literacy, digital financial services, the regulatory environment, and financial inclusion programs positively influenced the financial sustainability of these enterprises. The study concludes that effective cash management is vital for the long-term success of women-owned businesses in Kisii Township, Kenya. Recommendations include offering targeted financial education programs, facilitating access to affordable financial services, establishing mentorship initiatives, promoting the adoption of digital tools for financial record-keeping, and supporting the formation of savings and credit cooperatives among female entrepreneurs to enhance their cash management practices and improve financial sustainabilit
Usawiri wa UKIMWI kama Suala Mtambuko Katika Matini Teule za Fasihi ya Kiswahili ya Watoto
Get PDFFasihi ya Kiswahili ya Watoto imechangia katika kuangazia masuala mtambuko kama vile janga la UKIMWI, dhuluma za kijinsia na dawa za kulevya yanayoathiri afya ya binadamu na kutatiza kuafikiwa kwa maendeleo endelevu katika jamii. Makala hii ililenga kuchunguza usawiri wa suala la UKIMWI kama suala mtambuko katika matini teule za Fasihi ya Kiswahili ya Watoto. katika kuhamasisha jamii dhidi ya visababishi na athari zaKIMWI katika maisha ya binadamu. Malengo yafuatayo yaliongoza utafiti huu: Kutathmini nafasi ya Fasihi ya Kiswahili ya Watoto katika kuhamasisha jamii dhidi ya visababishi na athari ya ugonjwa wa UKIMWI na kubainisha njia mwafaka za kukabiliana na maambukizi na maenezi ya UKIMWI kama ilivyosawiriwa katika matini teule za Fasihi ya Kiswahili ya Watoto. Matini zilizochanganuliwa ni: Siku ya Ukimwi (John Kobia, 2008), Sitaki Iwe Siri (Bitugi Matundura, 2008), Madhila ya Bi. Shufaa (Nuhu Bakari, 2008), Pendo katika Shari (Clara Momanyi, 2008), Kosa la Marehemu (Andrew Panja, 2010) na Nimefufuka (Rebecca Nandwa, 2011). Matini teule zimo katika msururu wa “Afya Yangu.” Nadharia ya Uhalisia iliongoza utafiti huu. Sampuli ya utafiti iliteuliwa kimakusudi na data ikachanganuliwa kwa njia ya maelezo. Utafiti huu ulibainisaha kuwa Fasihi ya Kiswahili ya Watoto ilitumika kikamilifu kuhamasisha wanajamii kuhusu visababishi vya UKIMWI, athari zake na jinsi ya kuziboresha. Utafiti zaidi ulipendekezwa kuhusu nafasi ya Fasihi ya Watoto katika kukabiliana na dawa za kulevya. Hii ni kwa sababu vijana wamejihusisha na matumizi ya dawa za kulevya na kusababisha vifo na uharibifu wa rasilimali kama vile kuchoma shule na kuongezeka kwa utovu wa nidhamu. Kwa ujumla, utafiti huu umedhihirisha umuhimu wa fasihi ya Kiswahili ya Watoto katika kukabiliana na matatizo yanayokumba jamii kama vile changamoto za UKIMWI na namna ya kuziboresha ili kuafikiwa kwa maendeleo endelev
Uhakiki wa Mandhari katika Riwaya Teule za Kiswahili: Tumaini na Kala Tufaha
Get PDFMandhari ni kipengele muhimu katika kufanikisha maudhui ya mwandishi. Kwa kawaida mandhari hushirikiana na vipengele vingine vya fani ili kufaulisha uwasilishaji wa maudhui yanayokusudiwa na msomaji. Utukiaji wa maswala katika jamii hufanyika katika sehemu mahususi yaani mandhari, vivyo hivyo kazi za kifasihi nazo hufuata mkondo uo huo kwa sababu fasihi hupata malighafi yake katika mazingira ya mtunzi. Mtunzi wa kazi ya fasihi ana uwezo wa kutumia mandhari halisi au mandhari ya kufikirika katika mchakato mzima wa kuwasilisha maudhui yake. Utafiti huu hivyo basi, ulilenga kuchunguza jinsi mandhari yanavyotumika kukuza maudhui katika riwaya ya Clara Momanyi Tumaini (2006) na Babu Omar Kala Tufaha (2007). Ili kutimiza lengo hili, Nadharia ya Uhalisia ilitumika.Nadharia hii iliasisiwa na Hegel. Waitifaki wa Nadharia hii ni George Lukas (1972) na wengine.Utafiti huu ulikuwa wa kimaelezo na ulifanyika katika maktaba. Sampuli ilichaguliwa kwa njia ya kimakusudi kwa kulenga riwaya maalum. Baadaye data ilichanganuliwa kwa njia ya kimaelezo kwa mujibu wa mihimili ya Nadharia ya Uhalisia pamoja na lengo la utafiti huu ambalo ni; kutathmini mchango wa mandhari katika kukuza maudhui katika riwaya teul
Assessing People’s Awareness and Adoption of Backyard Gardening for Improving Household Food Security in Mbarara City, South Western Uganda
Get PDFUnderstanding the performance and farmer preferences of various agricultural activities is crucial for enhancing household food security in developing urban centres. This study analyses the adoption patterns of different agricultural activities in Mbarara City, Western Uganda. Using a cross-sectional survey design, data on ten agricultural activities were collected. Data were collected from participants and scored across five metrics. As the data were non-normally distributed, the Kruskal-Wallis test was employed to determine if significant differences existed in the median scores (both for performance and preference) across the activities. Results revealed no statistically significant difference in the median performance across all the activities (χ² = 5.92, df = 9, p-value = 0.747). Similarly, no significant difference was found in farmer preferences (χ² = 2.92, df = 9, p-value = 0.967). However, descriptive analysis showed distinct patterns: beekeeping and fish farming exhibited bimodal distributions in performance (clustering at high and low scores) and were the most preferred activities. In contrast, activities like poultry and vegetable farming were consistently lower-performing and less preferred. While no single activity statistically outperforms or is preferred over all others in a significant way, the variations in performance distributions and preference levels suggest that contextual factors (e.g., resource access, knowledge) heavily influence adoption success. Agricultural extension policies should therefore be tailored and flexible, promoting a diverse portfolio of activities suited to different household capacities rather than a one-size-fits-all approach
Blindness as a Symbolic Trope in Sembene Ousmane’s God’s Bits of Wood (1960)
Get PDFThis study interrogated blindness as a symbolic trope in Sembene Ousmane’s God’s Bits of Wood (1960), situating it within the broader literary tradition where blindness transcends physical impairment to signify ignorance, arrogance, and ideological limitation. While classical texts such as Sophocles’ Oedipus the King have long employed blindness to explore paradoxes of sight and insight, its significance in African literature has remained underexplored. The research adopted a qualitative textual analysis, guided by literary symbolism and postcolonial theory, to examine how Ousmane has deployed blindness as a metaphor for colonial oppression, socio-cultural presumptions, and patriarchal constraints. The findings revealed that blindness in the novel functioned on multiple levels. First, it critiqued the assimilationist colonial project that instilled in Africans a sense of inferiority, alienated them from their traditions, and created a form of cultural blindness. Characters who have internalised colonial ideologies have rejected their own heritage and become complicit in structures of domination, exemplifying the destructive consequences of ideological blindness. Second, the trope interrogated gender relations, exposing the blindness of patriarchal assumptions that have confined women to subordinate roles. Through characters such as Ramatoulaye, Penda, Dyenaba, and Maimouna, Ousmane has been used to foreground women’s agency, showing how they transcend traditional limitations to assume leadership and mobilise resistance during the strike. The study was justified by the limited scholarly attention given to blindness as a symbolic trope in African literature, despite its centrality to Ousmane’s narrative. Its significance lies in demonstrating how blindness illuminates intersections of colonialism, gender, and identity while broadening discourse on symbolism in postcolonial texts. The research contributes to literary scholarship by showing how Ousmane reconfigures blindness into a critical aesthetic and political tool for articulating human limitation, resistance, and solidarity
The Influence of Awareness on the Adoption of E-Tax Payment Systems among SME Owners in Bagamoyo District, Tanzania
Get PDFThis study examines the influence of awareness on the adoption of electronic tax (e-tax) payment systems among small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) owners in Bagamoyo District, Tanzania. Despite initiatives by the Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA) to enhance digital tax compliance through platforms such as the Electronic Filing System (EFS), adoption rates remain low, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas. Guided by Institutional Theory, which emphasises cognitive and normative pressures in shaping behaviour, the study investigates how awareness of regulatory measures, tax procedures, and compliance incentives affects SMEs’ willingness to embrace e-tax platforms. A sequential explanatory mixed-methods approach was employed, combining survey data from 280 SMEs with qualitative insights from 20 key informants. Quantitative analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between awareness of regulatory measures and e-tax adoption (β = 0.586, p < 0.001), suggesting that greater awareness substantially increases the likelihood of adoption. Qualitative findings support this, with respondents emphasising the role of tax education and outreach campaigns in informing their decisions. The findings indicate that limited awareness of e-tax platforms, legal obligations, and benefits contributes to low adoption in Bagamoyo. Policy recommendations include localised awareness campaigns in Swahili, simplified tax guides, and incentive-based compliance mechanisms. The study aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 16.6, which advocates for transparent and accountable institutions. By addressing knowledge gaps, policymakers and TRA can foster broader SME participation in digital tax systems, ultimately improving compliance, revenue mobilisation, and administrative efficiency. Future research should explore the impact of mobile money integration and compare awareness challenges across other rural districts in Tanzania
To Establish the Influence of Entrepreneurship Education of Women Entrepreneurs on the Implementation of Women Enterprise Fund in South Imenti Constituency
Get PDFDue to our weak economic growth rate, the government of Kenya has not been able to adequately create jobs for its ever-increasing population and more so, the women. This has therefore led to women coming up with innovative ways of creating employment for themselves and others through enterprise development. The sizes of women-owned businesses seem to fail or remain the same throughout. The aim of the study was to establish the influence of entrepreneurship education of women entrepreneurs on the implementation of Women Enterprise Fund in South Imenti Constituency. The study design was a descriptive survey study. Data collection were done by use of open-ended and closed-ended questionnaires to allow an in-depth understanding of Fund management. Data collected was analysed using SPSS Windows version. Results were presented in percentages, frequency tables and cross-tabulations. The result of the study pointed out that there was a relationship between education on entrepreneurship and the implementation of WEF. We thus can associate the level of education with the success of the WEF implementation in South Imenti Constituency. The study also revealed that 65.3% of those groups that had received additional training on entrepreneurship education successfully invested the amount borrowed. The recommendation of the study was that the WEF beneficiaries’ entrepreneurship training should be designed to incorporate management and utilisation of finances, as the study revealed an association between WEF success and management and use of finance training
The Effect of Tenure and Economic Bonding on Audit Quality: The Moderating Influence of Accountability
Get PDFThe study was aimed at examining the relationship between audit quality, tenure, and economic bonding, and the interaction of Accountability. The study earlier posited that tenure has a significant relationship with audit quality, and economic bonding also has a significant relationship with audit quality. Further, the moderating influence of accountability was posited to exist within this relationship. Analysing data from 156 respondents using SPSS, the results confirmed the hypothesis and generally indicated a significant positive relationship between tenure and audit quality. Auditor’s tenure with clients has been established to be increasing fairly well within the first few years of service. When an engagement is long, it has the possibility of jeopardising the objectivity of the auditor, and this may reduce audit quality and could raise questions about the credibility of the financial report. A longer tenure will reduce professional scepticism and may lead to impairment of auditor independence because the auditor will become used to the client. Highly economically bonded auditors were susceptible to producing lower quality audits and vice versa. Where service fees are abnormally high, the auditor’s independence may be affected. This introduces the case of accountability and how well it can moderate the individual relationships of Tenure and Economic Bonding on Audit Quality. The findings highlight the direct positive and significant moderating effect of accountability. At high levels of accountability, audit quality was increased at all levels of tenure and economic bonding
Economic Analysis of Kororima (Afranomum korarima) Production in Selected Districts of South Ethiopia: The Case of Wuba Ari and Semen Ari
Get PDFThis study examines the economic viability and production determinants of Afranomum kororima in the Semen Ari and Wuba Ari Districts of South Ethiopia. The production determinants of Afranomum kororima in the areas were investigated by using multiple linear regression models. The return on investment (ROI) ratio was used to see economic feasibility. The results reveal that availability of labour, access to extension facilities, cost of production, education, and cooperative membership strongly and positively affect korarima production. Alternatively, the dependency ratio and farm size negatively affected the production level of Kororima (Afranomum Kororima). The return on investment (ROI) ratio shows a 40% margin in profit, which supports the economic potential of the crop. The study recommends rural infrastructure investment, farmer cooperative establishment, disease-resistant variety experimentation, and better extension and post-harvest facilities by the Ethiopian government. These are interventions that have the potential to boost korarima production, farmer incomes, and contribute to the development of Ethiopia's underdeveloped spice secto