EANSO East African Nature and Science Organization Journals
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Game Theory and the Dynamics of Entrepreneurial Decisions in Free Markets
Get PDFThis paper examines the role of game theory in entrepreneurial decision-making within dynamic markets. While classic models like the Nash Equilibrium explain strategic interactions, they often overlook market changes, innovation cycles, and adaptive entrepreneurship. The Austrian School's market process theory focuses on entrepreneurial discovery and continuous adaptation instead of rigid strategies. Case studies of Tesla and Uber compare game theory with Austrian economics. Simulation-based models, such as agent-based modelling (ABM) and evolutionary game theory (EGT), assess competitive adaptability and strategic decision-making under uncertainty. Findings suggest that static equilibrium models fail to capture strategic flexibility and industry transformation. Entrepreneurs succeed by iterating rather than following fixed plans. Simulation-based models better reflect competitive dynamics, showing that organizations embracing agile learning and adaptation maintain an advantage over those relying on traditional optimization. This paper highlights the need to integrate entrepreneurial theories with dynamic game-theoretic approaches. This paper further proposes a dynamic game-theoretic model that integrates entrepreneurial discovery, uncertainty, and adaptive market shapin
Factors Affecting Tax Revenue Growth in Uganda
Get PDFPurpose – The study sought to identify the determinants of tax revenue growth in Uganda, utilizing time series quarterly data spanning from 2008 to 2023. Design/methodology/approach – An autoregressive distributive lag - Error Correction Model was employed to establish the long run and short run relationships between the variables. Findings – The study findings demonstrated that agriculture, industry and services sectors negatively affect the growth of tax revenue in the short run and long run. Trade openness and exchange rates positively affect tax revenue growth in the long run. Inflation exhibited an insignificant effect on tax revenue growth in the short run and long run. The study recommends directing policy towards enhancing trade openness, further economic integration and improving trade facilitation. Originality/value – This paper provides a deeper understanding of the determinants of tax revenue growth in Uganda
Uhakiki wa Matumizi ya Uasi Kama Mkakati wa Kumkomboa Mwanamke Dhidi ya Dhuluma za Kijamii Katika Tamthilia ya Mama Ee
Get PDFMwanamke amekandamizwa kwa muda mrefu. Taasisi mbalimbali zimetumiwa na wanaume kuhakikisha kuwa mwanamke hawezi kupata haki zake za kimsingi kama mwanadamu. Mwanamke wa kisasa ametumia ujasiri wake ili kujikomboa kutoka kwa dhuluma na unyanyasaji huo. Waandishi wa riwaya akiwemo Ari Katini Mwachofi wameonyesha jinsi mwanamke huyu ameasi taasisi mbalimbali ili kujikwamua kutoka kwa ukandamizaji huu. Tafiti za awali zilishughulikia dhana ya uasi kama maudhui hasi bila kuonyesha jinsi wahusika wanaweza kutumia uasi kama mbinu ya kujiletea ukombozi. Hili ndilo pengo ambalo makala hii inatarajiwa kulijaza. Makala hii ilikuwa na lengo la kuhakiki uasi kama mkakati wa kumkomboa mwanamke katika tamthilia ya Mama Ee. Ili kufikia lengo hili, nadharia ya ufeministi ilitumiwa. Nadharia hii humtetea mwanamke kutokana na dhuluma anazopitia. Huu ulikuwa utafiti wa maktabani ambapo data zilikusanywa maktabani kutumia mbinu ya usomaji wa kina wa tamthilia ya Mama Ee. Tamthilia ya Mama Ee ilichaguliwa kimaksudi kwa sababu ni mojawapo wa tamthilia ambazo zimeonyesha matatizo wanayopitia wanawake katika jamii na kutumia mbinu ya uasi ili kujikomboa kutokana na matatizo hayo. Kutokana na usomaji huu hoja zinazoonyesha uasi wa mwanamke katika taasisi mbalimbali zilidondolewa kwa minajili ya uwasilishaji na uchanganuzi. Huu ulikuwa utafiti wa kimaelezo, kwa hivyo mbinu ya kimaelezo ilitumiwa katika uwasilishaji na uchanganuzi wa data. Baada ya usomaji, uwasilishaji na uchanganuzi wa data, utafiti ulibainisha kuwa mwanamke katika tamthilia ya Mama Ee ameasi taasisi ya ndoa, dini, mila na utamaduni ili kujipatia uhuru wake. Makala hii ni muhimu sana kwa wanajamii kwa sababu yatawafunza kuhusu mbinu ya kujipa uhuru na kupunguza mizozo katika jamii
Matumizi ya Lugha ya Kinandi katika Kuendeleza Kilimo kupitia Vipindi vya Runinga ya Kass
Get PDFWakulima wengi nchini Kenya hupatikana katika maeneo ya mashambani ambako mawasiliano mengi huwa katika lugha za kiasili. Vyombo vya habari ni miongoni mwa asasi ambazo zimechangia pakubwa katika kukuza matumizi ya lugha za kiasili na kuwahamasisha wananchi kuhusu kilimo. Kwa sababu hiyo, juhudi nyingi zimeelekezwa katika kuwafikia wakulima ambao ni wahusika wakuu katika sekta ya kilimo ili kuwapa elimu ya kujiendeleza. Lugha ya Kinandi ni mojawapo ya lugha za kiasili ambayo hutumiwa katika runinga ya Kass. Utafiti huu ulilenga kuchunguza jinsi lugha ya Kinandi hutumika kuinua viwango vya kilimo miongoni mwa wanajamii kupitia vipindi vya runinga ya Kass. Utafiti huu ulifanyika katika kaunti ya Nandi. Uliongozwa na Nadharia ya Uanzilishi wa Ajenda ya McCombs na Shaw (1993). Watazamaji waliteuliwa kinasibu ili kuhusishwa katika utafiti. Watazamaji 264 walihusishwa katika ukusanyaji wa data. Mbinu za hojaji, uchunzaji na mahojiano zilitumika katika kukusanya data. Vifaa vilivyotumika kukusanya data ni: mwongozo wa utazamaji, hojaji na mwongozo wa maswali ya mahojiano. Data iliyokusanywa ilichanganuliwa kimaelezo kwa kuzingatia lengo la utafiti kisha ikawasilishwa kwa kutumia asilimia na majedwali. Matokeo ya utafiti yalithibitisha kuwa lugha ya kinandi inayotumika kuwasilisha vipindi vya kilimo iliwasaidia sana wakulima kuimarisha mapato katika kilimo. Utafiti huu unatarajiwa kuwa wa manufaa kwa wanajamii kwa kuwa ulitoa mwanga kuhusu umuhimu wa matumizi ya lugha za kiasili katika kuinua viwango vya kilimo
Mandhari katika Nyimbo za Kizazi Kipya Mtandaoni Zinazohusu Mapambano Dhidi ya Dawa za Kulevya
Get PDFMapambano dhidi ya dawa za kulevya ni miongoni mwa masuala yanayosawiriwa katika nyimbo za kizazi kipya mtandaoni. Katika kufanya hivyo, nyimbo hizo hutumia vipengele mbalimbali vya kisanii. Mojawapo kati ya vipengele hivyo ni mandhari, huku usukaji mzuri wa mandhari ukichangia fanaka katika uwasilishaji wa ujumbe wa nyimbo hizo. Makala haya yalichunguza mandhari katika mapambano dhidi ya dawa za kulevya kupitia nyimbo za kizazi kipya mtandaoni. Makala yaliongozwa na Nadharia ya Utendaji katika Fasihi Simulizi iliyoasisiwa na Wallace Bacon katika mwaka wa 1957. Muundo wa kithamano mkabala wa kiutendaji ulitumika katika makala haya. Uchanganuzi wa yaliyomo ulitumika kukusanya data kutoka kwa video za nyimbo za kizazi kipya kuhusu dawa za kulevya katika mtandao wa YouTube ambao uliteuliwa kimaksudi. Aidha, nyimbo ziliteuliwa kimaksudi. Kisha, nyimbo hizo zilitabakishwa kidhima na kwa kurejelea aina tofauti za dawa za kulevya zinazosawiriwa. Jumla ya nyimbo 5 zilitumika. Data iliwasilishwa kwa kutumia maelezo ya kifafanuzi na mijadala, mifano na dondoo kutoka kwenye uchanganuzi wa yaliyomo. Matokeo yalionyesha kwamba aina mbalimbali ya mandhari yalibainika katika video za nyimbo za kizazi kipya kuhusu mapambano dhidi ya dawa za kulevya mtandaoni. Mandhari ya klabu, nyumbani, barabarani, mjini, mtaani na yale ya wakati yalitumika katika vita dhidi ya uraibu wa dawa za kulevya katika jamii. Aina hizi za mandhari zilotoa mchango katika kuwasilisha ujumbe kuhusu vita dhidi ya dawa za kulevya. Utafiti unapendekeza kwamba kuna haja ya kuchunguza mandhari kuhusiana na mapambano dhidi ya dawa za kulevya kwa kurejelea aina nyinginezo za nyimbo mbali na zile za kizazi kipya. Pili, ni vyema mandhari yatafitiwe katika tanzu nyingine za fasihi pepe kama vile vichekesho, filamu na vipindi vya runinga kwa kurejelea suala la dawa za kulevy
Usawiri wa Mandhari katika Nyimbo Teule za Jadi za Jamii ya Abagusii
Get PDFMandhari ni kipengele muhimu sana katika kazi yoyote ile ya fasihi na nyimbo hazijasazwa. Madhumuni makuu ya makala haya ni kueleza kuhusu usawiri wa mandhari katika nyimbo teule za jadi za jamii ya Abagusii. Yaani kuonyesha maudhui yaliyojengwa kupitia kwa nyimbo teule, kudhirisha mila na desturi ambazo zinaangaziwa kupitia kwa nyimbo hizo na hata kuonyesha uhusiano kati ya jamii na mazingira anamoishi. Mandhari ambamo nyimbo hizi zilikuwa zimejikita yalikuwa na mchango mkubwa katika kufanikisha uwasilishaji wa nyimbo husika. Katika kazi yoyote ya fasihi, mandhari yana nafasi muhimu sana. Kwanza, watunzi wanaweza kujenga maudhui ya kazi zao kwa kutumia. Pili, dhamira na toni ya kazi husika inaweza kukuzwa. Hali kadhalika, usawiri wa wahusika unaweza kudhihirishwa kikamilifu na mwisho kabisa matumiza mbinu mbalimbali za mtindo yanaweza kuendelezw
Taswira Chanya za Vimada katika Riwaya Teule za John Habwe: Mfano kutoka Paradiso (2005), Cheche za Moto (2008) na Safari ya Lamu (2011)
Get PDFMakala hii imechunguza taswira chanya za vimada katika riwaya teule za John Habwe. John Habwe ameziandika riwaya zenye kuwaibua wahusika wanawake wanaoishi na wanaume nje ya misingi ya ndoa. Vimada ni wanawake waliowekwa kinyumba bila kuolewa kisheria au kitamaduni. Makala hii imetumia sampuli kusudio kuteua riwaya zifuatazo katika kufafanua usawiri chanya wa vimada: Paradiso (2005), Cheche za Moto (2008) na Safari ya Lamu (2011). Riwaya hizi teule zina wahusika vimada ambao wanatafitiwa katika makala hii. Uchunguzi wa usawiri wa vimada ni muhimu kwa sababu ni suala ibuka katika jamii ya kisasa na inayoendelea kuathiri hali ya maisha. Makala hii ililenga kufafanua usawiri chanya wa vimada katika riwaya teule za John Habwe. Hulka chanya za vimada wanapohusiana na wanaume nje ya misingi ya ndoa zimefafanuliwa. Baadhi ya taswira chanya za vimada alizobainisha John Habwe ni kuwa: vimada ni wenye mapenzi ya dhati, wenye hekima, wenye utu na wawajibikaji, karimu na kwamba wana mlahaka mzuri na watu.Utafiti huu uliongozwa na Nadharia ya Uhalisia iliyoasisiwa na Georg Lukacs (1938). Nadharia hii hueleza ukweli kama ulivyo katika jamii. Mihimili ya nadharia ya uhalisia imetumikizwa katika utafiti utafiti huu kuonyesha kuwa John Habwe anawakuza wahusika vimada kama wanavyojitokeza katika jamii. Makala hii inatarajiwa kuvumbua ujuzi mpya kuhusu usawiri chanya wa vimada. Utafiti huu utawekea msingi tafiti za baadaye kuhusu kipengele cha wahusika katika riwaya ya Kiswahil
Muundo wa Motifu ya Safari katika Riwaya za: Mzingile, Walenisi na Siku Njema
Get PDFDhana motifu imevutia makini ya watafiti mbalimbali kote ulimwenguni. Ina maana kuwa dhana ya motifu ya safari ina mwauo mpana wa maandishi. Tafiti za Kitaifa na kimataifa na ambazo sampuli yake ziliwasilishwa kwa lugha mbalimbali kama vile Kiingereza, kumaanisha kwamba dhana motifu ya safari inachangamsha watafiti wengi. Makala hii inahusu muundo wa motifu ya safari katika riwaya za Mzingile, Walenisi na Siku Njema. Nadharia iliyoangazia makala hii ni nadharia ya mwingilianomatini. Kwa mujibu wa nadharia hii ni kuwa msomaji wa kazi ya sanaa anayesoma kazi za wasanii wengine kuihusu kama kazi aliyoisoma mara kwa mara, anakuwa msomaji maalumu. Makala hii ilitumia muundo wa kimaelezo katika ukusanyaji, uchambuzi wa data pamoja na uwasilishaji wa matokeo. Sampuli ya makala hii iliteuliwa kimakusudi. Sampuli hii ni riwaya za Walenisi, Mizingile na Siku Njema. Makala hii inafaa taaluma ya fasihi kwa kubainisha namna motifu ya safari hutumiwa na waandishi mbalimbali kukuza dhamira ku
Adopter Category Characterizations and the Adoption of Mobile Phone Applications for Improved Small-scale Commercial Agriculture in Chitomborwizi-Makonde District, Zimbabwe
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to explore adopter category characterizations on the adoption of mobile phone applications for improved small-scale commercial agriculture in Makonde District, Zimbabwe. The study utilized Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations Theory’s (DIT) adopter categories to proffer a comprehensive perspective for analysing small-scale commercial farmers’ adoption characteristics in small-scale commercial agriculture. The study adopted a qualitative methodology, a case study research design, a sample of 12 research participants and in-depth key informant interviews. The study utilized purposive and snowball sampling techniques to gather primary data. The study employed thematic analysis to analyze primary data. The research results demonstrated that farmers’ adopter characteristics (age, education, social status, financial support, digital literacy and technical proficiency, access to electricity and access to internet connectivity and network coverage) positively and negatively influenced the adoption of mobile applications. The results highlighted that innovator adopters, early adopters and early majority adopters were more likely to adopt mobile applications because these adopters showed more interest in mobile applications. In contrast, late majority adopters and laggards were less likely to adopt mobile applications because these adopters were less interested in the adoption of mobile applications. Further, innovator adopters, early adopters and early majority adopters’ category characteristics enabled them to adopt mobile applications, while late majority adopters and laggards’ adopters’ category characterisations hindered the adoption of mobile applications. The study concluded that adopter category characterisations had differing impacts on small-scale commercial farmers' adoption of mobile applications. In addition, the study findings indicated that small-scale commercial farmers belong to different adopter categories and do not fit into the homogenous category of mobile application adopters. The study recommends the need to classify small-scale commercial farmers’ adopter category characteristics to tailor strategies that promote the widespread adoption of mobile applications for improved small-scale commercial agriculture
Imperatives of Doctoral Degree Pursuit in Educational Leadership and Management
Get PDFThis article examines the significance of pursuing a PhD in Educational Leadership and Management (ELM), emphasizing its role in developing research skills, critical analysis, and leadership capacity in education. Despite the rising demand for doctoral graduates in academia and policymaking, completion rates remain low, particularly in Africa. Existing literature predominantly focuses on Western doctoral models, leaving gaps in understanding challenges faced by PhD candidates in low-resource settings. Research on the doctorateness in ELM, supervision effectiveness, and the psychological and social dimensions of doctoral study remains underdeveloped. To address these gaps, this study employed a narrative literature synthesis of findings from peer-reviewed journals, books, institutional reports, and conference proceedings accessed through Google Scholar and institutional databases. The inclusion criteria included sourcing mainly peer-reviewed literature, institutional reports, and academic books published in English within the last 10–15 years; while non-academic sources, inaccessible full-text articles, and outdated literature were excluded. Using thematic analysis, key challenges such as doctoral supervision models, institutional barriers, financial constraints, and doctoral identity formation were identified. Constructivist Learning Theory was used to explain how doctoral students construct knowledge through self-directed learning, collaboration, and mentorship. Self-determination theory was also used to highlight the functions of intrinsic motivation and autonomy in persistence. It can be concluded that poor supervision, financial burdens, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and weak research networks hinder the academic progress of doctoral students. We recommend structured mentorship programs, financial support, supervisor training, and flexible supervision models to address the challenges. Future research should consider comparative studies across regions to inform global doctoral education frameworks