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Adaptación de las directrices sobre la COVID-19 de la OMS por los países y territorios del Caribe
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2024 The authors.The normative role of the World Health Organization (WHO) involves creating evidence-based, principled guidelines to guide its Member States in making well-informed public health decisions. While these guidelines often need to be adapted to ensure contextual relevance, foster better implementation and adherence, adapting existing guidelines is more efficient than creating new ones. Here we describe the adaptation of the WHO coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) living guideline on pharmacological interventions for the Caribbean using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE)-ADOLOPMENT method. The Caribbean Public Health Agency and the Pan American Health Organization led the effort, assembling a diverse panel of 16 experts from seven Caribbean countries and territories. The adaptation process, involving 15 steps, was guided by an experienced methodologist and included selecting relevant clinical questions and prioritizing them based on regional needs. The panel evaluated the latest WHO guidelines and integrated additional local data. They adjusted the direction and strength of several recommendations to better fit the Caribbean context, considering local values and preferences, resources, accessibility, feasibility and impact on health equity. Ultimately, we changed the direction of two recommendations and the strength of five, tailoring them to regional realities. This effort highlights the importance of adapting global guidelines to local settings, improving their applicability and effectiveness. The adaptation process also serves as a valuable opportunity for skill transfer and capacity-building in guideline development. Continued research is needed to assess the impact of these adaptations on health-care outcomes in the Caribbean.The normative role of the World Health Organization (WHO) involves creating evidence-based, principled guidelines to guide its Member States in making well-informed public health decisions. While these guidelines often need to be adapted to ensure contextual relevance, foster better implementation and adherence, adapting existing guidelines is more efficient than creating new ones. Here we describe the adaptation of the WHO coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) living guideline on pharmacological interventions for the Caribbean using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE)-ADOLOPMENT method. The Caribbean Public Health Agency and the Pan American Health Organization led the effort, assembling a diverse panel of 16 experts from seven Caribbean countries and territories. The adaptation process, involving 15 steps, was guided by an experienced methodologist and included selecting relevant clinical questions and prioritizing them based on regional needs. The panel evaluated the latest WHO guidelines and integrated additional local data. They adjusted the direction and strength of several recommendations to better fit the Caribbean context, considering local values and preferences, resources, accessibility, feasibility and impact on health equity. Ultimately, we changed the direction of two recommendations and the strength of five, tailoring them to regional realities. This effort highlights the importance of adapting global guidelines to local settings, improving their applicability and effectiveness. The adaptation process also serves as a valuable opportunity for skill transfer and capacity-building in guideline development. Continued research is needed to assess the impact of these adaptations on health-care outcomes in the Caribbean
Análisis de las percepciones de los docentes de historia, geografía y ciencias sociales sobre el uso de metodologías pedagógicas diversificadas en la educación media en relación con la adquisición de aprendizajes y desarrollo del pensamiento histórico
Get PDFPedagogía en Educación Diferencial, Licenciado en EducaciónEn esta investigación abordamos la importancia de la educación en la formación de ciudadanos críticos y responsables, enfatizando la necesidad de adaptar las metodologías de enseñanza a la diversidad estudiantil. Revisamos teorías educativas y el marco normativo vigente, los cuales respaldaron la implementación de metodologías diversificadas. Aplicamos un enfoque cualitativo, llevando a cabo entrevistas a los docentes, lo que nos permitió recolectar y analizar datos relevantes. Los resultados evidenciaron que los docentes reconocían el valor de estas metodologías para atender las diversas necesidades de los estudiantes, aunque también identificamos desafíos, como la falta de recursos y formación especializada. En la discusión, analizamos estos hallazgos en relación con la literatura existente, destacando la necesidad de formación continua y la colaboración entre colegas para enfrentar estas dificultades. Finalmente, concluimos que las metodologías diversificadas son esenciales para mejorar la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de habilidades disciplinares de Historia, Geografía y Ciencias Sociales, y propusimos recomendaciones para su implementación efectiva en el aula. Se sugieren recomendaciones para mejorar su aplicación en el aula, alineadas con el Marco de la Buena Enseñanza y el Decreto 83.In this research, we addressed the importance of education in shaping critical and responsible citizens, emphasizing the need to adapt teaching methodologies to students diversity. We reviewed educational theories and the current regulatory framework, which supported the implementation of diversified methodologies. We applied a qualitative approach, conducting interviews and surveys with teachers, which allowed us to collect and analyze relevant data. The results showed that teachers recognized the value of these methodologies in addressing the diverse needs of students, although we also identified challenges such as the lack of resources and specialized training. In the discussion, we analyzed these findings in relation to existing literature, highlighting the need for continuous training and collaboration among colleagues to overcome these difficulties. Finally, we concluded that diversified methodologies are essential to improve teaching and learning in History, Geography, and Social Sciences, and we proposed recommendations for their effective implementation in the classroom. Recommendations are suggested to improve its application in the classroom, aligned with the Framework for Good Teaching and Decree 83 (Chilean normatives)
Psychometric properties of the Fit-Choice scale factors influencing the choice of education careers in Chilean pedagogy students
No full textPublisher Copyright: © Universidad de Almería and Ilustre Colegio Oficial de la Psicología de Andalucía Oriental (Spain)Introduction. Given the global concern for attracting more and better candidates to teaching careers, we must have instruments to help us identify these potential candidates. In Chile, there needs to be more evidence of the motivational and perceptual factors that influence the choice of studies in Education. The aim is to study the psychometric properties of the Fit-Choice scale in the Chilean population. This scale was developed in Australia by Watt & Richardson (2007) and translated into Spanish by Gratacós & López-Jurado (2016) and identifies factors that influence the choice of careers in education. Method. A cross-sectional instrumental design was adopted. A total of 921 students from four Chilean universities (65% women) who are in their fifth year of initial teacher training for early childhood education (9.1%), primary education (17.1%), and various disciplines of secondary education (73.8%) participated in the study. The instrument’s factor structure was evaluated through a confirmatory factor analysis with a maximum likelihood estimator. Evidence of internal consistency was obtained using McDonald’s Omega (ω), obtaining good reliability indexes. Results. The results show that the version of the scale is valid and reliable for use in the Chilean context. The factor structure of the original scale, which consists of two subscales and 18 factors, is tested. The findings are consistent with the version validated in other Spanish-speaking countries. Discussion or Conclusion. This scale is valid and reliable, and its use is appropriate for Spanish-speaking contexts such as Chile. The psychometric characteristics show that it is possible to use this instrument for its specific purposes but also, given its cross-cultural validity, to conduct comparative research with other countries where it has been validated.Introducción. Dada la preocupación global por la atracción de más y mejores candidatos a la carrera pedagógica, es importante contar con instrumentos que nos ayuden a identificar a esos potenciales candidatos. En Chile, existe escasa evidencia de los factores de motivación y percepción que influyen en la elección de estudios en Educación. El objetivo es estudiar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala FIT-Choice, en la población chilena. Esta escala fue desarrollada en Australia por Watt y Richardson, (2007) y traducida al español por Gratacós y López-Jurado, (2016) e identifica factores que influyen en la elección de carreras de Educación. Método. Se adoptó un diseño instrumental transversal. Participaron en el estudio 921 estudiantes de cuatro universidades chilenas (65% mujeres), que cursan quinto año de su formación inicial docente para Educación Inicial (9,1%), Primaria (17,1%) y diversas disciplinas de educación secundaria (73,8%). La estructura factorial del instrumento se evaluó mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio con un estimador de máxima verosimilitud. Se obtuvieron evidencias de consistencia interna mediante Omega de McDonald (ω), obteniéndose buenos índices de fiabilidad. Resultados. Los resultados muestran que la versión de la escala es válida y fiable para ser empleada en el contexto chileno. Se comprueba la estructura factorial de la escala original, la cual se compone de dos subescalas y 18 factores. Los hallazgos son consistentes con la versión validada en otros países de habla hispana. Discusión y conclusiones. Se puede concluir que esta escala es válida y confiable y que su uso es adecuado para contextos hispanófonos como el chileno. Las características psicométricas evidencian que es posible utilizar este instrumento para sus fines específicos, pero, además, dada su validez intercultural, realizar investigación comparada con otros países en los que este instrumento ha sido validado
Preparation of Nanocomposite Biopolymer Films from Commelina coelestis Willd Starch and Their Nanostructures as a Potential Replacement for Single-Use Polymers
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2024 by the authors.This study explored the effect of incorporating cellulose and starch nanoparticles, obtained from the Commelina coelestis Willd plant, on the physical and chemical properties of starch-based films derived from the same plant. Additionally, the synergistic effect of combining the nanostructures was assessed. The nanocomposite biopolymer films were prepared by the casting method using 1 and 3 wt% concentrations of the nanostructures (CNCs: cellulose nanocrystals, CNFs: cellulose nanofibers, SNCs: starch nanocrystals), or their blend. The physicochemical (swelling capacity and water solubility), morphological (SEM and AFM), thermal (DSC and TGA), and mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young’s modulus) of the films were evaluated. The nanocomposite biopolymer films exhibited better dimensional stability (40–60%) than the control films. Tensile strength (8–300%) and Young’s modulus (15–690%) were improved. Moreover, these films displayed enhanced thermal stability, withstanding temperatures exceeding 305 °C. FTIR spectra evidenced intermolecular interaction among the matrix and nanostructures. Microscopic analyses further supported the integrity of the films, which displayed a homogeneous surface and the absence of fractures. In addition, the nanocomposite biopolymer films prepared with 1 wt% cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibers had a lower opacity than those with a higher percentage (3 wt%). Overall, our findings suggest that the Commelina coelestis Willd is a promising starch source that can be used to obtain nanocomposite biopolymer films as an alternative to produce novel, efficient, and eco-friendly materials with adequate thermo-mechanical properties intended to replace conventional plastic materials in single-use applications such as those used in the food packaging industry
Rediseño Estratégico del Proceso de Gestión de Ventas Hyundai Infracore Chile SA
No full textIngeniería Industrial Advance, Licenciado en Ciencias de la IngenieríaHyundai Infracore Chile SA, (Hyundai Develon Infracore). De aquí en adelante HDI, es una Empresa de Venta y Mantención de maquinarias pesada y repuestos de equipos de Alto tonelaje y Altamente Tecnológicos para el movimiento de tierras, materiales y manejo de cargas complejas. Es parte de HD Hyundai Infracore, un proveedor de maquinarias pesadas de origen coreano orientado a dar soluciones a los distintos sectores de la industria, con el objetivo de crear valor para sus clientes a través de equipos con tecnología de punta y alta calidad. HD Hyundai Infracore Chile provee equipos para satisfacer las necesidades de los clientes, en rubros como minería, construcción, agrícola, entre otros. Cuentan con un amplio stock de repuestos y cobertura nacional, para que todos los proyectos industriales se mantengan en continua operación. Actualmente en la Empresa se encuentra en una baja de Ventas en la industria de maquinaria pesada para Minería, Forestal y Construcción, no obstante, la situación coyuntural económica, política y social hay una baja fuera de los parámetros establecidos por la compañía ya que en años de mayor incertidumbre han logrado estar por sobre las metas programadas. Actualmente el equipo de fuerza de ventas se encuentra con bajos resultados y según entrevista con el gerente general ha comentado sobre el particular que el cargo es muy técnico y de difícil reemplazo. Actualmente el 80% de la fuerza de ventas está conformado con personal con más de 20 años en la Empresa, no existiendo un manual de Ventas ni de Cargo, razón por la cual los nuevos integrantes han sido entrenados por los más antiguos a su manera. La empresa utiliza un CRM pipe drive para el seguimiento de los posibles negocios, cotizaciones y otros que históricamente lograba cerrar el negocio un 10 % de lo ingresado, hoy se encuentra en 8%. Del total de ventas de la compañía se ha determinado que el 20 % corresponde a la división de arriendo de maquinarias, servicio técnico y venta de Repuestos ingresos suficientes para financiar los costos de operación, sueldos, arriendos, insumos, costos operativos, etc. El restante 80% de los ingresos corresponde a las ventas de maquinarias y sobre este punto es gravitante la mejora ya que dependen las utilidades de la Empresa en Chile y su repartición internacional al conglomerado. El objetivo de La empresa en subir su Marker share (Cuota de Mercado) del 13 % al 20%, La posición hasta el año pasado se mantenía en promedio dentro del 12%, hoy está al 13%. La meta se quiere lograr en un plazo de 5 años siendo el primer paso definir situación actual de operación. En la entrevista con El gerente General de HD Hyundai Infracore Chile SA, en sus oficinas de Av. Américo Vespucio 1151 Quilicura plantea la problemática de la situación de la Compañía en la cual relaciona los siguientes datos; -El 20 % de la venta pertenece al área de Repuestos, Servicio Técnico y Arriendo de Equipos. -El 80% de la venta corresponde a maquinaria pesada Industrial nueva de alta tecnología. -La tasa de CRM (Pipe drive) es de un 8 %, cierre de negocios ingresados al sistema. -El 54 % del personal es administrativo y operativo. -El 46% del personal es Fuerza de ventas. -El Marker Share actual es de un 12.6 %, 5 puntos más bajo que el histórico de la Empresa. Sobre la actual situación expone que existe un Departamento de Marketing que ha liderado las campañas de penetración y presencia en el mercado, se están desarrollando estrategias que junto a la planificación de resultados a corto y mediano plazo han dado frutos en cuanto a captar solicitudes, pero el gran problema ha sido capitalizar esta demanda en forma adecuada ya que el porcentaje de cierre de negocios está por debajo de del indicador establecido internacionalmente. Es en este punto que se reflexiona que se debe comenzar a trabajar para el plan de reposicionamiento en un plazo de 5 años desde lo básico. ¿Su fuerza de ventas es efectiva?, está entrenada? ¿Ha evolucionado con el mercado?, en base a estas preguntas reflexionadas por el mismo se le pregunta por lo básico en una organización de este nivel, ¿Se ha actualizado el manual de cargos?, ¡¡a lo que él responde que no existe!!, se le pregunta por el manual de ventas del equipo y la respuesta es la misma. Sobre el particular comenta que el 80% de los vendedores son antiguos (20 años o más) y los nuevos han sido entrenados por los antiguos empleados.Hyundai Infracore Chile SA, (Hyundai Develon Infracore). Hereinafter HDI, is a company that sells and maintains heavy machinery and spare parts for high-tonnage and highly technological equipment for the movement of earth, materials and handling of complex loads. It is part of HD Hyundai Infracore, a Korean heavy machinery supplier focused on providing solutions to the different sectors of the industry, with the aim of creating value for our clients through equipment with cutting-edge technology and high quality. HD Hyundai Infracore Chile provides equipment to meet the needs of customers, in areas such as mining, construction, agriculture, among others. There is a large stock of spare parts and national coverage, so that all industrial projects remain in continuous operation. Currently, the company is experiencing a decline in sales in the heavy machinery industry for mining, forestry and construction; however, due to the current economic, political and social situation, there is a decline outside the parameters established by the company since in years of greater uncertainty they have managed to exceed the programmed goals. Currently, the sales force team is experiencing low results and, according to an interview with the general manager, he has commented on the matter that the position is very technical and difficult to replace. Currently, 80% of the sales force is made up of personnel with more than 20 years in the company, and there is no sales or position manual, which is why new members have been trained by the oldest ones in their own way. The company uses a CRM pipe drive to follow up on potential businesses, quotes and others, which historically managed to close 10% of the business received, today it is at 8%. Of the company's total sales, it has been determined that 20% corresponds to the machinery rental division, technical service and spare parts sales, which are sufficient income to finance operating costs, salaries, rents, supplies, operating costs, etc. The remaining 80% of the income corresponds to machinery sales and the improvement is critical to this point since the Company's profits in Chile and its international distribution depend on the conglomerate. The company's objective is to increase its Marker share (Market Share) from 13% to 20%. The position until last year was maintained on average within 12%, today it is at 13%. The goal is to be achieved within a period of 5 years, the first step being to define the current operating situation. In the interview with the General Manager of HD Hyundai Infracore Chile SA, in its offices at Av. Américo Vespucio 1151 Quilicura, he raises the problem of the Company's situation in which he relates the following data; - 20% of sales are in the Spare Parts, Technical Service and Equipment Rental área. -80% of sales are in new high-tech heavy industrial machinery. -The CRM (Pipe drive) rate is 8%, closing of businesses entered into the system. -54% of the staff is administrative and operational. -46% of the staff is Sales Force. -the current Marker Share is 12.6%, 5 points lower than the Company's historical figure. Regarding the current situation, he explains that there is a Marketing Department that has led the penetration and presence campaigns in the market, strategies are being developed that, together with the planning of short and medium-term results, have borne fruit in terms of capturing requests, but the big problem has been to capitalize on this demand in an appropriate manner since the percentage of business closures is below the internationally established indicator. It is at this point that he reflects that work must begin on the repositioning plan within a period of 5 years from the basics. Is your sales force effective? Is it trained? Has it evolved with the market? Based on these questions, he is asked about the basics in an organization of this level: Has the job manual been updated? He answers that it doesn't exist! He is asked about the team's sales manual and the answer is the same. On this subject, he comments that 80% of the salespeople are old (20 years or more) and the new ones have been trained by the old employees
Definition of Triangular Norms and Triangular Conorms on Subfamilies of Type-2 Fuzzy Sets
No full textLa revista Axioms está indexada en la base de datos SCIE (Web of Science, WoS), entre otras. Desde el 2023 está clasificada Q1, de Matemática Aplicada, según el ranking JCRIn certain stages of the application of a type-2 fuzzy logic system, it is necessary to perform operations between input or output fuzzy variables in order to compute the union, intersection, aggregation, complement, and so forth. In this context, operators that satisfy the axioms of t-norms and t-conorms are of particular significance, as they are applied to model intersection and union, respectively. Furthermore, the existence of a range of these operators allows for the selection of the t-norm or t-conorm that offers the optimal performance, in accordance with the specific context of the system. In this paper, we obtain new t-norms and t-conorms on some important subfamilies of the set of functions from [0, 1] to [0, 1]. The structure of these families provides a more solid algebraic foundation for the applications. In particular, we define these new operators on the subsets of the functions that are convex, normal, and normal and convex, as well as the functions taking only the values 0 or 1 and the subset of functions whose support is a finite union of closed intervals. These t-norms and t-conorms are generalized to the type-2 fuzzy set framework
Density modeling of chlorinated brines in two and three-component systems
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2024 The AuthorsThe paper presents a semi-empirical approach to determining densities of chlorinated brines in the 0–4 molal concentration range and 293.15–323.15 K temperature range. This model incorporates continuous density functions for chlorinated salts and temperature, offering enhanced accuracy and reduced errors in density estimations for complex brine systems, including ternary systems. The model provides precise density estimations for applications like seawater and salt flats by considering ion activities and specific concentration ranges. Comparative analysis shows the model's superior performance with error adjustments consistently below 0.2 %. The continuous variable temperature model proves more effective than discrete approaches, contributing to more accurate density predictions
Consecuencias psicosociales en los adultos producto del abuso infantil: revisión integrativa
No full textObjetivo: conocer la influencia del abuso infantil en el funcionamiento psicosocial de las personas en su adultez de acuerdo con evidencias previas de estudios publicados en revistas de corriente principal. Metodología: se realizó una revisión integrativa en las bases de datos Web Of Science, Medline, SCOPUS, Pubmed, CINAHL y ScienceDirect utilizando los descriptores MESH “Adult Survivors of Child Abuse” AND “Psychosocial Functioning”. Los criterios de inclusión fueron artículos publicados entre 2017 y 2022, en idioma español o inglés, cuya población fueran adultos que hubieran sufrido algún tipo de violencia en la infancia. Los criterios de exclusión fueron artículos de investigación secundaria, como revisiones, o que no estuvieran disponibles de forma gratuita o mediante las bases de datos. Resultados: se identificaron 2.528 artículos de forma inicial, quedando 16 para su análisis en texto completo y evaluación metodológica mediante Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT), 10 fueron investigaciones cuantitativas, tres cualitativas y tres mixtas; con respecto a la procedencia, 10 fueron realizados en Europa, cinco en Norteamérica y uno en Oceanía. Conclusiones: sufrir cualquier tipo de abuso en la niñez genera alteraciones de salud mental en los adultos, como, por ejemplo, ansiedad, depresión, estrés postraumático y trastorno límite de la personalidad, inclusive con conductas autolesivas o intentos de suicidio. Además, se ve afectado el ámbito social, encontrando menores niveles de apoyo social percibido y peores resultados en interacciones con otros
Front labeling, dietary patterns and body Mass index in older adults in Chile
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2024 - IOS Press. All rights reserved.OBJETIVE: To determine the association between the frequency of warning labels reading (WLR) in foods, with dietary patterns and Body Mass Index in older adults (OA). METHODOS: Secondary analysis study, carried out using the National Health Survey 2016-2017 database. Information about older adults' dietary patterns, front-of-package food labeling, anthropometric and demographic data were analyzed. Chi-square test was used for the statistical analysis and logistic regression. RESULTS: The number of participants was 1,510 (≥60 years old). It was noted that WLR in OA is associated with greater compliance with dietary guidelines with respect to fish consumption (p < 0.01), dairy products (p < 0.001), type of dairy (p < 0.001), whole grain cereals (p < 0.001), pulses (p < 0.05), fruits (p < 0.01), sugary drinks (p < 0.001) and water (p < 0.001), without significant differences in the consumption of vegetables (p = 0.167) and sugar-sweetened juices (p = 0.382), also without differences between WLR and Body Mass Index (p = 0.678). CONCLUSIONS: This study presents innovative data on older adults since it evaluates the behavior, the frequency of reading warning labels (WLR) in foods with dietary patterns, Chile, which is the first country in the world to have a warning labels mandatory.OBJETIVE: To determine the association between the frequency of warning labels reading (WLR) in foods, with dietary patterns and Body Mass Index in older adults (OA). METHODOS: Secondary analysis study, carried out using the National Health Survey 2016-2017 database. Information about older adults' dietary patterns, front-of-package food labeling, anthropometric and demographic data were analyzed. Chi-square test was used for the statistical analysis and logistic regression. RESULTS: The number of participants was 1,510 (≥60 years old). It was noted that WLR in OA is associated with greater compliance with dietary guidelines with respect to fish consumption (p < 0.01), dairy products (p < 0.001), type of dairy (p < 0.001), whole grain cereals (p < 0.001), pulses (p < 0.05), fruits (p < 0.01), sugary drinks (p < 0.001) and water (p < 0.001), without significant differences in the consumption of vegetables (p = 0.167) and sugar-sweetened juices (p = 0.382), also without differences between WLR and Body Mass Index (p = 0.678). CONCLUSIONS: This study presents innovative data on older adults since it evaluates the behavior, the frequency of reading warning labels (WLR) in foods with dietary patterns, Chile, which is the first country in the world to have a warning labels mandatory
Biocidal effects of organometallic materials supported on ZSM-5 Zeolite: Influence of the physicochemical and surface properties
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2024 The AuthorsAntifouling coatings containing biocidal agents can be used to prevent the accumulation of biotic deposits on submerged surfaces; however, several commercial biocides can negatively affect the ecosystem. In this study, various formulations of a potential biocide product comprising copper nanoparticles and capsaicin supported on zeolite ZSM-5 were analyzed to determine the influence of the concentration of each component. The incorporation of copper was evidenced by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Similarly, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that capsaicin was supported on the zeolite surface. The presence of capsaicin on the external zeolite surface significantly reduced the surface area of the zeolite. Finally, bacterial growth inhibition analysis showed that copper nanoparticles inhibited the growth of strains Idiomarina loihiensis UCO25, Pseudoalteromonas sp. UCO92, and Halomonas boliviensis UCO24 while the organic component acted as a reinforcing biocide