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Accessing Sexual and Reproductive Health Services in Chile : Women with Disabilities and Their Experience with Gynaecological and Obstetric Violence
No full textPublisher Copyright: © The Author(s) 2024.Introduction: Although access to sexual and reproductive health services is a human right, violations of the rights of women with disabilities in this aspect are frequent. However, there are no studies regarding gynaecological and obstetric violence that this population subgroup may face. This qualitative study is aimed at identifying and analysing the experiences of women with disabilities with regard to gynaecological and obstetric violence in Chile. Methods: From a feminist phenomenological paradigm of research, data were collected from March 2017 to December 2018. Women with disabilities (n = 18) were interviewed regarding their experiences. Data were analysed through thematic analysis. Results: The experiences of women with disabilities regarding gynaecological and obstetric violence fall under three central categories: (a) health inequity in communication, (b) objectification of girls’ and women’s bodies through practices, such as forced sterilisation, and (c) intimidation and discrimination related to maternity. Conclusions: Gynaecological and obstetric violence of women with disabilities is a present form of gender-based violence in Chile. Such instances occur systematically and persistently and lead to the dehumanisation of healthcare, an increase in health inequities, and the creation of particularly complex scenarios experienced by women with disabilities regarding access to sexual and reproductive healthcare. Policy Implications: It is necessary to promote research on gynaecological and obstetric violence faced by women with disabilities, take action against this form of gender-based violence, and improve access to sexual and reproductive services for this population. Specific recommendations aimed at the elimination of gynaecological and obstetric violence are given
Microglial reactivity in brainstem chemosensory nuclei in response to hypercapnia
No full textPublisher Copyright: Copyright © 2024 Eugenín, Beltrán-Castillo, Irribarra, Pulgar-Sepúlveda, Abarca and von Bernhardi.Microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS, surveil, detect, and respond to various extracellular signals. Depending on the nature of these signals, an integrative microglial response can be triggered, resulting in a phenotypic transformation. Here, we evaluate whether hypercapnia modifies microglia phenotype in brainstem respiratory-related nuclei. Adult C57BL/6 inbred mice were exposed to 10% CO2 enriched air (hypercapnia), or pure air (control), for 10 or 30 min and immediately processed for immunohistochemistry to detect the ubiquitous microglia marker, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1). Hypercapnia for thirty, but not 10 min reduced the Iba1 labeling percent coverage in the ventral respiratory column (VRC), raphe nucleus (RN), and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and the number of primary branches in VRC. The morphological changes persisted, at least, for 60 min breathing air after the hypercapnic challenge. No significant changes were observed in Iba1+ cells in the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Sp5) and the hippocampus. In CF-1 outbred mice, 10% CO2 followed by 60 min of breathing air, resulted in the reduction of Iba1 labeling percent coverage and the number and length of primary branches in VRC, RN, and NTS. No morphological change was observed in Iba1+ cells in Sp5 and hippocampus. Double immunofluorescence revealed that prolonged hypercapnia increased the expression of CD86, an inflammatory marker for reactive state microglia, in Iba1+ cells in VRC, RN, and NTS, but not in Sp5 and hippocampus in CF-1 mice. By contrast, the expression of CD206, a marker of regulatory state microglia, persisted unmodified. In brainstem, but not in hippocampal microglia cultures, hypercapnia increased the level of IL1β, but not that of TGFβ measured by ELISA. Our results show that microglia from respiratory-related chemosensory nuclei, are reactive to prolonged hypercapnia acquiring an inflammatory-like phenotype
Diferencias anatómicas e histológicas del tejido linfoide asociado a mucosas (MALT) en dos especies de salmónidos provenientes de la Región de Los Lagos, Chile
Get PDFEl presente estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar las diferencias anatómicas e
histológicas del tejido linfoide asociado a mucosas (MALT) en dos especies de
salmónidos, Salmo salar (salmón del Atlántico) y Oncorhynchus mykiss (trucha arcoíris),
provenientes de la Región de los Lagos, Chile. Dos especies de importancia en la
acuicultura del país, para ello se analizaron 5 ejemplares de cada especie mediante
necropsias y análisis histológicos en órganos clave como la boca, branquias, aletas, piel
y tracto digestivo. Los resultados muestran diferencias en la cantidad, distribución y
morfología del MALT entre ambas especies. En Salmo salar, los acúmulos linfoides son
más abundantes en la boca y el tracto digestivo, donde presentan un tamaño mayor y
una distribución más dispersa, principalmente en la submucosa. En contraste,
Oncorhynchus mykiss muestra una mayor cantidad de acúmulos en las branquias,
aunque estos son más pequeños y localizados. Los acúmulos en la boca y aletas de O.
mykiss tienden a ser más alargados y angostos, a diferencia de los acúmulos más
circulares observados en S. salar. La piel en ambas especies presenta una baja
presencia de MALT, con acúmulos difícilmente visualizables, ubicados en el subcutáneo
o infiltrados en la musculatura superficial. En general, S. salar exhibe una mayor
presencia de MALT en las regiones analizadas en comparación con O. mykiss. Estos
hallazgos sugieren diferencias en la respuesta inmunitaria entre las dos especies, lo
que podría tener implicaciones significativas para su manejo y salud en la acuicultura.The present study aimed to investigate the anatomical and histological
differences of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in two salmonid species,
Salmo salar (Atlantic salmon) and Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), from the Los
Lagos Region, Chile. These are two important species in the country's aquaculture
industry. To this end, five specimens of each species were analyzed through necropsies
and histological analysis of key organs such as the mouth, gills, fins, skin, and digestive
tract. The results show differences in the quantity, distribution, and morphology of MALT
between the two species. In Salmo salar, lymphoid accumulations are more abundant in
the mouth and digestive tract, where they are larger and more diffusely distributed,
mainly in the submucosa. In contrast, Oncorhynchus mykiss exhibits a greater number
of accumulations in the gills, although these are smaller and more localized. The
accumulations in the mouth and fins of O. mykiss tend to be more elongated and
narrower, unlike the more circular accumulations observed in S. salar. The skin in both
species shows a low presence of MALT, with accumulations barely visible, located in the
subcutaneous tissue or infiltrated into the superficial musculature. Overall, S. salar
exhibits a greater presence of MALT in the analyzed regions compared to O. mykiss.
These findings suggest differences in the immune response between the two species,
which could have significant implications for their management and health in
aquaculture
Binding Citizenship as a Bridge between Communities and Institutions: Dialogues between Christian Social Ethics, Political Philosophy and Social Sciences : Dialogues between Christian Social Ethics, Political Philosophy and Social Sciences
No full textPublisher Copyright: © Marianne Daher et al., 2024.People are intrinsically relational beings and this need to interact is channelled into the establishment of communities, whose organization is often formalized into institutions. An opposition between both types of groups has been raised in the literature. This article seeks to critically analyze the relationship between communities and institutions, based on Christian social ethics, political philosophy, and social sciences through a bibliographic exploration and a transdisciplinary discussion. The concepts of community and institution are analyzed and citizenship connections with both concepts are discussed, considering two different traditions of citizenship, and its relationship with democratic culture and community building. To conclude, the concept of binding citizenship as a bridge between communities and institutions is proposed, and solidarity and liberty are considered as two principles that become integrated and can coexist in communities and institutions
International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis clinical practice guideline for treatment of congenital hemophilia A and B based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology
No full textAbstract Background: Hemophilia is a rare congenital bleeding disorder that results from complete or partial deficiency of blood coagulation factor (F)VIII (hemophilia A) or FIX (hemophilia B) due to pathogenic variants in their coding genes. Hemophilia requires complex management. To date, there is no evidence-based clinical practice guideline on hemophilia treatment based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Objectives: This evidence-based clinical practice guideline from the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis aims to provide an overview of evidence and support patients, caregivers, hematologists, pediatricians, other clinicians, researchers, and stakeholders in treatment decisions about congenital hemophilia A and B. Methods: The International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis formed a multidisciplinary guideline panel of physicians and patients with global representation, balanced to minimize potential bias from conflicts of interest. The panel prioritized a set of clinical questions and outcomes according to their importance for clinicians and patients. A methodological team supported the guideline development process, including searching for evidence and performing systematic reviews. The GRADE approach was used, including GRADE Evidence to Decision frameworks. The recommendations were subject to public comment. Results: The panel selected 13 questions, of which 11 addressed the treatment of hemophilia A and 2 the treatment of hemophilia B. Specifically, the panel addressed questions on prophylactic and episodic treatment with FVIII concentrates, bypassing agents, and nonfactor therapy (emicizumab) for hemophilia A (with and without inhibitors) as well as immune tolerance induction for hemophilia A. For hemophilia B, the panel addressed questions on prophylactic and episodic treatment of bleeding events with FIX concentrates. Agreement was reached for all 13 recommendations, of which 7 (54%) were based on evidence from randomized clinical trials, 3 (23%) on observational studies, and 3 (23%) on indirect comparisons. Conclusion: Strong recommendations were issued for prophylactic over episodic treatment for severe and moderately severe hemophilia A and B. Only conditional recommendations were issued for the remaining questions. Future research should focus on direct treatment comparisons and the treatment of hemophilia B with and without inhibitors. Future updates of this guideline will provide an updated evidence synthesis on the current questions and focus on new FVIII and FIX concentrates, novel nonfactor therapies, and gene therapy for severe and nonsevere hemophilia A and B. Keywords: bleeding; clinical practice guideline; evidence-based practice; hemophilia A; hemophilia B
¿Qué aportan los fondos de conocimiento e identidad al interés por la formación inicial docente?
No full textFormar docentes comprometidos con una educación de calidad es uno de los actuales desafíos de laformación inicial docente; al respecto, las medidas y reformas implementadas requieren considerarla construcción identitaria del profesorado en formación, para confluir en un cambio educativoprofundo e integral. El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar y caracterizar los fondos deconocimiento e identidad de los estudiantes de Pedagogía General Básica en su ingreso a dosuniversidades de La Araucanía, Chile. Respecto de la metodología, el estudio corresponde a unainvestigación descriptiva y cualitativa. Los participantes fueron 34 estudiantes, cuyas narrativasautobiográficas fueron sometidas al análisis de contenido mediante la construcción de códigos ycategorías del corpus. Se identificó que, desde los fondos de conocimiento e identidad, es posibleconfigurar la identidad del futuro profesor del siglo XXI; además, se afirma la importancia deconsiderarlas en los procesos de formación académica
A High-Performance Fractional Order Controller Based on Chaotic Manta-Ray Foraging and Artificial Ecosystem-Based Optimization Algorithms Applied to Dual Active Bridge Converter
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2024 by the authors.Over the last decade, dual active bridge (DAB) converters have become critical components in high-frequency power conversion systems. Recently, intensive efforts have been directed at optimizing DAB converter design and control. In particular, several strategies have been proposed to improve the performance of DAB control systems. For example, fractional-order (FO) control methods have proven potential in several applications since they offer improved controllability, flexibility, and robustness. However, the FO controller design process is critical for industrializing their use. Conventional FO control design methods use frequency domain-based design schemes, which result in complex and impractical designs. In addition, several nonlinear equations need to be solved to determine the optimum parameters. Currently, metaheuristic algorithms are used to design FO controllers due to their effectiveness in improving system performance and their ability to simultaneously tune possible design parameters. Moreover, metaheuristic algorithms do not require precise and detailed knowledge of the controlled system model. In this paper, a hybrid algorithm based on the chaotic artificial ecosystem-based optimization (AEO) and manta-ray foraging optimization (MRFO) algorithms is proposed with the aim of combining the best features of each. Unlike the conventional MRFO method, the newly proposed hybrid AEO-CMRFO algorithm enables the use of chaotic maps and weighting factors. Moreover, the AEO and CMRFO hybridization process enables better convergence performance and the avoidance of local optima. Therefore, superior FO controller performance was achieved compared to traditional control design methods and other studied metaheuristic algorithms. An exhaustive study is provided, and the proposed control method was compared with traditional control methods to verify its advantages and superiority
[Ag(Sn9-Sn9)]5− and [(η4-Sn9)Ag(η1-Sn9)]7−, as aggregates of spherical aromatic building blocks. Persistence of aromaticity upon cluster gathering
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2024 The Royal Society of Chemistry.Formation of cluster-based materials requires a fundamental understanding of the resulting cluster aggregation processes. The Sn94− Zintl-ion structure can be viewed as a building block featuring a spherical aromatic species, leading to a cluster gathering upon oxidative coupling and/or mediated by transition metals. Here, we evaluate the spherical aromatic properties of [Sn9-Sn9]6−, [Ag(Sn9-Sn9)]5− and [(η4-Sn9)Ag(η1-Sn9)]7−, as aggregates of two Sn9 building units held together via oxidative coupling and mediated by a Ag(i) transition metal center. Our results from magnetic criteria of aromaticity show that the inherent spherical aromatic characteristics of the parent Sn94− cluster are persistent in the overall aggregate where the enabled shielding cones ascribed to each Sn9 unit are able to interplay between them, leading to an overlap of the shielding regions. Hence, the two approaches for bringing cluster units together are able to retain the inherent spherical aromatic features for each Sn9 unit, leading to a cluster-based dimer where the parent properties remain. Thus, further cluster-based materials can be envisaged from aggregation upon oxidative coupling and/or mediated by transition metals, where the constituent building blocks retain their initial features, useful to guide the formation of more complex cluster-based aggregates
Development of Variable Charge Cationic Hydrogel Particles with Potential Application in the Removal of Amoxicillin and Sulfamethoxazole from Water
No full textCationic hydrogel particles (CHPs) crosslinked with glutaraldehyde were synthesized and characterized to evaluate their removal capacity for two globally consumed antibiotics: amoxicillin and sulfamethoxazole. The obtained material was characterized by FTIR, SEM, and TGA, confirming effective crosslinking. The optimal working pH was determined to be 6.0 for amoxicillin and 4.0 for sulfamethoxazole. Under these conditions, the CHPs achieved over 90.0% removal of amoxicillin after 360 min at room temperature, while sulfamethoxazole removal reached approximately 60.0% after 300 min. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that adsorption occurs through a physisorption process and is endothermic. The ΔH° values of 28.38 kJ mol−1, 12.39 kJ mol−1, and ΔS° 97.19 J mol−1 K−1, and 33.94 J mol−1 K−1 for AMX and SMX, respectively. These results highlight the potential of CHPs as promising materials for the removal of such contaminants from aqueous medi
International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis clinical practice guideline for treatment of congenital hemophilia A and B based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2024Abstract Background: Hemophilia is a rare congenital bleeding disorder that results from complete or partial deficiency of blood coagulation factor (F)VIII (hemophilia A) or FIX (hemophilia B) due to pathogenic variants in their coding genes. Hemophilia requires complex management. To date, there is no evidence-based clinical practice guideline on hemophilia treatment based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Objectives: This evidence-based clinical practice guideline from the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis aims to provide an overview of evidence and support patients, caregivers, hematologists, pediatricians, other clinicians, researchers, and stakeholders in treatment decisions about congenital hemophilia A and B. Methods: The International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis formed a multidisciplinary guideline panel of physicians and patients with global representation, balanced to minimize potential bias from conflicts of interest. The panel prioritized a set of clinical questions and outcomes according to their importance for clinicians and patients. A methodological team supported the guideline development process, including searching for evidence and performing systematic reviews. The GRADE approach was used, including GRADE Evidence to Decision frameworks. The recommendations were subject to public comment. Results: The panel selected 13 questions, of which 11 addressed the treatment of hemophilia A and 2 the treatment of hemophilia B. Specifically, the panel addressed questions on prophylactic and episodic treatment with FVIII concentrates, bypassing agents, and nonfactor therapy (emicizumab) for hemophilia A (with and without inhibitors) as well as immune tolerance induction for hemophilia A. For hemophilia B, the panel addressed questions on prophylactic and episodic treatment of bleeding events with FIX concentrates. Agreement was reached for all 13 recommendations, of which 7 (54%) were based on evidence from randomized clinical trials, 3 (23%) on observational studies, and 3 (23%) on indirect comparisons. Conclusion: Strong recommendations were issued for prophylactic over episodic treatment for severe and moderately severe hemophilia A and B. Only conditional recommendations were issued for the remaining questions. Future research should focus on direct treatment comparisons and the treatment of hemophilia B with and without inhibitors. Future updates of this guideline will provide an updated evidence synthesis on the current questions and focus on new FVIII and FIX concentrates, novel nonfactor therapies, and gene therapy for severe and nonsevere hemophilia A and B. Keywords: bleeding; clinical practice guideline; evidence-based practice; hemophilia A; hemophilia B