Atılım Academic Archive (Atılım University)
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Effect of Knee Hyperextension on Femoral Cartilage Thickness in Stroke Patients
Get PDFSeckinogullari Korkusuz, Busra/0000-0002-8484-3659; Aritan, Serdar/0000-0001-6430-3156ObjectiveKnee hyperextension is one of the most common compensatory mechanisms in stroke patients. The first aim of the study was to measure knee hyperextension and femoral cartilage thickness in stroke patients. The second aim was to compare the femoral cartilage thickness of the paretic and nonparetic limbs in stroke patients with and without knee hyperextension.DesignForty stroke patients were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of knee hyperextension based on kinematic analyses performed during walking with a three-dimensional motion analysis system. The medial femoral cartilage, lateral femoral cartilage, and intercondylar cartilage thicknesses of the paretic and nonparetic sides of the patients were measured by ultrasonography.ResultsIn the study group, medial femoral cartilage, intercondylar, and lateral femoral cartilage thicknesses were less on the paretic side than on the nonparetic side, while the femoral cartilage thicknesses on the paretic and nonparetic sides were similar in the control group. Paretic side medial femoral cartilage and intercondylar thicknesses were less in the study group compared with the control group, and lateral femoral cartilage thickness was similar between the two groups.ConclusionsKnee hyperextension during walking causes femoral cartilage degeneration in stroke patients.Clinical Trial code: NCT05513157ConclusionsKnee hyperextension during walking causes femoral cartilage degeneration in stroke patients.Clinical Trial code: NCT0551315
A Study in the Implementation of Convolutional Neural Network for Image Classification in Frequency Domain
No full textBu tezde, Evrişimsel Sinir Ağları (CNN'ler) son yıllarda çeşitli görüntü işleme ve bilgisayarlı görme görevlerinde dikkate değer başarılar elde etmiştir. Geleneksel CNN'ler doğrudan uzaysal alan görüntüleri üzerinde çalışır. Bununla birlikte, Hızlı Fourier Dönüşümü (FFT) yoluyla elde edilen görüntülerin frekans alanı gösterimi, piksel değerlerinin ilişkisizleştirilmesi ve hesaplama karmaşıklığında potansiyel azalma gibi benzersiz avantajlar sunar. Bu tez, görüntü sınıflandırmasını ve tanıma doğruluğunu artırmak için FFT ile dönüştürülmüş görüntülerin CNN algoritmalarına girdi olarak kullanılmasının etkilerini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma, FFT'nin teorik temellerinin ve özelliklerinin kapsamlı bir incelemesiyle başlıyor. Daha sonra CNN'ler için ön işleme ardışık düzenlerinde FFT'nin entegrasyonunu araştırıyor. Giriş görüntülerini uzamsal alandan frekans alanına dönüştürerek, CNN'lerin en önemli frekans bileşenlerine odaklanarak daha verimli öğrenebileceğini, dolayısıyla yakınsama oranlarını ve genel performansı potansiyel olarak iyileştirebileceğini varsayıyoruz. Bunun etkinliğini değerlendirmek için CIFAR-10 (Kanada İleri Araştırma Enstitüsü), MNIST (Modifiye Ulusal Standartlar ve Teknoloji Enstitüsü)-Digits ve MNIST-Fashion dahil olmak üzere çeşitli kıyaslama veri setleri kullanılarak deneyler gerçekleştirildi. yaklaşmak. FFT ile dönüştürülmüş görüntüler çeşitli CNN mimarilerine beslendi ve sonuçlar, geleneksel uzaysal alan girdileri kullanılarak elde edilenlerle karşılaştırıldı. Sınıflandırma doğruluğu, eğitim süresi ve hesaplamalı kaynak kullanımı gibi ölçümler titizlikle analiz edildi. Sonuçlar, FFT tabanlı ön işlemenin, özellikle veri kümelerinin yüksek frekanslı gürültü veya gereksiz bilgi içerdiği senaryolarda, sınıflandırma doğruluğunda iyileştirmelere yol açabileceğini göstermektedir. Ancak faydaların farklı veri kümeleri ve ağ mimarileri arasında farklılık göstermesi, FFT ön işlemenin etkililiğinin bağlama bağlı olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Sonuç olarak bu tez, FFT ön işlemesinin CNN iş akışlarına dahil edilmesinin görüntü işleme görevlerini geliştirme konusunda umut vaat ettiğini göstermektedir. Bulgular, hem uzaysal hem de frekans alanı bilgisinden yararlanan hibrit modellerin geliştirilmesi ve FFT tabanlı tekniklerin diğer sinir ağı türlerine ve makine öğrenimi algoritmalarına uygulanması da dahil olmak üzere gelecekteki araştırmalar için yollar önermektedir. Bu çalışma, bilgisayarlı görme alanını geliştirmek için frekans alanı analizinin derin öğrenme metodolojileriyle nasıl sinerjik olarak entegre edilebileceğinin daha geniş bir şekilde anlaşılmasına katkıda bulunmaktadır.In recent years, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have achieved remarkable success in various image processing and computer vision tasks. Traditional CNNs operate directly on spatial domain images. However, the frequency domain representation of images obtained through Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) offers unique advantages, such as decorrelation of pixel values and potential reduction in computational complexity. This thesis aims to investigate the effects of using FFT-transformed images as input to CNN algorithms to enhance image classification and recognition accuracy. The research begins with a comprehensive examination of the theoretical foundations and properties of FFT. It then explores the integration of FFT in preprocessing pipelines for CNNs. By converting input images from the spatial domain to the frequency domain, we hypothesize that CNNs can learn more efficiently by focusing on the most significant frequency components, thereby potentially improving convergence rates and overall performance. Experiments were con- ducted using various benchmark datasets, including CIFAR-10(Canadian Institute For Advanced Research), MNIST(Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology)-Digits, and MNIST-Fashion, to evaluate the efficacy of this approach. FFT-transformed images were fed into various CNN architectures, and the results were compared with those obtained using traditional spatial domain inputs. Metrics such as classification accuracy, training time, and computational resource utilization were meticulously analyzed. The results indicate that FFT-based preprocessing can lead to improvements in classification accuracy, particularly in scenarios where the datasets contain high-frequency noise or redundant information. However, the benefits varied across different datasets and network architectures, suggesting that the effectiveness of FFT preprocessing may be context dependent. In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates that incorporating FFT preprocessing into CNN work- flows holds promise for enhancing image processing tasks. The findings suggest avenues for future research, including the development of hybrid models that leverage both spatial and frequency domain information and the application of FFT-based techniques to other types of neural networks and machine learning algorithms. This study contributes to a broader understanding of how frequency domain analysis can be synergistically integrated with deep learning methodologies to advance the field of computer vision
Experimental and Numerical Analyses of Reinforced Polymer Composites
No full textTaze hurda Düşük Yoğunluklu Polietilen (LDPE) ve Poliüretan (PU) esaslı kompozitler, taze hurda kauçuk ve kısa karbon ve cam elyaf takviyeleri ile tasarlanmış olup, bu malzemelerin sertleşme mekanizmaları, mekanik ve fiziksel özellikleri ile mikroyapısal ve kırılma yüzeyi analizi açısından detaylı olarak araştırılmaktadır. Bu kompozitlerin mekanik özellikleri, temel malzeme karakteristikleri hakkında kritik bilgiler toplamak için kapsamlı bir şekilde incelenmektedir. Matris içindeki takviyelerin hacim yüzdesinin belirlenmesinden sonra, takviyelerin sertleşme mekanizmaları üzerindeki etkilerine odaklanılmaktadır; karbon ve cam elyaf takviyeleri kompozitlerin çok işlevselliklerini artırmak için kullanılmaktadır. Genel karakterizasyonların ardından ek testler ve ölçümler yapılmaktadır. Test sonuçları daha sonra ABAQUS/Standard ile sonlu elemanlar analizi (FEA) kullanılarak sayısal olarak yeniden üretilmektedir. Simülasyonlar, farklı boyutlardaki makroyapılar üzerinde farklı rastgele içeriklerle gerçekleştirilerek sayısal sonuçların tutarlılığı doğrulanmaktadır. Rastgele dağılmış içerikler içeren temsilci hacim elemanları (RVE'ler), homojenleştirme için kullanılmakta ve heterojen kompoziti homojen bir malzeme olarak yaklaşık olarak temsil etmek için periyodik sınır koşulları (PBC'ler) kullanılmaktadır. Heterojen kompozitin gerilme-şekil değiştirme tepkisi, temsili hacim elemanları üzerinde ortalama gerilme ve şekil değiştirme tensörleri değerlendirilerek karakterize edilmektedir. Ayrıca, malzeme modeli, örtük doğrusal olmayan sonlu eleman hesaplamaları için bir kullanıcı altrutini (UMAT) olarak uygulanmaktadır. Sayısal sonuçların deneysel sonuçlarla karşılaştırmalı analizi, simülasyon yaklaşımının güvenilirliğini ve doğruluğunu doğrulamaktadır.Fresh scrap Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and Polyurethane (PU) based composites, designed with fresh scrap rubber and short carbon and glass fiber reinforcements, are thoroughly investigated regarding toughening mechanisms, mechanical and physical properties, and microstructural and fracture surface analysis. The mechanical properties of these composites are thoroughly examined to collect crucial information on fundamental material characteristics. After determining the volume percent of inclusions in the matrix, the focus shifts to the effects of the reinforcements on toughening mechanisms, with carbon and glass fibers employed to enhance the multifunctionality of the composites. Following general characterizations, additional tests and measurements are conducted. The test results are then numerically reproduced using finite element analysis (FEA) with ABAQUS/Standard. Simulations are executed with varied randomizations of inclusions across differently sized macrostructures to confirm the consistency of numerical outcomes. Representative volume elements (RVEs) featuring randomly dispersed inclusions are employed for homogenization, utilizing periodic boundary conditions (PBCs) to approximate the heterogeneous composite as a homogeneous material equivalent. The stress-strain response of the heterogeneous composite is characterized by assessing average stress and strain tensors over integration volume elements. Furthermore, a material model is implemented as a user subroutine (UMAT) for conducting implicit nonlinear finite element calculations. Comparative analysis of numerical outcomes with experimental results verifies the reliability and accuracy of the simulation approach
Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Treatment Management Adherence Scale for Children With Multiple Sclerosis
No full textYuksel, Didem/0000-0003-2120-7679Background: Pediatric multiple sclerosis (pMS) is a chronic inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease affecting the central nervous system in children and adolescents The aim of this correlational, comparative study was to develop an assessment scale for adherence to treatment management in pMS. Methods: Two measurement tools were used to develop a scientifically sound tool to assess adherence in pediatric patients (12-18 years) diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). Cases of pMS (n = 120) in 7 hospitals in Turkey were included between August 2021-February 2022. The tools were a "Sociodemographic and Disease-Related Information" and a newly developed "Treatment Management Adherence Scale for Children with Multiple Sclerosis". The form and questionnaire were completed by the children through online using the Zoom platform in approximately 10 min. The questionnaire on adherence contains 16 items related to the disease and treatment, scored in a 5-point Likert type. Face validity was established by pretesting with 20 children, and construct validity was established using the statistical methods of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. For the reliability of the scale, Cronbach's Alpha and omega coefficients, item test correlation values, split-half, test-retest techniques were used. Results: There were 120 eligible patients, 71.2 % girls, with mean age (fSD) 13,6 f 2,2 years at disease onset and 15,7 f 1,5 at the time of the study, all under disease-modifying therapy. The sample size and items were sufficient to conduct a factor analysis. The Cronbach's Alpha and Omega value was 0.75, indicating participants' opinions were consistent across items. The mean content validity index was 0.93, showing the scale represented the measured data, and the exploratory factor analysis showed the scale measures adherence in 55 % of patients (desired figures: >0.80 and 40-60 % respectively). The 16 items of the questionnaire were grouped into 4 dimensions. These dimensions were termed 'physiological', 'self-concept', 'role function' and 'interdependence', in line with different styles of adaptation. The total score can be between 16 and 80, with higher scores indicating strong adherence to treatment. The mean total score of 54,3 f 9,53 (min=31, max= 75) in this study was in the "moderate adherence" range. Conclusions: This new scale is the first to assess adherence in pMS. The study supports its validity, reliability, and likelihood to address adjustment issues in children and adolescents with MS accurately and can be recommended for clinical use.Science Citation Index Expande
The Effect of Combined Hydrolyzed Type 2 Collagen, Methylsulfonylmethane, Glucosamine Sulfate and Chondroitin Sulfate Supplementation on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms
No full textCinar, Ece/0000-0002-9710-1582; Ayhan, Fikriye Figen/0000-0001-6906-991X; Utkan Karasu, Ayca/0000-0003-3618-0974Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the combined hydrolyzed type 2 collagen, methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), glucosamine sulfate (GS), and chondroitin sulfate (CS) supplement on knee pain intensity in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Patients and methods: This multicenter, observational, noninterventional study included 98 patients (78 females, 20 males; mean age: 52.8±6.5 years; range, 40 to 64 years) who had Grade 1-3 knee OA between May 2022 and November 2022. The patients were prescribed the combination of hydrolyzed type 2 collagen, MSM, GS, and CS as a supplement for knee OA. The sachet form of the combined supplement containing 1250 mg hydrolyzed type 2 collagen, 750 mg MSM, 750 mg GS, and 400 mg CS was used once daily for two consecutive months. Patients were evaluated according to the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Visual Analog Scale (VAS)-pain, and Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). Patients were scheduled to visit for follow-up four weeks (Visit 2) and eight weeks (Visit 3) after Visit 1 (baseline; day 0 of the study). Results: For the VAS-pain, WOMAC, WOMAC-subscale, and HAQ scores, the differences in improvement between the three visits were significant (p<0.001 for all). The patient compliance with the supplement was a median of 96.77%, both for Visit 2 and Visit 3. Conclusion: The combination of hydrolyzed type 2 collagen, MSM, GS, and CS for eight weeks in knee OA was considered an effective and safe nutritional supplement.Eczacimath;bascedil;imath; Ilac Pazarlama, Istanbul, TurkiyeThis study was funded by Eczac & imath;ba & scedil;& imath; Ilac Pazarlama, Istanbul, Turkiye
Analysis of Economic Growth and Defense Expenditures Using Non-Linear Unit Root Tests: a Glance From the Past To the Present
Get PDFKamu harcamaları içinde önemli bir kalem olan savunma harcamaları ülkelerin Gayri Safi Yurt İçi Hasılasının (GSYH) önemli bir oranına sahip olduğu bilinmektedir. Savunma harcamalarını ise günümüz koşullarında etkileyen ve değiştiren birçok etken bulunmaktadır. Sosyal etkenlerden teknolojik gelişmelere kadar çeşitlilik arz eden bu değişkenler, Toplam Faktör Verimliliği vasıtasıyla GSYH'yi etkilediği ortaya çıkmıştır. Etkileme sonucunda ise ele alınan ülkelerin savunma harcamasının ABD savunma harcaması ortalamasına yakınsaması durumunda, bu ülkelerin GSYH'sinin de ABD GSYH'sine yakınsadığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Çalışmada ele alınan 83 ülkenin, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) (Stockholm Uluslararası Barış Araştırmaları Enstitüsü)' ve 'The World Bank (WB) (Dünya Bankası)' sitesinden elde edilen 1961-2022 yılları arasındaki yıllık verileri ile analizler gerçekleştirilmiş olup, ülkelerin yakınsama ve ıraksama durumları incelenmiştir. Kullanılan verilerin doğrusal olmaması üzerine, doğrusal olmayan birim kök testlerinden olan LNV testi, KSS testi ve Sollis testlerinin yanısıra Omay testi, SOR testi ve CEO testine yer verilerek yapılan çalışmanın sonucunda 6 ülke hariç ele alınan ülkelerin savunma harcamalarının ABD savunma harcamalarına yakınsadığını; savunma harcamalarının yakınsadığı ülkelerde ise GSYH'nın da yakınsadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.It is known that defense expenditures, which are an important item among public expenditures, have a significant proportion of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of countries. There are many factors that affect and change defense expenditures in today's conditions. It has been revealed that these variables, which vary from social factors to technological developments, affect GDP through Total Factor Productivity. As a result of the influence, it was concluded that if the defense expenditure of the countries considered converges to the average of the US defense expenditure, the GDP of these countries also converges to the US GDP. Analyzes were carried out with the annual data of the 83 countries included in the study between 1961 and 2022, obtained from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)' and 'The World Bank (WB)' website. The convergence and divergence situations of the countries were examined. Due to the non-linearity of the data used, as a result of the study, which included the LNV test, CSR test and Sollis tests, which are non-linear unit root tests, as well as the Omay test, SOR test and CEO test, the defense expenditures of the countries considered, except for 6 countries, converged to the US defense expenditures; It has been concluded that in countries where defense expenditures converge, GDP also converges
Uykusuzluk Bozukluğunun Psikolojik Modelleri: Güncel Bir Derleme
No full textUykusuzluk bozukluğu kişisel ve toplumsal maliyetler yaratan; başlıca uykuya dalmada zorlanma, uykuyu sürdürmede güçlük ve sabah planlanandan daha erken saatlerde uyanma belirtileri ile karakterize olan psikiyatrik bir rahatsızlıktır. Toplumun yaklaşık %10’unun uykusuzluk bozukluğuna sahip olduğu düşünülmektedir. Çalışmalar uykusuzluk bozukluğuna sahip olmanın genel hayat kalitesini düşürdüğünü, günlük işlevselliği azalttığını, bazı psikomotor ve bilişsel becerilerde bozulmalara sebep olduğunu, iş performansını düşürdüğünü, iş yerinde daha fazla devamsızlık yapmaya sebep olduğunu ve uykusuzluk bozukluğu dışındaki rahatsızlıklar için artan tedavi maliyetleri ortaya çıkardığını göstermektedir. Tüm bunlara ek olarak uykusuzluğun pek çok farklı psikiyatrik rahatsızlık için bir risk etmeni olduğu bilinmektedir. Son 50 yılda yapılan çalışmalar uykusuzluk bozukluğunu psikolojik açıdan açıklayan çeşitli modellerin ortaya çıkmasına sebep olmuştur. Bu psikolojik modellerden başlıcaları; “uyaran kontrolü modeli”, “Spielman modeli”, “mikroanalitik model”, “nörobilişsel model”, “tehdit algısının yüksek risk modeli”, “uykuya müdahale eden-uykuyu yorumlayan süreçler modeli”, “psikobiyolojik baskılama modeli”, “bilişsel model”, “evrimselduygusal model” ve “korku simülasyonu modeli”dir. Bu derleme makalesinin amacı uykusuzluk bozukluğunun psikolojik modellerinin temel sayıltılarından bahsederek modellerin güncel bir tablosunu sunmaktır
Retrospective Evaluation of Childhood Central Nervous System Tumors Followed in a Pediatric Hematology Oncology Center: A Single Center Experience
No full textCentral nervous system (CNS) tumors are one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths in childhood. Although approximately 60% of all patients are alive 5 years after diagnosis, a sequela due to the disease and treatments are common. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the demographic, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of the childhood CNS tumors in our center. A total of 141 patients between 0-18 years who were followed up and completed their treatment in our pediatric oncology center were included. The files were reviewed retrospectively. The median age of patients was 7 years (range 1 month-17.6 years). The male/female ratio was 1.1: 1. The most common presenting symptom was headache. The median time from the first symptom to diagnosis was 1.4 months. Medulloblastoma was the most common diagnosis (n= 28, 19.9%), followed by pilocytic astrocytoma (18.4%, n= 26) respectively. Out of 141 patients, a sequela was seen in 55 (39%) patients. The relationship between high-dose radiotherapy and the development of short stature was statistically significant (p= 0.009). The patients with metastatic disease were likely to have lower survival rates than nonmetastatic disease (p= 0.001). The presence of metastasis increased the death status 6.482 times (OR: 6,482, p= 0.001). The overall 5-year survival rate of all patients was found 80%. There was an association between the histopathological subtypes and overall survival rates (p= 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, metastasis was the most important factor in survival. According to Cox regression analysis, the two most important factors affecting overall survival were the histopathological subtype and the presence of metastasis
İşletmelerin Sürdürülebilirlik Performansları ve Muhasebe Temelli Performanslarının Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Yöntemleri ile Karşılaştırılması: BİST Sürdürülebilirlik Endeksinde bir Uygulama
No full textSosyal, çevresel ve ekonomik boyutları olan sürdürülebilirlik kavramı son yıllarda işletmeler ve işletme paydaşları açısından çok önemli bir konu haline gelmiştir. Yatırımcılar ve finans çevreleri de iyi yatırım kararları alabilmek adına finansal bilgiler kadar finansal olmayan bilgilere de önem vermektedir. Bu sebeple sürdürülebilirlik performansının objektif bir şekilde ölçümü hem mevcut paydaşlar hem de işletmelere gelecekte yatırım yapmayı düşünen taraflar açısından son derece önemlidir. Çok kriterli karar verme yöntemleri performans ölçümlerinde çok boyutlu analiz imkanı sağlama, kapsamlı ve sistematik yaklaşım sunma, hassas sonuçlar elde etme, birbiriyle çelişen kriterleri dikkate alma yönleriyle öne çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Topsis, Moora ve GRA yöntemleri ile 2018-2022 yılları arasında seçilmiş olan 10 işletmenin sürdürülebilirlik ve muhasebe temelli performansları değerlendirilmiştir. Kriter ağırlıklarının belirlenmesinde ise Geliştirilmiş Entropi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Sosyal boyutlardan kadın yönetici oranı en yüksek ağırlığa sahip iken çevresel boyutlardan atık miktarı en düşük ağırlığa sahip olarak bulunmuştur. Migros sürdürülebilirlik performansı, Ford Otosan ise finansal performansı en yüksek işletme olarak belirlenmiştir. Pearson Korelasyon analizi sonuçları iki sıralama arasında istatistiki açıdan anlamlı bir ilişki olmadığını göstermiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Sürdürülebilirlik Raporlaması, Muhasebe Temelli Performans, Türkiye'de SürdürülebilirlikThe concept of sustainability, which has social, environmental and economic dimensions, has become a very important issue for businesses and business stakeholders in recent years. Investors and financial circles also attach importance to non-financial information as much as financial information in order to make good investment decisions. For this reason, objective measurement of sustainability performance is extremely important for both current stakeholders and parties considering investing in businesses in the future. Multi-criteria decision-making methods stand out in terms of providing multi-dimensional analysis in performance measurements, offering a comprehensive and systematic approach, obtaining precise results, and taking into account conflicting criteria. In this study, the sustainability and accounting-based performances of 10 businesses selected between 2018-2022 were evaluated with Topsis, Moora and GRA methods. The Enhanced Entropy method was used to determine the criteria weights. While the rate of female managers had the highest weight among social dimensions, the amount of waste was found to have the lowest weight among environmental dimensions. Migros was determined as the company with the highest sustainability performance, while Ford Otosan was determined as the company with the highest financial performance. Pearson Correlation analysis results showed that there was no statistically significant relationship between the two rankings. Keywords: Sustainability Reporting, Accounting Based Performance, Sustainability in Turke
LS-14 Test Suite for Long Sequences
No full textRandom number sequences are used in many branches of science. Because of many techni- cal reasons and their practicality, pseudo random sequences are usually employed in place of true number sequences. Whether a sequence generated through a deterministic process is a pseudo random, in other words, random-looking sequence or it contains certain pat- terns, can be determined with the help of statistics and mathematics. Although, in the literature there are many statistical randomness tests for this purpose, there is no much work on test suites specialized for long sequences, that is sequences of length 1,000,000 bits or more. Most of the randomness tests for long sequences use some mathematical ap- proximations to compute expected values of the random variables and hence their results contain some errors. Another approach to evaluate randomness criteria of long sequences is to partition the long sequence into a collection short sequences and evaluate the collec- tion for the ran- domness using statistical goodness of fit tests. The main advantage of this approach is, as the individual sequences are short, there is no need to use mathematical approximations. On the other hand when the second approach is preferred, partition the long sequence into a collection of fixed length subsequences and this approach causes a loss of information in some cases. Hence the idea of dynamic partition should be included to perform a more reliable test suite. In this paper, we propose three new tests, namely the entire R2 run, dynamic saturation point, and dynamic run tests. Moreover, we in- troduce a new test suite, called LS-14, consisting of 14 tests to evaluate randomness of long sequences. As LS-14 employs all three approaches: testing the entire long sequence, testing the collection of fixed length partitions of it, and finally, testing the collection obtained by the dynamic partitions of it, the proposed LS-14 test suit differs from all existing suites. Mutual comparisons of all 14 tests in the LS-14 suite, with each other are computed. Moreover, results obtained from the proposed test suite and NIST SP800-22 suite are compared. Examples of sequences with certain patterns which are not observed by NIST SP800-22 suite but detected by the proposed test suite are given.Science Citation Index Expande