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Synthesis, Photophysical Properties, and Photodynamic Therapy Efficacies of Meso-Pyridine Bodipys and Their Ruthenium Complexes
No full textPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is a candidate approach for cancer treatment. In PDT applications, a fluorescent molecule, called photosensitizer (PS), induces light-directed production of reactive species, resulting in cytotoxicity. Having tunable fluorescence and easy derivatization properties, the BODIPY core is widely used as a PS. To further increase the light-induced toxicity, studies have shown the conjugation of heavy metals to the BODIPY core. However, such complexes are still needed to fully figure out their potential. In the current study, as part of an ongoing one, two novel ruthenium-BODIPY complexes were synthesized and characterized by structural, photophysical, and biological methods. To obtain complex structures between ruthenium dimers and BODIPY units, [RuCl2(p-cymene)](2) dimers, and non-iodo and di-iodo BODIPY derivatives were reacted in methanol-tetrahydrofuran (THF) medium. Photophysical properties, fluorescence lifetime, molar extinction coefficient, photostability, and capability of singlet oxygen generation were determined using absorption and/or fluorescence spectroscopy. Besides, the structures of the complexes were further clarified by the single-crystal X-ray technique. The cytotoxicity of compounds was examined against the human cervical cancer cell line, HeLa, and breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, both in the dark and by light irradiation. Accordingly, both precursors and their ruthenium complexes were light-dependent toxic; nevertheless, di-iodinated meso-pyridine-substituted BODIPYs displayed light-independent toxicity by long-term treatments. Moreover, the effects of the complexes were cell-specific and the toxicities of di-iodinated BODIPY complexes were inversely correlated with the concentrations, underlying a possible aggregation and/or unpredicted cellular interaction pattern. These results emphasize that further functionalization and molecular characterization of BODIPY-ruthenium complexes are still required for PDT applications.Gebze Teknik Universitesi [2019-A-105-32]This work has been supported by the Research Found of the Gebze Technical University (Project Number: 2019-A-105-32)
The Relationship between Neo-Liberal Policies and the City in Turkey after 1980
No full textTarım Devrimiyle birlikte kentleşme tarihinin ana uğrak noktalarından olan Sanayi Devrimi, üretim ilişkilerinde köklü değişikliklere neden olarak, kapitalist sistemin tarihsel gelişim sürecini derinden etkilemiştir. Sanayileşme eşliğinde kapitalizmin tarihsel izleği takip edildiğinde, kentlerin geçirmiş olduğu dönüşümün tarihsel bağlamı görünür olacaktır. Kapitalizmin krizli tarihi içerisinde yaşanan dönüşümler farklı karakteristik özellikler taşıyan tarihsel dönemler oluştururken, coğrafi bakımdan da yeniden yapılanmaları beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu coğrafi yapılanma küresel, ulusal, bölgesel düzeyde işbölümü ve sınıf mücadelesinin bir yansıması olmuştur. İşbölümü ve sınıf mücadelesinin oluşturduğu küresel hiyerarşik sistem içerisinde yer alan ülkelerin kapitalist sistem bünyesinde üstlendikleri roller, bu ülkelerin içerisindeki ve çevresindeki iktidar ilişkilerini şekillendirmiştir. Söz konusu iktidar ilişkilerinin analizinde emperyalizm kavramı temel çözümleme aracıdır ve emperyalizmin karakteristik mekanizmalarından doğan eşitsiz gelişim küresel ölçekte oluşan kentleşme hareketinin merkezinde yer almaktadır. Bu iktidar ilişkileri üzerine kurulan kapitalist sisteme merkez, yarı-çevre ve çevre ülke olarak eklemlenen ülkelerin üstlendikleri roller, bu ülkelerin kentleşme ve kentlileşme süreçlerinin belirleyicisi olmuştur. Kapitalist sistem içerisinde üstlenilen rol üzerinden kapitalizm ile eklemlenme metotları kentlerin mekânsal formunu şekillendirirken, kentleşmenin kendi sosyo-psikolojisini, sosyo-kültürel yapısını da yaratarak farklı kentlileşme pratiklerini oluşturmuştur. Bu genel görünüm içerisinde; kentler sınıflar arası ve sınıf içi ilişkilerle sınıfların devletle ilişkilerini ifade eden iktidarın üretildiği, sergilendiği esas mekânlar olmuştur. İktidar ilişkileri kentlerin morfolojisini ve kentli öznelliğini belirlerken, kentlerin aldığı form da iktidar ilişkilerini düzenlemekte, ona şeklini vermektedir. Bu boyutuyla kentler ve iktidar ilişkileri arasında yaşanan diyalektik ilişki kentlerin bir iktidar aygıtına dönüşmesine sebebiyet vermektedir. Türkiye kentleşme tarihi de bu paradigma içerisinde değerlendirilmelidir. Türkiye kentleşme ve kentlileşme pratiği sanayileşme vasıtasıyla yarı-sömürge durumundan yarı-çevre ülke konumuna doğru yapılan yolculuk içerisinde şekillenmiştir. Bugün gelinen noktada neo-liberal siyasalar içerisinde Türkiye'nin yarı-çevre ülke olarak geliştirdiği alt-emperyalist ilişkiler kentleşme ve kentlileşme pratiklerini etkilemeye başlamıştır. Türkiye'nin devam eden bu yolculuğunun arkasındaki ana motivasyon ise milli burjuvazinin oluşturulabilmesi adına sermaye birikiminde devamlılığın sağlanması ve bu amaca uygun kentli öznelliğinin inşa edilmesi olmuştur.The Industrial Revolution, which is one of the main milestones in the history of urbanization along with the Agricultural Revolution, caused profound changes in production relations and deeply influenced the historical development process of the capitalist system. When following the historical trajectory of capitalism alongside industrialization, the historical context of the transformation cities have undergone becomes apparent. The transformations experienced within the crisis-ridden history of capitalism have created historical periods with distinct characteristics while also bringing about geographical restructurings. This geographical restructuring has reflected the division of labor and class struggle at the global, national, and regional levels. The roles that countries occupy within the global hierarchical system formed by the division of labor and class struggle have shaped the power relations within and around these countries under the capitalist system. In analyzing these power relations, the concept of imperialism serves as the fundamental analytical tool, and unequal development arising from the characteristic mechanisms of imperialism lies at the center of the urbanization movement occurring on a global scale. The roles assumed by countries integrated into the capitalist system as core, semi-periphery, and periphery have become determinants of these countries' urbanization and processes of becoming urban. The methods of integration with capitalism based on the roles assumed within the capitalist system shape the spatial form of cities, while simultaneously creating the socio-psychology and socio-cultural structure of urbanization itself, generating different practices of urban becoming. Within this general framework, cities have become primary spaces where power expressed through inter-class and intra-class relations as well as the relationships of classes with the state is produced and displayed. While power relations determine the morphology of cities and urban subjectivity, the form that cities take also regulates and shapes these power relations. In this regard, the dialectical relationship between cities and power relations leads to cities transforming into instruments of power. The history of urbanization in Turkey should be evaluated within this paradigm. Turkey's practice of urbanization and become urbanized has been shaped within the journey from a semi-colonial status to a semi-peripheral country through industrialization. At the current point, the sub-imperialist relationships developed by Turkey as a semi-peripheral country within neo-liberal policies have begun to influence urbanization and urban integration practices. The main motivation behind Turkey's ongoing journey has been the continuity of capital accumulation to establish a national bourgeoisie and the construction of an urban subjectivity aligned with this goal
Bir Yüksek Hızlı Trenin Aktif Süspansiyonu için Modelleme ve LQR Geribildirim Kontrolü
No full textYüksek hızlı demiryolu araçlarında sürüş konforu ve yolculuğun kalitesi önemlidir. Tren hareket halindeyken rayların neden olduğu çeşitli titreşimlerle karşılaşır. Bu titreşimlerin uzun süreli yaşanması yolcularda sağlık sorunlarına yol açabilir. Ayrıca trenin titreşimler nedeniyle dayanıklılığı azalır, performansı düşer ve bakım maliyetleri artar. Trenin iyi kullanılabilmesi için rijit bir süspansiyon sistemine ihtiyaç vardır. Geleneksel bir süspansiyon olan pasif süspansiyon, trenin sürüş kalitesi ile yolcu konforu arasında bir denge kurar. Ancak pasif süspansiyon sabit bir süspansiyon sistemidir ve süspansiyon sertliğini değişen koşullara göre ayarlayamaz. Aktif süspansiyon ise süspansiyon sertliğini değişen koşullara göre ayarlayabilir. Bu araştırmada tren gövdesini kontrol etmek için Doğrusal Karesel Düzenleyici tarafından kontrol edilen aktif bir süspansiyon tasarlanmıştır. Böylece titreşimler en aza indirilmiş ve yolcu konforu arttırılmıştır. Pasif ve aktif süspansiyonları karşılaştırmak için çeşitli simülasyonlar yapılmış ve aktif süspansiyonun üstünlüğü kanıtlanmıştır
Türkiye Sağlık Sistemi Kapasitesinin Ağırlıklandırma Yöntemlerine Dayalı WISP Yöntemi ile İl Düzeyinde Değerlendirilmesi
No full textAmaç: Bu çalışmanın birincil amacı, Türkiye sağlık sisteminin kapasite ve kapasite açıklarını il düzeyinde göreceli olarak değerlendirmektir. Çalışmanın ikincil amacı ise R programlama dilinde kullanılan ağırlıklandırma yöntemleri için uygulama algoritmaları geliştirmektir. Yöntem: Sağlık sistemi kapasitesinin değerlendirilmesinde kullanılan karar kriterleri CRITIC, Shannon Entropy ve NMV yöntemleri ile ağırlıklandırılmıştır. İllerin sağlık sistemi kapasitesini değerlendirmek için WISP yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Veriler Sağlık Bakanlığı'nın 2022 Sağlık İstatistikleri Yıllığı'ndan alınmıştır. Bulgular: Tunceli, Bayburt ve Kilis, CRITIC tabanlı WISP skorlarına göre Türkiye'de sağlık sistemi kapasitesi açısından 81 il arasında optimal çözüme en yakın üç ildir. Buna karşılık, Bursa, İstanbul ve Şanlıurfa optimal çözümden en uzak üç ildir. Özgünlük: İl düzeyinde, sağlık sisteminin kapasitesindeki boşlukları tespit edebilir ve geliştirebiliriz. Kendi kendine yeterli sağlık sistemi kapasitesi oluşturabilir ve sağlık sistemini daha dirençli hale getirilebilir. Öte yandan, ağırlıklandırma yöntemleri için uygulama algoritmalarının geliştirilmesi önemli bir katkıdır. Böylece karar vericiler küçük ve özellikle büyük ölçekli veri setleri üzerinde anlık çözümler üretebilir
Barriers to and Facilitators of Phosphate Control in Children with CKD
No full textIntroduction: Managing mineral and bone disorder in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires control of serum phosphate levels. However, hyperphosphatemia is common, particularly in adolescents, reflecting suboptimal adherence to phosphate-binder medications and a reduced phosphate diet. We explored phosphate-related knowledge and adherence barriers in children, and their caregivers, using a sequential explanatory mixed-methods study design. Methods: Children aged 8 to 18 years with CKD stages 4 and 5, on dialysis or post-transplantation, and caregivers, were recruited from 3 UK pediatric kidney centers. The Phosphate Understanding and Knowledge Assessment questionnaire was used to assess knowledge. Online focus groups explored real-world challenges to phosphate control. Results: Forty-eight children and 43 caregivers were recruited; 44 (92%) children and 33 (75%) caregivers completed the questionnaire. Median knowledge scores were 64.3% (interquartile range, 55.3-78.6) for children and 72.7% (interquartile range, 64.3-85.7) for caregivers (P = 0.04). Older children scored higher (P = 0.01, R 2 = 0.13), but knowledge did not correlate with serum phosphate. Dietary restriction was perceived as more challenging than using phosphate-binders (59% children; 71% caregivers). Forty-six participants, including 30 child-caregiver dyads, joined focus groups. The following 5 themes were identified encapsulating the experiences of families: practical advice and support are valued; personalized strategies are preferred to facilitate sense-making; the social environment of the child and family is disrupted; education and self-management skills can influence success; and the journey requires acceptance, adaptation, and perseverance. Conclusions: In pediatric CKD, poor adherence to phosphate advice originates more from social and practical barriers than knowledge deficits. Our findings can inform personalized strategies to improve adherence in real-world settings.Kidney Research UK Paediatric Research Project [Paed_RP-008_20211215]; European Society for Paediatric Nephrology research award; Vitaflo International Limited Research Fund; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research CentreThis work was supported by Kidney Research UK Paediatric Research Project grant [Paed_RP-008_20211215, 2022] , European Society for Paediatric Nephrology research award [2021] and Vitaflo International Limited Research Fund [2022] . All research at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health is made possible by the NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed are those of the author (s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health
Does Dexmedetomidine Induce Bone Regeneration in Cranial Defects in Rabbits
No full textKorkusuz, PetekDexmedetomidine has been shown to exert protective and curative effects on various tissues and organs in different pathological processes. This study aimed to investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine on the regeneration process after making holes in the parietal bones of rabbits. Twenty-four male Oryctolagus cuniculus rabbits were allocated to three groups, and an 8-mm circular parietal critical-sized bone defect was induced in each animal. Group_C (control) received saline; Group_LD (low dose) was given dexmedetomidine 2.75 mu g/kg; Group_HD (high dose), dexmedetomidine 5.5 mu g/kg; all were administered intraperitoneally for 7 days. After 8 weeks the bones were examined by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and histomorphometry. The results indicated that regeneration was improved in both the dexmedetomidine-treated groups. The lower dose increased the bone volume ratio (BV/TV) more than the higher dose. Trabecular thickness, connectivity value, and connectivity density were also higher in Group_LD than in Group_HD. Significant intramembranous ossification was observed in the dexmedetomidine-treated groups, and active osteoblasts were seen at the margins of new bone trabeculae. We conclude that dexmedetomidine, especially at the lower dosage, increases osteoblastic activity and regeneration quality.Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Kimath;rimath;kkale UniversityThanks for the funding provided by the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Kırıkkale University.Science Citation Index Expande
The Saturation of Convergence for the Complex <i>q</I>-durrmeyer Polynomials
No full textThe aim of this paper is to establish a saturation result for the complex q-Durrmeyer polynomials (Dn,qf)(z)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}\end{document}, where q is an element of(0,1)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}\end{document}, f is an element of C[0,1].\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}\end{document} It is known that the sequence {(Dn,qf)(z)}n is an element of N\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}\end{document} converges uniformly on any compact set in C\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}\end{document} to the limit function (D infinity,qf)(z)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}\end{document}, which, therefore, is entire. Previously, the rate of this convergence has been estimated as O(qn)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}\end{document}, n ->infinity.\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}\end{document} In the present article, this result is refined to derive Voronovskaya-type formula and to demonstrate that this rate is o(qn)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}\end{document}, n ->infinity\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}\end{document} on a set possessing an accumulation point if and only if f takes on the same value at all qj\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}\end{document}, j is an element of N0\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}\end{document}.Science Citation Index Expande
Integrating Virtual Reality Into OCD Treatment: Comparing Virtual Reality and Traditional Exposure Techniques in a Clinical Sample for Contamination-Related OCD
Full text linkVirtual reality exposure (VRE) is a useful and effective alternative that can overcome important limitations of traditional exposure methods. A limited number of recent studies have found promising results when examining the use of VRE in the treatment of contamination-related obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of VRE with in vivo and imaginal exposure in reducing contamination-related OCD symptoms. Forty-four participants diagnosed with DSM-5 OCD and whose primary symptoms were contamination obsessions and cleaning compulsions were included in the study. Participants were matched based on their Y-BOCS scores and assigned to VRE (n = 7), in vivo exposure (n = 8), imaginal exposure (n = 8) and wait-list control (n = 10) groups. Participants in the exposure groups completed an average of 10 exposure sessions with two sessions per week. The results indicated that VRE reduced the severity of OCD symptoms and contamination-related cognitions, as well as improving psychological well-being. Additionally, the findings suggest that VRE may be as effective as in vivo and imaginal exposure in reducing OCD symptoms, particularly in diminishing contamination-related anxiety and compulsive behaviours. The findings of the study indicate that VRE may offer a viable alternative to other exposure techniques.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey [219K081]This work was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (219K081)
Reliability and Optimal Age-Based Replacement Policy for Consecutive 2-Out System Equipped With Protection Blocks
No full textThis paper concerns the reliability evaluation and optimal age-based replacement policy for the linear consecutive 2-out-of-n:G system whose two consecutive components are protected by a block that has its own failure rate. Two alternative methods are proposed to compute the reliability of the system. The first method is based on direct probabilistic approach and uses the reliability of the ordinary consecutive 2-outof-n:G system. The second method is based on the concept of survival signature. Closed form equations for the system reliability and the mean number of failed components within the system are obtained. The optimal age-based replacement policy is also defined and studied. Extensive numerical results are presented to illustrate the findings.Science Citation Index Expande
Investigation of Full Heavy QQQQ′Q Pentaquark Candidates
No full textRecent breakthroughs in research and experimentation have led to the identification of numerous exotic states in particle physics. Each new discovery not only sparks excitement for future findings but also fuels interest in uncovering additional unknown states. Motivated by this perspective and the recent identification of both standard and exotic hadrons with an increasing number of heavy quarks, this study conducts a spectroscopic analysis of possible pentaquark candidates with spin-parity 12-, and quark content of cccbc and bbbcb. The masses of these states are calculated by considering the relevant Lorentz structures, including and 1, yielding the following results, respectively: for the P(4cb) state, mP(4cb)=11388.30 +/- 107.79 MeV and mP(4cb)=11368.30 +/- 112.68 MeV, and for the P(4bc) state, mP(4bc)=20998.30 +/- 121.52 MeV and mP(4bc)=20990.50 +/- 125.87 MeV. Additionally, the current coupling constants of these states to the vacuum, which are essential for analyzing their potential decay modes, are also provided in this study.Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) [4037888]K. Azizi expresses his gratitude to the Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) for the partial financial support under the Elites Grant No. 4037888. He also extends his thanks to the CERN-TH division for their support and warm hospitality.Science Citation Index Expande