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    Sex Prediction Using Geometric Morphometry with Parameters Obtained from the Orbit, Nasal Bone and Pyriforme Aperture

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    Sex-related changes in the morphometry of the orbit and upper face is an important topic in plastic surgery, forensic sciences and basic medical sciences. With this hypothesis, the aim of this study is to estimate sex using geometric morphometry method with parameters obtained from orbits, nasal bone and pyriforme aperture. The study was performed on Computed Tomography images of 326 individuals aged 25-65 years. The images were three-dimensionalized and superimposed. The real magnification images were then converted to TPS format and 19 homologous landmarks were added to the images. Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA) was applied to the obtained coordinates and repositioned around the center of gravity. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to the new data positioned around the center of gravity to reduce the dimensionality. Linear discriminate analysis (LDA) was applied to the dimensionality-reduced images to obtain sex estimation accuracy. The stud found that 77.126 % of the coordinates gathered around the center of gravity could be explained by the first 3 Principal Component (PCs). LDA analysis applied to the new coordinates yielded a 96.01 % sex prediction rate. As a result of the study, a high accuracy rate was obtained in terms of sex prediction using geometric morphometry method with parameters obtained from the orbit, nasal bone and pyriforme aperture.Science Citation Index Expande

    Doğuştan Kör ve Sağlıklı Bireyler Arasında Denge ve Koordinasyon Karşılaştırması

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    Görme, statik ve dinamik postürün korunmasında, hareketlerin koordinasyonunda ve dengenin sürdürülmesinde rol oynayan bir sistemdir. Bu çalışmanın amacı doğuştan kör ve sağlıklı bireyler arasında denge ve koordinasyon fonksiyonlarını karşılaştırmak ve dengenin sürdürülmesinde görmenin rolünü belirlemektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu tanımlayıcı çalışmaya yaşları 18-40 arasında değişen 19 doğuştan kör ve 18 sağlıklı sedanter birey olmak üzere toplam 37 katılımcı dahil edildi. Her iki grupta Berg Denge Ölçeği (BDÖ), Tinetti Denge Testi (TDT) ve Tinetti Yürüme Testi (TYT) ölçekleri ölçüldü. Sonuçlar: Doğuştan kör ve sağlıklı birey grupları arasında BDÖ, TDT ve TYT ölçeklerinde anlamlı bir fark bulundu (p0.05). Tartışma: Çalışmanın sonuçları görmenin denge üzerindeki etkisini doğrulamıştır. Doğuştan körlüğü olan kişilerde denge sorunları değerlendirilmeli ve dengeyi geliştirmeye yönelik egzersiz programları yapılmalıdır

    Assessment of Color Stability of Various Flowable Composite Resins with Different Viscosities

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    Biomimetic restorative dentistry aims to preserve tooth structure and achieve optimal aesthetic harmony with surrounding dentition. The principles and protocols associated with biomimetic restorative dentistry are designed to enhance the longevity of the restoration. The use of flowable CRs is increasingly common; however, the effect of viscosity on the discoloration has not been clearly established. This in vitro study aimed to assess the color stability of flowable CRs with varying viscosities following immersion in common staining solutions and subsequent repolishing. A total of 250 disc-shaped specimens (8 mm x 2 mm) were prepared from five CRs with different viscosity profiles: high-viscosity (Spectra STHV, Dentsply, Milford, DE, USA), medium-viscosity (Estelite Universal Flow Medium, Tokuyama Dental Co., Tokyo, Japan), bulk-fill (Estelite Bulk-Fill Flow, Tokuyama Dental Co., Tokyo, Japan; SDR Plus, Dentsply, Milford, DE, USA), and packable (Estelite Posterior, Tokuyama Dental Co., Tokyo, Japan). After polymerization and baseline color measurements, specimens were immersed in coffee, tea, cola, red wine, or distilled water for 144 h. Color values were recorded before and after staining, and again following repolishing. Color changes (Delta E1, Delta E2, Delta E3) were calculated using the CIE Lab system and statistically analyzed via two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD (alpha = 0.05). Both the CR type and the staining solution substantially affected the color change. SDR Plus exhibited the highest Delta E values. Red wine caused the most discoloration. Repolishing enhanced color in selected groups.Science Citation Index Expande

    Recreation of Culture-Specific Elements in Translation: A Case Study on Turkish Translations of A Christmas Carol

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    Bu çalışma, çeviri çocuk edebiyatı bağlamında Charles Dickens'ın A Christmas Carol adlı eserinin Türkçe çevirilerini incelemeyi ve bu çevirilerdeki kültüre özgü unsurların yeniden yaratımını değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, A Christmas Carol'ın farklı çevirilerinde uygulanan çeviri stratejilerini, edebi alt türler perspektifinden ele alarak çok yönlü bir analiz sunmaktadır. Bu tez üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde, çeviri çocuk edebiyatının dünyadaki ve Türkiye'deki gelişimi üzerine bir değerlendirme yapılarak edebi alt türlerin çocuk edebiyatındaki yeri tartışılmaktadır. İkinci bölümde, yeniden çeviri hipotezi ve Toury'nin normlar kuramı bağlamında çeviri normlarının tarihsel ve kuramsal temelleri ele alınmakta; yeniden çevirilere değişen normlar üzerinden yaklaşan uygulamalı araştırmalar, yayınevi politikaları, editöryal tercihler ve Türkiye'nin sosyo-politik bağlamı çerçevesinde değerlendirilmektedir. Üçüncü bölümde ise A Christmas Carol'ın Türkçeye çevrilmiş farklı versiyonları, eserin yazıldığı tarihsel bağlam, yazarı Charles Dickens'ın yaşamı, Viktorya Dönemi'nin kültürel özellikleri ile birlikte ele alınmakta; yazılı ve görsel metinler bağlamında çeviri stratejileri açısından karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edilmektedir. Eserin yazılı metin ve görsel metin gibi farklı biçimlerde ele alınarak çevirmen kararlarının metinsel etkileri değerlendirilmektedir. Sonuç olarak, bu tez, çeviri çocuk edebiyatında edebi alt türlerin erek kültüre aktarılma biçimlerini değerlendirerek, çeviri eserlerin kültürel ve edebi anlamda yeniden yaratılma sürecine ışık tutmaktadır. Çevirmenlerin tercih ettikleri stratejilerin, hem metnin iç yapısı hem de hedef okur kitlesi üzerinde nasıl bir etki yarattığı detaylı bir şekilde ele alınmaktadır. Çalışmanın bulguları, A Christmas Carol'ın Türkçe çevirileri üzerinden kültüre özgü öğelerin aktarımını ele alarak, çocuk edebiyatı çevirisinin dinamiklerini daha görünür ve anlaşılır kılmayı hedeflemektedir.This study aims to examine the Turkish translations of Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol within the context of translated children's literature and to evaluate the recreation of culture-specific elements in these translations. It offers a multifaceted analysis of the translation strategies employed across different versions of A Christmas Carol, considering them through the lens of literary subgenres. The thesis consists of three chapters. The first chapter provides an overview of the development of translated children's literature both globally and in Turkey, and discusses the role of literary subgenres within children's literature. The second chapter explores the historical and theoretical foundations of translation norms through the framework of the retranslation hypothesis and Toury's theory of norms. It also evaluates applied studies that address retranslation in relation to changing norms, and examines publisher policies, editorial preferences, and the socio-political context of Turkey. In the third chapter, various Turkish versions of A Christmas Carol are analyzed in relation to the historical context in which the source text was written, the life of its author Charles Dickens, and the cultural characteristics of the Victorian era. Translation strategies are comparatively examined through written and visual texts. By analyzing the work in different formats, such as written and illustrated versions, the impact of translators' decisions on the textual level is evaluated. In conclusion, this thesis sheds light on the process of recreating translated literary works from a cultural and literary perspective by examining how literary subgenres are transferred into the target culture within the scope of children's literature. It provides a detailed discussion of how translators' strategic decisions influence both the internal structure of the text and its reception by the target audience. The findings aim to render the dynamics of children's literature translation more visible and comprehensible by analyzing the transmission of culture-specific elements through the Turkish translations of A Christmas Carol

    Evaluation of the Radiopacity of Single-Shade Composite Restorative Materials Using a Digital Radiography System

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    Kutuk Omeroglu, Merve/0000-0002-0253-4212;ObjectivesRecently, single-shade universal composite resins have been introduced to the market to simplify restorative procedures. The inorganic structures of dental composites may influence several properties, including radiopacity. Radiopacity plays a crucial role in clinical dentistry as it enables the detection of recurrent caries, marginal defects, and restoration overhangs through radiographic examination. The aim of this investigation was to assess the mean gray value and compare the radiopacity of different single-shade composite resins using digital image analysis.Materials and methodsSeven single-shade universal composite resins (Omnichroma, Charisma Topaz One, Vitra Aps Unique, Admira Fusion x-tra universal, X-tra Fill, Essentia Universal and ZenChroma) and one multi-shade universal composite resin (Optishade) were used. The enamel-dentin segment, a typical aluminum (Al) step-wedge (1-10 mm), and the samples were placed on a phosphor imaging plate. For each image, the MGV and the standard deviation of the grey values for three different regions were calculated and the mean of these three values was recorded.ResultsmmAI measurements of the study groups were found to be statistically significant different (p < 0.05). The differences were found between Charisma one and Voco xtrafil groups and between Enamel, Dentin and Zenchroma groups. Also, differences were observed between Dentin and Vittra aps unq groups. The radiopacity values of all materials tested were found to meet the requirements of ISO.ConclusionsIt is found that Glass particles containing composites have similar radiopacity as enamel due to their low atomic weight. Zirconium particles containing composites are more radiopaque than glass particles containing composites because of their higher atomic weight.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK)Open access funding provided by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK). Open access funding provided by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK). The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.Science Citation Index Expande

    İş Tasarımına Güncel Bir Bakış: İşin Karmaşıklığı ve İş Özerkliği, Rol Genişliği Öz-Yeterliliği Aracılığıyla Proaktif İş Davranışını Nasıl Şekillendirir?

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    Bu çalışma, belirli iş özelliklerini ve motivasyonel bir aracı değişkeni dikkate alarak iş tasarımının proaktif iş davranışını nasıl etkilediğini incelemektedir. Araştırma, proaktif iş davranışının ortaya çıkmasında iş karmaşıklığı ve iş özerkliğinin rolününü ortaya koyarken, rol genişliği öz-yeterliliğin bu ilişkide aracı bir faktör olduğunu göstermektedir. Araştırmada nicel bir yöntem kullanılmış, 350 çalışandan anket ve kolayda örnekleme yoluyla veri toplanmıştır. Verilerin değerlerdirilmesinde Pearson korelasyon ve regresyon analizleri gerçekleştirilirken SPSS yazılımı kullanılmıştır. Aracı etkiyi değerlendirmek için ise, Process Macro ile bootstrap tekniği uygulanmıştır. Sonuçlara göre, proaktif iş davranışı hem iş karmaşıklığından hem de iş özerkliğinden olumlu yönde etkilenmekte ve rol genişliği öz-yeterliliği bu ilişkilerde önemli bir aracı rol üstlenmektedir. Araştırma bulguları, hem iş tasarımı alanındaki literatüre katkı sağlamakta hem de iş tasarımı aracılığıyla proaktif bir iş gücü oluşturmayı hedefleyen kuruluşlara önemli çıkarımlar sunmaktadır

    Elliptic Anisotropy Measurement of the F0(980) Hadron in Proton-Lead Collisions and Evidence for Its Quark-Antiquark Composition

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    Pugliese, Gabriella/0000-0001-5460-2638; Heath, Helen/0000-0001-6576-9740; Benato, Lisa/0000-0001-5135-7489; Shopova, Mariana/0000-0001-6664-2493; Sauvan, Jean-Baptiste/0000-0001-5187-3571; Puerta Pelayo, Jesus/0000-0001-7390-1457; Acosta, Darin/0000-0001-5367-1738; Hernández Calama, José María/0000-0001-6436-7547; Giacomo, Bolini/0000-0001-5490-605X; Shopova, Mariana/0000-0001-6664-2493Despite the f(0)(980) hadron having been discovered half a century ago, the question about its quark content has not been settled: it might be an ordinary quark-antiquark (q (q) over bar) meson, a tetraquark (q (q) over barq (q) over bar) exotic state, a kaon-antikaon (K (K) over bar) molecule, or a quark-antiquark-gluon (q (q) over barg) hybrid. This paper reports strong evidence that the f(0)(980) state is an ordinary q (q) over bar meson, inferred from the scaling of elliptic anisotropies (v(2)) with the number of constituent quarks (n(q)), as empirically established using conventional hadrons in relativistic heavy ion collisions. The f(0)(980) state is reconstructed via its dominant decay channel f(0)(980) -> pi(+)pi(-), in proton-lead collisions recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC, and its v(2) is measured as a function of transverse momentum (p(T)). It is found that the n(q) = 2 (q (q) over bar state) hypothesis is favored over n(q) = 4 (q (q) over barq (q) over bar or K (K) over bar states) by 7.7, 6.3, or 3.1 standard deviations in the p(T) g hybrid state) by 3.5 standard deviations in the p(T) < 8GeV/c range. This result represents the first determination of the quark content of the f(0)(980) state, made possible by using a novel approach, and paves the way for similar studies of other exotic hadron candidates.FWF; FNRS; FWO (Belgium); CNPq; CAPES; FAPERJ; FAPERGS; FAPESP (Brazil); BNSF (Bulgaria); MoST; NSFC (China); CSF (Croatia); RIF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC PUT; ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland; MEC; CEA; CNRS/IN2P3 (France); SRNSF; BMBF; HGF (Germany); NKFIH (Hungary); DAE; DST; SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); MOE; UM (Malaysia); BUAP; CONACYT; UASLP-FAI (Mexico); PAEC (Pakistan); FCT (Portugal); MESTD (Serbia); PCTI (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); NSTDA; TUBITAK; NASU (Ukraine); DOE; NSF; Marie-Curie program; European Research Council; Horizon 2020 Grant [675440, 724704, 752730, 758316, 765710, 824093]; COST Action [CA16108]; Leventis Foundation; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; Science Committee [22rl-037]; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science - EOS [30820817]; Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission [Z191100007219010]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (China); Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation [FR-22-985]; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) [EXC 2121, 390833306, 400140256 - GRK2497]; Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI) [2288]; Hungarian Academy of Sciences [K 124845, K 124850, K 128713, K 128786, K 129058, K 131991, K 133046, K 138136, K 143460, K 143477, 2020-2.2.1-ED-2021-00181, TKP2021-NKTA-64]; Council of Science and Industrial Research, India - EU NexGeneration program (Italy); Latvian Council of Science; Ministry of Education and Science [2022/WK/14]; National Science Center [Opus 2021/41/B/ST2/01369, 2021/43/B/ST2/01552, CEECIND/01334/2018]; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; ERDF "a way of making Europe" [MDM-2017-0765]; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias (Spain); National Science, Research and Innovation Fund via the Program Management Unit for Human Resources & Institutional Development, Research and Innovation [B37G660013]; Kavli Foundation; Nvidia Corporation; SuperMicro Corporation; Welch Foundation [C-1845]; Weston Havens Foundation (USA)We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid and other centers for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyzes. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC, the CMS detector, and the supporting computing infrastructure provided by the following funding agencies: SC (Armenia), BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES and BNSF (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); MINCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RIF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC PUT and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); SRNSF (Georgia); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRI (Greece); NKFIH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MES and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); MESTD (Serbia); MCIN/AEI and PCTI (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); MHESI and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TENMAK (Turkey); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract Nos. 675440, 724704, 752730, 758316, 765710, 824093, and COST Action CA16108 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Science Committee, project no. 22rl-037 (Armenia); the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science - EOS" - be.h project n. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, No. Z191100007219010 and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (China); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation, grant FR-22-985 (Georgia); the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), under Germany's Excellence Strategy - EXC 2121 "Quantum Universe" - 390833306, and under project number 400140256 - GRK2497; the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI), Project Number 2288 (Greece); the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program - UNKP, the NKFIH research grants K 124845, K 124850, K 128713, K 128786, K 129058, K 131991, K 133046, K 138136, K 143460, K 143477, 2020-2.2.1-ED-2021-00181, and TKP2021-NKTA-64 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; ICSC - National Research Center for High Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing, funded by the EU NexGeneration program (Italy); the Latvian Council of Science; the Ministry of Education and Science, project no. 2022/WK/14, and the National Science Center, contracts Opus 2021/41/B/ST2/01369 and 2021/43/B/ST2/01552 (Poland); the FundacAo para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, grant CEECIND/01334/2018 (Portugal); the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, ERDF "a way of making Europe", and the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, grant MDM-2017-0765 and Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias (Spain); the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project, and the National Science, Research and Innovation Fund via the Program Management Unit for Human Resources & Institutional Development, Research and Innovation, grant B37G660013 (Thailand); the Kavli Foundation; the Nvidia Corporation; the SuperMicro Corporation; the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (USA).Science Citation Index Expande

    Fen Bilimleri Dersi Öğretim Programı Kazanımlarını Bilişsel Alan Taksonomilerine Göre Değerlendiren Makalelerin İncelenmesi

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    Bu çalışmanın amacı, ilköğretim düzeyindeki derslerden biri olan fen bilimleri dersi öğretim programının kazanımlarını bilişsel alan taksonomilerine göre değerlendiren makaleleri incelemektir. Durum çalışması deseninin kullanıldığı bu araştırmada, 2017-2024 yılları arasında Dergipark’ta yayımlanmış olan yirmi üç makale incelenmiştir. Araştırma verilerinin incelenmesinde araştırmacılar tarafından oluşturulan kontrol listesi kullanılmıştır. Makalelerde kullanılan bilişsel alan taksonomilerinin Bloom, Yenilenmiş Bloom, Marzano, Haladyna ve SOLO taksonomileri olduğu görülmüştür. Yirmi üç makalenin on yedisinde Yenilenmiş Bloom taksonomisi tercih edilmiştir; dolayısıyla ilgili taksonominin en çok kabul gören taksonomi olduğu söylenebilir. Dersin öğretim programının kazanımları incelenirken ortaya çıkan bir diğer bulgu, tüm makalelerde ilgili taksonominin seçilme gerekçesinin açıklanması; ancak basitten karmaşığa, kolaydan zora hazırlanma, ölçülebilir bir davranışa göre yazılma gibi yapısal özelliklere göre incelenmemesidir. Ayrıca kazanımların bilişsel alanın alt boyutlarına göre dağılımı, alt ve üst düzey düşünme becerilerine göre incelemesi yapılırken kazanımlar ve kazanımları ölçmek için hazırlanan sorular arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmemesi ortaya çıkan önemli bulgulardır. Bu doğrultuda; yeni uygulamaya konan Türkiye Yüzyılı Maarif Modeline uygun öğretim programlarıyla ilgili çalışmalar yapılırken yapısal özelliklerin de incelenmesi gerekliliği bir öneri olarak ortaya konmuştur

    A Randomized Controlled Trial of Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (ICBT) and EMDR-Flash Technique (IEMDR-FT) for Improving Mental Health in Breast Cancer Patients

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    This study aims to compare the effectiveness of internet-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (iCBT) and internet-based Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Flash Technique (iEMDR-FT) in reducing fear of cancer recurrence, traumatic stress, anxiety, depression, and increasing the quality of life among patients diagnosed with breast cancer. A randomized controlled trial was conducted with a sample of patients, equally divided into two treatment groups. The iCBT program was administered over 7 weeks, while the iEMDR-FT was delivered in three sessions in three days. The participants were given a sociodemographic data form, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Control List DSM-5 (PCL-5), Fear of Cancer Recurrence Scale, Depression-Anxiety-Stress 21 scale (DASS-21), and World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Short Form. Participants were assessed before, immediately after, and three months post-intervention. The mean age of the participants was 43.79 (7.45) years. In comparing the two groups, a statistical difference was found only in the age variable (p = 0.025). As a result, there was no significant difference between the two groups when sociodemographic and cancer-related ratings were compared (p > 0.05). It was determined that the change in iEMDR-FT scores in all scales was not statistically significantly different compared to the iCBT group (p > 0.05). Initial analysis indicates that both iCBT and iEMDR-FT resulted in notable decreases in traumatic stress, fear of cancer recurrence, anxiety, and depression among breast cancer patients. However, this therapeutic improvement is similar in both applications. This result supports the argument that two methods with similar effectiveness can be used as alternatives to each other in treatment.Social Science Citation Inde

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