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Legal Implications Regarding Micromobility Systems From Administrative and Criminal Aspects
No full textThe swift integration of e-scooters into daily life has taken many countries by surprise. While some have expanded their bicycle-related regulations, others have introduced new rules for e-scooters to address this shift. As e-scooters become more popular, countries have implemented various strategies to reduce accidents and behaviors that could disrupt traffic flow, aiming to create a safer environment for both riders and pedestrians. Regulations regarding e-scooters vary significantly from one country to another, and even between cities. These regulations cover aspects such as the vehicle category, maximum speed limits, parking rules, age restrictions, helmet requirements, restrictions on the maximum power of e-scooters in public areas, appropriate road usage, and whether registration or insurance is necessary. Regulations tailored to each country's specific needs, developed with input from various stakeholders such as the public, e-scooter companies, shared e-scooter operators, and other road users, are likely to be more effective than a single universal regulation applied across all countries. Criminal liabilities related to the use of bicycles and e-scooters can arise from willful or reckless harm or endangerment. If a driver intentionally injures someone, or an animal, or damages property, they may face criminal charges, with the use of the vehicle potentially worsening the offense depending on the country. Similarly, deliberately causing danger, such as driving on sidewalks, can also be criminal, varying by country. Negligence, like ignoring traffic rules or riding without lights, can result in lower penalties compared to intentional acts, though penalties are higher if the driver is aware of potential risks but still breaks the rules. Finally, negligent actions, such as improper parking of shared vehicles, can also pose dangers.Book Citation Index – Social Sciences & Humanities - Book Citation Index – Scienc
Determining the Relationship Between Knowledge, Anxiety, and Comfort Levels of Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography
No full textKoroner Anjiyografi Uygulanacak Hastaların Bilgi, Anksiyete ve Konfor Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişkinin Belirlenmesi Amaç: Koroner anjiyografi uygulanacak hastaların bilgi, anksiyete ve konfor düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi amacıyla kesitsel, tanımlayıcı ve ilişki arayıcı bir tasarım kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Method: Çalışma, 10 Mart 2025-10 Nisan 2025 tarihleri arasında, Karabük Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesinin Kardiyoloji Poliliniğinde Anjio olan 221 hasta ile tamamlanmıştır. Araştırmada veriler araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanan Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Durumluluk ve Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri (STAI), Genel Konfor Ölçeği (GCS) kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde, SPSS 22.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) yazılımı kullanılarak %90 güven aralığında yapılmıştır. Verilerin istatistiksel testlere uygunluğunu değerlendirmek amacıyla normallik analizi yapılmıştır. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk testleri, yüzdelik, Bağımsız Örneklem T-Testi, One Way ANOVA testleri kullanılmıştır. Tüm karşılaştırmalarda anlamlılık düzeyi p < 0,05 olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bulgular: Çalışmada, hastaların %55,7'sinin erkek, %47,1'inin 56 yaş ve üzerinde olduğu, %38,5'inin ilkokul mezunu, %45,7'sinin çalıştığı, %59,3'ünün sigara kullandığı saptanmıştır. %81,4'ünün anjiografi işlemini hiç geçirmediği, anjiyografi geçirenler arasında %10,4'ünün bir kez anjiografi işlemini geçirdiği bulunmuştur. Hastaların %69,2'sinin anjiografi işlemi ile ilgili bilgi almadığı tespit edilmiştir. Anjiografi işlemi ile ilgili daha önceden eğitim/bilgi alan hastaların durumluk kaygı düzeyinin anlamlı düzeyde daha düşük olduğu (p<0.05), genel konfor, ferahlama ve rahatlama düzeylerinin ise anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek olduğu (p<0.05) saptanmıştır. Ancak sürekli kaygı ve sorunların üstesinden gelme boyutlarında belirgin bir etkisi olmadığı saptanmıştır. Anjiografi işlemi ile ilgili daha önce eğitim/bilgi alma durumu ile durumluk kaygı arasında pozitif ve anlamlı bir korelasyon (p<0.05) bulunurken; genel konfor (p<0.05), ferahlama (p<0.05) ve rahatlama (p<0.05) ile negatif ve anlamlı bir korelasyon tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç: Hastalarda anjiografi işlemi ile ilgili eğitim/bilgi almanın durumluk kaygıyı azalttığı, genel konfor, ferahlama ve rahatlama düzeylerini artırdığı saptanmıştır. Bu sonuçlar, sürekli kaygının konfor algısı ve alt boyutları üzerinde etkili olduğunu, durumluk kaygısının ise konfor algısını etkileyebileceğini, ancak bu etkinin spesifik alt boyutlara yansımadığını göstermektedir. Demografik ve klinik faktörlerin (yaş, cinsiyet, eğitim durumu, sigara kullanımı gibi) kaygı ve konfor düzeyleri üzerinde etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Hasta odaklı bilgi verme ve psikolojik destek uygulamalarının güçlendirilmesi önerilmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Koroner Anjiyografi, Bilgi, Anksiyete, Hasta Konforu.Determining the Relationship Between Knowledge, Anxiety, and Comfort Levels of Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography Objective: A cross-sectional, descriptive and correlational design was used to determine the relationship between the knowledge, anxiety and comfort levels of patients who will undergo coronary angiography. Method: The study was completed with 221 patients who underwent Angiography in the Cardiology Clinic of Karabük Education and Research Hospital between March 10, 2025 and April 10, 2025. Data were collected using the Personal Information Form, State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and General Comfort Scale (GCS) prepared by the researcher. In the analysis of the data, were performed at a 90% confidence interval using SPSS 22.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software. Normality analysis was performed to evaluate the suitability of the data for statistical tests. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk Tests, Percentage, Independent-Sample T-test, One Way ANOVA Tests were used. The significance level in all comparisons was accepted as p < 0.05. Findings: In the study, it was found that 55.7% of the patients were male, 47.1% were 56 years of age and over, 38.5% were primary school graduates, 45.7% were working, and 59.3% were smokers. It was found that 81.4% had never undergone angiography and among those who had angiography, 10.4% had undergone angiography once. It was found that 69.2% of the patients did not receive information about the angiography procedure. It was found that the state anxiety level of patients who had previously received education/information about angiography was significantly lower (p<0.05) and their general comfort, relief and relaxation levels were significantly higher (p<0.05). However, it was found that it had no significant effect on the dimensions of trait anxiety and overcoming problems. While a positive and significant correlation (p<0.05) was found between receiving previous education/information about angiography and state anxiety; A negative and significant correlation was found with general comfort (p<0.05), relief (p<0.05) and relaxation (p<0.05). Conclusion: Receiving education/information about the angiography procedure was found to decrease state anxiety and increase general comfort, refreshment, and relaxation levels. These results suggest that trait anxiety affects comfort perception and its sub-dimensions, while state anxiety may affect comfort perception, though not in specific sub-dimensions. Demographic and clinical factors (e.g., age, gender, educational status, and smoking) were found to affect anxiety and comfort levels. Strengthening patient-oriented information and psychological support practices is recommended. Keywords: Coronary Angiography, Information, Anxiety, Patient Comfort
Investigating the Relationship Between Intensive Care Nurses' Patient Safety Culture and Their Use of Evidence-based Practices for the Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
No full textBu araştırmanın amacı, cerrahi hastalara bakım veren yoğun bakım hemşirelerinin hasta güvenliği kültürü ile ventilatör ilişkili pnömoniyi önlemeye yönelik kanıta dayalı uygulamalara ilişkin bilgi düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Çalışma tanımlayıcı ve ilişki arayıcı tipte gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma, İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Hastanesi'nde, yetişkin yoğun bakım ünitelerinde görev yapan hemşireler ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma evrenini, hastanenin cerrahi yoğun bakım ünitelerinde görev yapan toplam 104 hemşire oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma örneklemini araştırmaya katılmayı gönüllü olarak kabul eden ve dahil edilme kriterlerini karşılayan 101 hemşire oluşturmuştur. Veriler Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu, Ventilatör İlişkili Pnömoninin Önlenmesinde Kanıta Dayalı Uygulamalara İlişkin Bilgiler Formu ve Hasta Güvenliği Kültürü Ölçeği aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Toplanan verilerin analizinde frekans, yüzde, ortalama, standart sapma, t-testi, ANOVA, Pearson korelasyon ve çoklu regresyon analizleri uygulanmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan hemşirelerin yaş ortalaması 29,8±5,56 bulunmuş olup, %77,2'si kadın ve %74,3'ü lisans mezunu olduğu söylemiştir. Araştırmaya katılanların %86,1'i hasta güvenliği eğitimi aldığını ifade etmiştir. Ventilatör ilişkili pnömoniyi önlemede kanıta dayalı uygulamalara ilişkin bilgi toplam puanı ortalaması 4,44±1,84 olup orta düzeyde bir bilgi düzeyini ortaya koymaktadır. Bilgi formunda en yüksek doğru yanıt puanı hasta pozisyonlandırılması sorusuna (%74,3), en düşük puan ise aspirasyon sisteminin değiştirilme sıklığı maddesine (%17,8) aittir. Hasta güvenliği kültürü ölçeği genel puan ortalaması 2,61 bulunmuş olup, en yüksek alt boyut ortalaması 'yönetim ve liderlik' (2,70), en düşük alt boyut ise 'bakım ortamı' (2,31) olarak bulunmuştur. Yapmış olduğumuz korelasyon analizinde, VİP bilgi düzeyi ile hasta güvenliği kültürü arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur (r=0,391; p<0,01). Regresyon analizine göre ise VİP'i önlemeye ilişkin kanıta dayalı uygulamalar bilgi puanının, yaş ve eğitim düzeyi faktörlerinin hasta güvenliği kültürüne olumlu yansıdığı görülmüştür (R²=0,227; p<0,001). Elde edilen bulgular sonucunda; hasta güvenliği kültürünü geliştirmeye yönelik güncel yapılandırılmış eğitim programlarının düzenlenmesi ve uygulanmasının gerekliliği ortaya çıkmıştır. Hemşirelerin bilgi düzeylerini artırmanın klinik uygulamalarda hasta güvenliğini güçlendireceği düşünülmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Hasta güvenliği kültürü, ventilatör ilişkili pnömoni, kanıta dayalı uygulama, hemşirelik, yoğun bakım Tarih: 17.06.2025The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between patient safety culture among intensive care nurses caring for surgical patients and their knowledge of evidence-based practices for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia. The study was conducted as a descriptive and correlational study. The study included nurses working in the adult intensive care units at Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Hospital. The study population consisted of 104 nurses working in the hospital's surgical intensive care units. The study sample consisted of 101 nurses who volunteered to participate in the study and met the inclusion criteria. Data were collected using an Introductory Information Form, an Information Form on Evidence-Based Practices in the Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia, and the Patient Safety Culture Scale. Frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analyses were used to analyze the collected data. The mean age of the participating nurses was 29.8±5.56, 77.2% were female, and 74.3% reported having a bachelor's degree. 86.1% of the participants reported receiving patient safety training. The total mean score for knowledge of evidence-based practices in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia was 4.44±1.84, indicating a moderate level of knowledge. The highest correct response score in the information form was for the patient positioning question (74.3%), while the lowest score was for the frequency of suction system replacement (17.8%). The overall mean score for the patient safety culture scale was 2.61, with the highest sub-dimension mean for 'management and leadership' (2.70) and the lowest for 'care environment' (2.31). Our correlation analysis found a significant relationship between VAP knowledge level and patient safety culture (r=0.391; p<0.01). Regression analysis revealed that knowledge scores on evidence-based practices for preventing VAP, along with age and education level, positively impacted patient safety culture (R²=0.227; p<0.001). The findings highlighted the need to develop and implement up-to-date, structured training programs to enhance patient safety culture. Increasing nurses' knowledge levels is believed to strengthen patient safety in clinical practice Keywords: Patient safety culture, ventilator-associated pneumonia, evidence-based practice, nursing, intensive care, surgery Tarih: 17.06.202
The Generalized Second Law for Fermionic and Bosonic Fields
No full textWe evaluate the validity of the generalized second law for Kerr black holes perturbed by fermionic and bosonic fields. We derive that the critical frequency for a test field below which the area of a Kerr black hole would decrease, coincides with the superradiance limit which pertains to bosonic fields. The fact that the absorption of fermionic fields with arbitrarily low frequencies is allowed, leads to a generic violation of the generalized second law as both the black hole and the environment lose entropy. The result does not contradict the proof of the area theorem which pre-assumes the validity of the null energy condition. We also construct a thought experiment involving bosonic fields to check whether the minimum increase in the area can compensate for the decrease in the entropy of the environment. We minimize the entropy increase by considering a black hole at the extremal limit, perturbed by a bosonic field at the superradiance limit. We show that the generalized second law remains valid for bosonic fields that satisfy the null energy condition. The result does not require the employment of entropy bounds when one assigns von Neumann entropy to test fields.Science Citation Index Expande
The Investigation of the Relationship Between E-Scooter Use and Acute Physical Health Risks in Healthy Adults
No full textBu çalışma, e-skuter kullanımının sağlıklı yetişkin bireylerin akut fiziksel sağlıkları üzerindeki etkilerini incelemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deneysel ve karşılaştırmalı desenle yürütülen araştırmaya, 18–65 yaş aralığında, bilinen herhangi bir sağlık sorunu olmayan 102 sağlıklı birey (38 kadın, 64 erkek) dahil edilmiştir. Katılımcılar, rastgele olarak üç farklı zemin tipine (asfalt, beton, parke) atanmış; her biri iki farklı hızda (12,5 ve 25 km/s) e-skuter sürüşü gerçekleştirmiştir. Sürüş öncesi ve sonrası kas kuvveti, kas tonusu, el kavrama gücü, postüral denge ve yorgunluk düzeyleri değerlendirilmiştir. Ölçümler manuel kas dinamometresi, MyotonPro cihazı, el dinamometresi ve denge hata skorlama sistemi kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Bulgular, erkek bireylerin kadınlara kıyasla tüm kas gruplarında anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek kas kuvveti, tonus, pasif gerginlik, elastikiyet kaybı ve sürünme değerlerine sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Denge skorlarında ise cinsiyetler arasında anlamlı fark gözlenmemiştir. Zemin ve hız unsurlarının, özellikle kas tonusu ve gevşeme süreleri üzerinde belirgin etkiler yarattığı belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler, e-skuter kullanımının bireylerin fizyolojik ve biyomekanik özellikleri üzerinde önemli değişikliklere yol açabildiğini göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, cinsiyet, zemin türü ve sürüş hızı gibi unsurların, e-skuter kullanımına bağlı sağlık risklerinin değerlendirilmesinde dikkate alınması gereken belirleyici değişkenler olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.This study was conducted to examine the effects of e-scooter use on the acute physical health of healthy adult individuals. Designed as an experimental and comparative study, 102 healthy individuals (38 females, 64 males), aged between 18 and 65 without known health problems, were included. Participants were randomly assigned to three different surface groups (asphalt, concrete, cobblestone) and performed e-scooter rides at two different speeds (12.5 and 25 km/h). Pre- and post-ride assessments were conducted for muscle strength, muscle tone, hand grip strength, postural balance, and fatigue levels. Measurements were carried out using a manual muscle dynamometer, MyotonPro device, hand dynamometer, and the Balance Error Scoring System. The findings indicated that male participants had significantly higher values in muscle strength, tone, passive stiffness, elasticity decrement, and creep across all muscle groups compared to females. No significant gender difference was observed in balance scores. Surface type and riding speed were found to exert substantial effects, especially on muscle tone and relaxation time. The results demonstrated that e-scooter use may cause notable changes in individuals' physiological and biomechanical characteristics. In conclusion, it was determined that gender, surface pattern, and riding speed are critical variables that must be considered in evaluating health risks associated with e-scooter usage
Potential Association of GCK Rs2268576 and Rs741038 Polymorphisms with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Turkish Population
No full textObjective: Polymorphisms, defined as variations in specific genes, are common in human populations and usually do not cause disease. However, some may influence disease susceptibility or progression. This study aimed to investigate the potential association of two glucokinase (GCK) gene polymorphisms (rs2268576 and rs741038) with the development and metabolic regulation of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients and Methods: A total of 134 individuals were enrolled, including 58 patients with type 2 diabetes and 76 non-diabetic controls from outpatient clinics. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples, and genotyping for rs2268576 and rs741038 was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Genotypic distributions were compared between groups and correlated with laboratory parameters obtained during clinical follow-up. Results: No significant differences were found in the genotypic distributions of rs2268576 and rs741038 between diabetic patients and controls (P> 0.05). Similarly, no association was observed with fasting glucose, postprandial glucose, or HbA1c. However, individuals with the GG genotype of rs741038 had significantly higher microalbumin/creatinine ratios (P = 0.03), suggesting a potential genetic link to diabetic nephropathy despite no association with diabetes development. Conclusion: Although, no relationship was found between these GCK polymorphisms and diabetes itself, the rs741038 GG genotype may indicate risk for diabetic nephropathy, independent of glycemic control.Emerging Sources Citation Inde
Influence of Graphene Nanoplate Size and Heat Flux on Nanofluid Heat Exchanger Performance: A Molecular Dynamics Approach
No full textThis study aimed to enhance the thermal efficiency of nanofluid-based heat exchangers by exploring the simultaneous effects of external heat flux and graphene nanoplate sizes on thermal and structural characteristics. Effective heat transfer is a critical requirement for managing heat in microscale systems, where optimizing the thermal performance of nanofluids can improve device performance. Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out of a sinusoidal inner surface copper heat exchanger coated with silicon nanoparticles to demonstrate atomic-level interaction within the nanofluid. The significant findings showed that while an external rising heat flux decreased heat flux from 41.7 to 37.26 W/m2 and thermal conductivity of nanofluid from 14.53 to 13.80 W/ m & sdot;K, only an increase in viscosity from 0.32 to 0.49 mPa & sdot;s, the agglomeration time of nanoparticles decreased from 3.71 to 3.33 ns and friction coefficient from 0.022 to 0.015, could indicate a difference in particle behavior responding to the thermal stress. However, the size of the graphene nanoplate from 5 to 15 & Aring; increases the heat flux from 40.05 to 46.77 W/m2 and thermal conductivity of the nanofluid from 14.15 to 14.99 W/m & sdot;K, since the larger graphene nanoplate films can produce a more substantial covalent bonding and link interlayer coupling. In contrast, the larger nanoplate also enhanced viscosity from 0.30 to 0.39 mPa & sdot;s, aggregation time from 3.64 to 4.01 ns, and friction coefficient from 0.020 to 0.026, which indicated lower particle mobility. This study was the first of its kind to contribute to the existing knowledge gap by investigating the simultaneous effect of both the nanoplate size and external heat flux in an oscillating microchannel heat exchanger. The knowledge provided offers an experimental pathway in optimizing the nanofluid properties and the heat exchanger geometry for improved thermal management for compact and microscale applications.Research Startup Foundation for High-level Talents by Weifang Science and Technology University (Social Science) : Research on the Application of "Modern Apprenticeship" in the Talent Cultivation Model of Higher Vocational Specialties in Local Universities [2024RWBS22]This work was supported by This work was supported by Research Startup Foundation for High-level Talents by Weifang Science and Technology University (Social Science) : Research on the Application of "Modern Apprenticeship" in the Talent Cultivation Model of Higher Vocational Specialties in Local Universities with project number of 2024RWBS22.Science Citation Index Expande
Search for Top Squarks in Final States with Many Light-Flavor Jets and 0, 1, or 2 Charged Leptons in Proton-Proton Collisions at TeV
No full textSeveral new physics models including versions of supersymmetry (SUSY) characterized by R-parity violation (RPV) or with additional hidden sectors predict the production of events with top quarks, low missing transverse momentum, and many additional quarks or gluons. The results of a search for top squarks decaying to two top quarks and six additional light-flavor quarks or gluons are reported. The search employs a novel machine learning method for background estimation from control samples in data using decorrelated discriminators. The search is performed using events with 0, 1, or 2 electrons or muons in conjunction with at least six jets. No requirement is placed on the magnitude of the missing transverse momentum. The result is based on a sample of proton-proton collisions at TeV corresponding to 138 fb−1 of integrated luminosity collected with the CMS detector at the LHC in 2016–2018. With no statistically significant excess of events observed beyond the expected contributions from the standard model, the data are used to determine upper limits on the top squark pair production cross section in the frameworks of RPV and stealth SUSY. Models with top squark masses less than 700 (930) GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level for RPV (stealth) SUSY scenarios. © The Author(s) 2025
Navigating Dental Care Under Anesthesia: A Comparative Analysis of Patients with Dental Anxiety and Intellectual Disabilities Dental Treatments under General Anesthesia in Adult Patients
No full textIntroduction The aim of this study was to evaluate dental treatment procedures performed under general anesthesia in adult patient. Methods The clinical records of 94 patients between the ages of 16 and 79, whose dental treatments were completed under general anesthesia between January 2021 and 2023, were evaluated retrospectively. Fisher's Exact Test and Pearson Chi-Square Test were used to compare the obtained data according to groups. The significance level was taken as p<0.050. Results A statistically significant difference was found in the restorative and periodontal treatments performed under general anesthesia between systemic diseases/disabled and healthy groups (p=0.002). A statistically significant difference was found between the duration of general anesthesia of systemic diseases/disabled and healthy groups (p= 0.013). In ASA I and ASA II scoring, a statistically significant difference was found (p=0.001). Conclusion The fact that restorative and periodontal treatments are needed more in unhealthy/disabled individuals has shown that oral hygiene is inadequate in unhealthy/disabled individuals. Systemically healthy patients had more dental treatments under general anesthesia in our hospital than unhealthy patients due to anxiety. Performing dental procedures under general anesthesia in appropriate indications for adult patients is a preferable method today, as dental treatments are completed in a single visit and the possibility of the patient's lack of cooperation in the chair is eliminated.Science Citation Index Expande
The Role of Economic Growth and FDI in Ecological Footprint and the Load Capacity Factor: Evidence from Türkiye
No full textProposed sustainable economic development and growth have been among the leading and desired objectives of policymakers. Thus, various investigations have been conducted, considering different Social, political, and economic factors to lessen environmental degradation and improve biocapacity. Within this context, T & uuml;rkiye is one of the most essential cases because of its location and role in the global supply chain, emerging countries' members, and the severity of the environmental situation. Thus, the study employs the Fourier ARDL, FADL co-integration tests, FMOLS estimations with Fourier Terms, and Fourier Toda-Yamamoto analysis to investigate the role of economic growth and FDI in ecological footprint and the load capacity factor along with considering some control variables over the period between 1982 to 2021. As a result of the investigations, it is concluded that the economic growth, the FDI, and the remaining variables do not promote impact the load capacity factor. However, the considered variables pressure the environment when the ecological footprint is regarded as the environmental indicator, and the pollution haven hypothesis holds for T & uuml;rkiye. to reverse and mitigate the harmful effects of economic activities, efforts, and policies should be made toward environmentally friendly forms of production, trade, FDI, and renewable energy sources.Science Citation Index Expande