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Nouvelles formes de travail en agriculture
No full textLe travail agricole se transforme avec l’émergence de nouvelles formes de pratiques, d’organisations et de figures professionnelles. Plurielles, hétérogènes, souvent invisibles, elles demeurent encore largement méconnues. À partir de recherches menées en France, les auteurs analysent ces transformations à l’échelle des pratiques, des conceptions de métiers, des trajectoires des travailleurs et de l’organisation des exploitations. Ils mettent en lumière les dissociations entre terre, capital et travail et les recompositions collectives qu’elles suscitent ; les reconfigurations techniques, normatives et professionnelles ; la diversité des figures des travailleurs, leurs invisibilités et leurs revendications. Cet ouvrage illustre la variété des mutations en cours dans l’agriculture française et rend compte, à travers le prisme du travail, de la réalité quotidienne des activités comme des parcours individuels. Il s’adresse aux chercheurs, enseignants, étudiants et professionnels intéressés par les dynamiques du travail agricole. Coordonné par Nathalie Hostiou, Pierre Gasselin et Benoît Dedieu, zootechniciens et géographe à INRAE, ce livre est le fruit d’une démarche collective réunissant 36 auteurs dans le cadre des activités d’un réseau de chercheurs soutenu par le département ACT (Action, Transitions et Territoires) pendant 4 ans. La préface est signée par Christophe Soulard, géographe, directeur de recherche et chef du département ACT d’INRAE
Assessing the effect of bovine MSTN variants on pre‐m RNA splicing
No full textInternational audienceThe myostatin protein is a potent negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth encoded by the MSTN gene. MSTN loss‐of‐function variants lead to a particular cattle phenotype characterized by an increase in skeletal muscle mass, known as “double muscling” or “double muscled”. However, most of the MSTN causal variants that have been linked to this phenotype lack experimental validation. This is the case, for example, for the five missense MSTN variants reported to be causal according to the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals. RNA splicing plays a major role in regulating gene expression; therefore, exploring the effects of variants on RNA splicing may provide relevant information on their functional impact. Here, we have set up a full‐length gene assay (FLGA) to functionally assess MSTN splicing variants, and we have used it to test the five missense variants plus a well‐described deep intronic splicing variant as a positive control. We also evaluated the performances of SpliceAI and Pangolin, two deep learning‐based splice predictors, to identify potential splicing effects of these six variants. Our FLGA system performed well and showed that none of the missense variants has an effect on splicing, unlike the positive control. For each variant, splicing program predictions were perfectly concordant with the effect observed in the FLGA. We have produced a relevant and powerful assay to analyze MSTN splicing variants in cattle. SpliceAI and Pangolin may be efficiently used to screen large datasets of MSTN variants and sort the best candidates prior to experimental validation using an FLGA
'Les modèles et la construction des futurs - La SNBC2 et la neutralité carbone
No full textInternational audienceL'objectif sous-jacent à la notion de futur « zéro émission nette en 2050 » (NZ2050) est d'atteindre, d'ici le milieu du siècle, un équilibre entre les émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre par sources et leur absorption par les puits de carbone. Cet article explore la relation entre la modélisation numérique et la prise de décision politique dans la construction d'un avenir NZ, en examinant le développement récent de la stratégie bas carbone française (SNBC-2) (2016-2018) et les processus connexes. La SNBC-2 a été la première tentative de traduire numériquement un objectif NZ2050 pour la France et une trajectoire à suivre pour y parvenir. Nous montrons qu'outre le fait d'avoir permis de quantifier plus loin dans le futur, l'une des principales leçons tirées de ce processus est que les modèles disponibles à cette fin étaient d'une pertinence limitée. L'analyse examine ces lacunes et leurs implications en ce qui concerne la performativité des modèles numériques pour faire de la NZ2050 un horizon réalisable. En nous appuyant sur la notion de « qualculation » qui considère le calcul comme un processus qualitatif et quantitatif, relationnel et algorithmique, nous soulignons le rôle crucial, mais ambigu en terme de performativité, des ajustements non calculatoires utilisés pour compenser les limites calculatoires des modèles dans le processus SNBC2.Le cas de la SNBC2 montre aussi que la relation entre les modèles et les normes politiques est plus réciproque que ce qui a été avancé dans la littérature : les modèles encapsulent certes une forme de politique qu'ils mettent en œuvre, mais ils peuvent également être remis en question et remodelés par l'émergence de nouveaux objectifs politiques
Enhancing carabid beetle populations: insights from an agroecological experiment at landscape scale
No full textInternational audienceThere is an important need to experiment agroecological farming at the landscape scale in order to decipher and account for key ecological processes occurring at scales larger than the field. This is especially relevant for understanding how mobile functional biodiversity delivering key services to agriculture can be enhanced. Such landscape-scale experimentation is the main aim of the INRAE CA-SYS platform created in 2018 where pesticide-free “naturebased” and highly diversified arable cropping systems are implemented and evaluated, on a spatially continuous block 125 ha of arable crops and ecological infrastructures (10 % of the area is planted with grass/flower strips and hedgerows). This innovative design was mobilized to explore the role of the spatial arrangement of contrasted cropping systems and flower strips on carabids. We found that no-till fields were the preferential overwintering habitat during carabid emergence peak. We also observed some redistribution of circulating carabids among habitats. The area of no-till fields within a 100 radius increased the abundance of circulating adults of most dominant carabid species, notably with tilled fields. The area of flower strips in the surroundings had a comparable positive effect for some species, suggesting that they can act as a temporary refuge and source
Un partage d’expérience autour de la pratique de l’interdisciplinarité sur les feux : le projet EcoSoFI (2022-2024)
No full textInternational audienceLes collaborations inter/transdisciplinaires autour de la compréhension des feux et de leur gestion sont plébiscitées, mais leur mise en œuvre ne va pas pour autant de soi. A partir du partage d’expériences de plusieurs scientifiques et gestionnaires, le présent article restitue la démarche que nous avons adoptée pour comprendre ces difficultés ; et tire quelques constats et propositions. Onconstate notamment la dominance des sciences biophysiques et le poids de la modélisation dans les interfaces entre recherche et gestion. Au sein des SHS, on observe également des partitions entre disciplines et sous-disciplines, ainsi qu’une « interdisciplinarité inachevée » dans l’analyse des changements de régimes de feux. La spécialisation disciplinaire a conduit à une autonomisation du questionnement et des méthodes, qui ne sont plus explicitées ni interrogées au regard des autres approches et du terrain. Nos propositions consistent à remettre en question les catégories implicites concernant les pratiques et les savoirs liés aux feux et à définir des protocoles de recherche permettant des problématisations communes à partir d’études de cas localisées et « concrètes »
Hybrid synthesis of AMFC-derived amides using supported gold nanoparticles and acyl-coenzyme A ligases
No full textFrom royal gardens to research laboratories: the long history of plant science in Versailles
No full textThis text aims at retracing key developments in the Versailles area. It may be used by researchers, educators, and outreach initiatives as a basis for sharing how scientific knowledge is built, preserved, and renewed over time.This short article was produced in the context of a visit by a delegation from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to the INRAE IdF-Versailles-Saclay Center on 11 March 2026. It is intended as a concise and accessible resource that can support the transmission of knowledge on the link between Versailles area and plant science, linking historical insights with contemporary research. By retracing key developments in the Versailles area, this text may be used by researchers, educators, and outreach initiatives as a basis for sharing how scientific knowledge is built, preserved, and renewed over time
Integrated analysis of methylome and transcriptome highlights limited impact of DNA methylation on age-related gene regulation in laying hens
No full textInternational audienceUnderstanding how organisms respond to environmental challenges requires an integrat-ed view of gene expression and regulation. While transcriptome profiling captures dynamic shifts in gene expression, it does not reveal the underlying regulatory mechanisms. DNA meth-ylation, a key epigenetic modification sensitive to environmental factors, provides complemen-tary information on regulatory changes. Integrating methylome and transcriptome data from the same tissue enables a deeper understanding of how environmental stressors may shape gene regulation and phenotype. In a previous transcriptome study of the liver’s response to ageing in laying hens, we identified 634 and 941 differentially expressed (DE) protein-coding genes (PCG) that were respectively under- or over-expressed in 90-week-old laying hens (n=225) compared to 70-week-old (n=241). Here, we extend these results to examine the complex interplay between the transcrip-tome and the methylome, using Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing (RRBS) obtained on a subset of 347 hens (n=174 at 90wk, n=173 at 70wk) from the first study. Among the 9.2M CpG sites identified with a minimum coverage of 10 reads, we selected those that fulfilled the following criteria: no overlap with known genomic variants (2M), at least 10 reads in 80% of samples (475,178), and methylation rate standard deviation >0.05, yielding 139,362 high-quality CpG sites located within 4,569 PCG including the 2kb promoter. A modest but significant global increase in DNA methylation with age was observed, with 906 differential-ly methylated CpG (DMC) sites, of which 557 were hypermethylated and 349 hypomethylated at 90wkcompared to 70wk, respectively corresponding to 89 and 57 genes.We then investigated relationships between methylation and expression using four com-plementary approaches: (i) overlap of DE genes with DMC-associated genes, (ii) multivariate linear models (Expr~site1+site2+…), (iii) unsupervised multi-omics factor analysis (MOFA2), (iv) weighted gene co-expression/co-methylation network analysis (WGCNA).As results, i) only a few DEGs overlapped with DMC-associated genes (<4%). Among them, we found SREBF2 gene harboring multiple DMCs, a key regulator of cholesterol synthesis that was previously reported to be impacted by age. Notably, although many of its target genes were also impacted by age, they were not associated with DMCs. ii) Among the 4,120 genes with paired data, only 406 (9.8%) showed significant associations between DNA methylation and gene ex-pression: 217 (53%) negative, 152 (37%) positive, 37 (9%) mixed. iii) MOFA2 analysis combin-ing all expressed genes and the 50k most variable methylation sites, highlighted a much larger proportion of the total variance accounted for by gene expression than methylation (50.1% vs 7.8%). iv) Using WGCNA with the full set of genes and methylation sites, we identified 20 co-expression and 8 co-methylation modules. A single methylation module correlated (R2>20%) with two expression modules, enriched in cell organization and transport functions, but with no shared genes.In summary, age exerts a modest but detectable effect on hepatic DNA methylation in laying hens, albeit with limited direct association to transcriptomic changes. Our results suggest that age-related transcriptional shifts may be driven by trans-acting methylation mechanisms rather than local CpG regulation.This project is funded by the European GEroNIMO N°101000236 and ANR ‘EFFICA-CE’ programs
Collective choice of breeding goals in a participatory process of selective breeding: features identified during workshops with two local selection groups in southern France
No full textInternational audienceTo design relevant breeding programmes in an agroecological perspective, a key issue is to understand what farmers expect from their livestock. However, when breeding programmes are collective projects, they gather a diversity of breeders, and a diversity of associated farming systems. This questions howthe collective definition of breeding goals can integrate the diversity of features valued by breeders. We analyzed exchanges that took place during workshops held with two local selection groups of beekeepers to define breeding objectives. They inventoried numerous and diverse breeding goals. Both groupsreached agreement through the process of ranking these objectives. Several elements discussed during the workshops were not included in our original framework; we call them gaps. One gap, for instance, concerned the question of whether beekeepers aimed for homogeneity or diversity at the scale of anapiary. The agreements reached led to quite a large number of breeding objectives, which gave rise to questions about how to include all of them in an actual selection process. We envisioned that the highlighted gaps could be studied in future research on livestock breeding and farming systems, as for instance one ofthem echoes the question of the relevant scale to assess performances in livestock farming systems
