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Renaissance Humanism and the Venetian Empire
No full textThe articles gathered in this special issue explore the connection between two major historical phenomena of the fifteenth century: the tremendous diffusion of the humanist movement and the triumphal expansion of the Venetian dominion in the Eastern Mediterranean and northern Italy. By focusing on the interactions between the political, social, and intellectual conjunctures and by adopting a large-scale perspective at the culturally diverse territories under Venetian rule, the special issue approaches the Venetian empire as an interconnected space of scholarly exchange defined by a common but polymorphous political culture. It advances a new understanding of Venetian humanism as an imperial phenomenon and highlights the seminal role it played in the transformation of the Venetian political order in the fifteenth century and its influence well into the sixteenth and sixteenth centuries
Revivification, sportivisation et patrimonialisation d’une lutte traditionnelle : discours et revendications autour de la croche réunionnaise.
No full textInternational audienceThis investigation is based on an anthropological and historical approach to croche, a style of wrestling on Reunion Island. The discursive analysis, based on documentary sources, interviews and ethnographic observation, examines the contemporary trajectory of a traditional activity with particular attention to local politics, memory, and the globalization of sport. As a result of a process to regulate this form of wrestling that is primarily exogenous rather than endogenous, croche remains an activity on patrimonial probation. Today, while croche’s place in local and regional heritage may seem contested, its normalization as a sport has been successfully achieved.L’enquête exploratoire proposée s’appuie sur une approche anthropo-historique de la croche, un style de lutte de l’île de La Réunion. L’analyse discursive, principalement fondée sur des sources documentaires, des entretiens et quelques observations, étudie la trajectoire contemporaine de cette activité physique au regard de globalisation sportive. Ainsi, du fait d’une recréation avant tout exogène plutôt qu’endogène, la croche reste une activité en sursis patrimonial. Aujourd’hui, seule subsiste la réussite d’une normalisation sportive
Spatial and depth distribution of salinity and nitrate in a depleted alluvial aquifer (Haouz plain, Morocco)
No full textInternational audienceUnderstanding groundwater contamination processes in depleted aquifers is needed to improve their integrated management. The present study aims to understand how the conditions prevailing in a depleting detritic unconfined aquifer could affect the salinity and nitrate contamination. The depletion has caused a shift in our alluvial aquifer from dominant very shallow groundwater (< 20 m) in the 1970s to dominant deep groundwater (> 40 m) currently. It was found that (i) groundwater was moderately affected by salinity and nitrate, (ii) the dominant hydrochemical factors are rock weathering, halite dissolution, and reverse ion exchange, and (iii) the nitrate contamination is higher in shallow groundwater but it was detected at all depths. The thick unsaturated zone, which has developed because of the decline of the water table, would have mitigated the surface-borne contamination and reduced the direct effects of evapotranspiration. Using tritium as age indicator, it was suggested that nitrate in deep groundwater could originate from a historical use of fertilizers. In addition, vertical flows induced by decreasing water-table from pumping could transport younger groundwater with high loads of nitrate to mix with older deep groundwater with low nitrate. Serious problems could arise from further mobilization of salts by pumping deep groundwater and from the effects of downward movement of contaminants accumulated in the thick unsaturated zone after sufficient migration time or increases in groundwater recharge rates
Distributions of outputs given subsets of inputs and dependent generalized sensitivity indices
No full textBetter understanding mathematical and numerical models often requires investigating the impacts of inputs on the model outputs as well as interactions. Quantifying such eects for models with non-independent input variables (NIVs) relies on conditional distributions of the outputs given every subset of inputs. In this paper, by rstly providing additional dependency models of NIVs, functional outputs are composed by dependency models (yielding equivalent representations of outputs) to derive distributions of outputs conditional on inputs. We then provide an algorithm for selecting the necessary and sucient equivalent representations that allow for obtaining all the conditional distributions of outputs given every subset of inputs, and for assessing the main, total and interaction eects (i.e., indices) of every subset of NIVs. Unbiased estimators of covariances of sensitivity functionals and consistent estimators of such indices are derived by distinguishing the case of the multivariate and/or functional outputs, including dynamic models. Finally, analytical results and numerical results are provided, including an illustration based on a dynamic model.</div
Historical human impact on the endangered, relict and iconic Canary Islands dragon tree (Dracaena draco (L.) L.) and its uncertain fate in the face of climate change
No full textInternational audienceMacaronesian oceanic islands harbour the emblematic relict Canary Islands dragon tree (D. draco (L.) L. subsp. draco, Asparagaceae). Historical records suggest that its populations, nowadays restricted to Tenerife and Gran Canaria islands (Canaries) and Madeira Island, had a much wider geographic range in the past. In this study, we aimed at (i) testing whether current D. draco subsp. draco populations are relicts of a former wider distribution because of human impact, (ii) whether those populations are at risk with future climate change and (iii) targeting priority zones for in situ conservation face to global changes. We based our approach on the comparison between actual distribution, land use data and suitable area modelled via Environmental Niche Models (ENM) and projected under future climate change scenarios. ENM were calibrated at two different phylogenetic levels to account for taxonomic uncertainties. We found that: (i) The Canary Islands dragon tree populations occupy only 3-4% of their suitable area, reflecting their relict status due to past habitat alteration and overexploitation; (ii) Their response to future climate change varies depending on ENMs and climate change scenarios, but some projections suggest that climate may become unsuitable within their actual distribution range; (iii) Finally, we provide a map of zones to prioritize, specifically semi-natural areas predicted to remain suitable in the future, for in situ recovery operation
Consommer plus de légumineuses : une composante essentielle des régimes alimentaires sains et durables
No full textCe volume fait suite aux Rencontres Francophone Légumineuses (RFL) de mars 2024 organisées par le Cirad, INRAE, Terres Inovia et Terres Univia, et co-organisé par l'Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA). Ce rendez-vous unique entre tous les acteurs du développement, des filières et de la recherche sur les légumineuses à graines et fourragères. L’occasion de croiser les regards, partager les connaissances et accélérer l’innovation autour des légumineuses.Les RFLs s’intéressent aux légumineuses à graines, fourragères ou ligneuses, et visent à couvrir la diversité des systèmes de production, ainsi que la diversité des usages : alimentation humaine, animale et non-alimentaire.Les légumineuses sont un levier majeur pour relever les défis mondiaux du changement climatique et de la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle. Partout dans le monde, elles disposent d’un rôle stratégique : atouts nutritionnels, souveraineté protéique et alimentaire. Les nombreuses espèces de légumineuses constituent également un formidable vivier d’innovations alimentaires.National audienceChanges in the way food is produced and consumed in our societies imply food and nutritional transitions. The consequences of these changes can be deleterious if measures are not taken to steer these transitions resolutely in the right direction. Regular consumption of legumes is one of the almost unavoidable components of healthy, sustainable diets. The reference diet proposed in 2019 by the EAT-Lancet commission includes the consumption of 100 g legume seed equivalent/person/day. However,global consumption of pulses declined steadily over the 20th century, particularly in industrialized countries, and we are far from reaching these consumption levels in most parts of the world. Africa is one of the top consuming regions (25g/person/day), but there are major disparities from one country to another. Europe has a very low consumption rate, averaging 8g/person/day. The nutritional and health benefits of eating legumes go far beyond their plant protein content, which is more of an environmental concern, as they replace animal proteins. Pulses are also a remarkable source of fiber and low-glycemic carbohydrates, playing a role in satiety, helping to prevent overweight and obesity. They also contain numerous bioactive compounds with a recognized role in the prevention of diet-related chronic diseases. Finally, they contain appreciable quantities of important micronutrients, particularly vitamin B9, magnesium and zinc. So, why is consumption so notoriously inadequate? Depending on the context, the most frequently reported obstacles to consumption are (i) their poor palatability, (ii) the difficulty of preparing them, (iii) the occurrence of digestive problems after consumption, and (iv) their low availability/high price and (v) their unflattering image as “poor man's meat”. Several approaches could be explored to overcome these challenges: - Promote diversity at all levels: species, variety, form of consumption. In Benin, a positive association between diversity of consumption forms and quantity of cowpea consumed has been demonstrated; - Offer intermediate manufactured products to facilitate preparation; - Reduce the content of anti-nutritional factors through varietal selection or the use of biological processes; …Not forgetting awareness-raising and marketing activities to improve the image of legumes.L'évolution des modes de production et de consommation des aliments dans nos sociétés implique des transitions alimentaires et nutritionnelles. Les conséquences de ces évolutions peuvent être délétères si l'on ne prend pas de mesure pour résolument orienter favorablement ces transitions. Consommer des légumineuses régulièrement est une composante quasi-incontournable des régimes alimentaires sains et durables. Le régime alimentaire de référence proposé en 2019 par la commission du EAT-Lancet inclut ainsi la consommation de 100 g équivalent graines de légumineuses/personne/jour. Cependant, la consommation des légumineuses dans le monde a diminué de manière continue au cours du 20 ième siècle, en particulier dans les pays industrialisés et nous sommes loin d'atteindre ces niveaux de consommation dans la plupart des régions du monde. L'Afrique fait partie des régions les plus grosses consommatrices (25g/personne/jour), mais il existe des disparités importantes d'un pays à l'autre. La région Europe est très faiblement consommatrice avec en moyenne 8g/personne/jour
Macrofaunal biopores: Diversity and regeneration rates across diverse pedoclimatic conditions studied with repacked soil cores
No full textInternational audienceIt is well known that biopores are crucial for soil functioning. However, their dynamics is rarely studied and their origin with regards to the soil organisms involved is still hard to determine. In this study we investigated the diversity of biopores and their regeneration rates in situ in various pedoclimatic conditions. Our approach involved field incubation of repacked soil cores with lateral openings across nine study sites in five countries (France, Vietnam, India, Laos and Thailand). After 12 months, biopores were characterized by X-ray computed tomography and grouped according to their diameter, length and sphericity index using principal component analysis followed by K-means clustering. The regeneration dynamics of biopores was assessed by comparing those created after one year of incubation to the biopores determined in soil cores taken from the surrounding soils (assuming the latter are in a steady-state). Additionally, we examined the relationships between newly formed biopores and soil macrofauna taxa. Our results evidenced significant variability in biopore diameter (0.90 to 15.84 mm), length (1 to 1600 mm) and sphericity index (0.03 to 0.93). We propose 10 biopore groups allowing to distinguish most of the study sites. Complete regeneration of biopores after 12 months was achieved in seven out of nine sites. Three groups of biopores showed a positive relation with earthworm abundance (r values ranged from 0.69 to 0.90), whereas the other groups of biopores showed no association with any macrofauna taxa. We conclude that biopore formation can be assessed under field conditions with repacked soil cores, regardless the pedoclimatic conditions. However, the involvement of macrofauna other than earthworms in biopore formation still remains to be unraveled. To capture their contribution to biopore formation, improvements of the repacked soil core approach and complementary laboratory experiments were suggested
Fustât III. Fouilles d'Istabl 'Antar. La céramique des occupations omeyyades et abbassides, Fouilles de l'Ifao 000, 2 volumes, Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, Le Caire.
No full textInternational audienceAu commencement des années 1980, l’exploration archéologique du plateau d’Istabl ‘Antar avaitrévélé une longue séquence stratigraphique et la présence d’un quartier de la ville fondée ex nihilo parles conquérants arabes en 641 ap. J.-C./20 AH., sous le règne du calife ‘Umar. Cette ville, Fustât,première capitale de l’Islam en Afrique, allait devenir en quelques années une place de marchérégionale de premier rang. Cette primauté se traduit notamment, sur le terrain, par une abondance demarqueurs matériels. Parmi ces derniers figurent quantités de céramiques régionales dont l’aspectgénéral, au milieu du VIIIe s., avait au final peu évolué depuis la période byzantine. L’analysedétaillée de milliers de pièces archéologiques, provenant pour beaucoup de niveaux datés entre lafin du VIIe s. et le début du IXe s., appuyée sur une riche documentation numismatique, permetd’esquisser les contours du quotidien matériel des habitants de ce quartier éphémère, qui disparut dansun incendie durant l’été 750, avant d’être reconverti en nécropole. La masse documentaire recueillie,sans équivalent en Égypte pour la période considérée, constitue un remarquable champ d’observationpropre à affiner nos connaissances sur la chronologie de l’instrumentum en usage, les sociabilités de latable, l’introduction de nouveaux procédés techniques, la diffusion des savoirs, les réseaux dedistribution régionaux et les chemins du négoce au long cours
"Le vilain qui vit un autre home od sa feme" de Marie de France - Édition et notes d'après le manuscrit York, Minster Library, XVI s. K-12 Pt. I
No full textÉdition et notes du "Vilain qui vit un autre home od sa feme" de Marie de France d'après le manuscrit York, Minster Library, XVI s. K-12 Pt.