HAL Portal UPF (Université de la Polynésie française)
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Les réseaux de John Teariki : entre militantisme antinucléaire et nationalisme anticolonial en Polynésie française (1963-1983)
No full textInternational audienceJohn Teariki, homme politique et député polynésien, incarne, durant les essais nucléaires réalisés par la France en Polynésie française, le nationalisme polynésien ainsi que la résistance au Centre d’expérimentation du Pacifique (CEP) et à l’État impérial. À la lumière des archives privées et régaliennes, cet article propose un regard neuf sur cet héritier de Pouvanaa a Oopa, figure locale de l’anticolonialisme, qui s’insère dans des circulations d’informations multiscalaires et se constitue des réseaux politiques, scientifiques et militants pour tenter d’alerter l’opinion publique française et polynésienne sur les risques sanitaires des expérimentations et la mainmise de l’État jacobin sur la Polynésie française entre 1963 et 1983. Cet enfant de Moorea, surveillé par les services de renseignement, n’hésite pas à tenir tête au général de Gaulle lors de sa venue à Papeete en 1966 et à opérer un bras de fer permanent avec les autorités françaises, dont la posture impériale, les pratiques et les représentations rappellent certains traits de la « situation coloniale »
De l’action compassionnelle à l’activisme migrant: Emergence et structuration de la « société civile migrante » en Asie du Sud‐Est
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Spatial autocorrelation and host anemone species drive variation in local components of fitness in a wild clownfish population
No full textInternational audienceThe susceptibility of species to habitat changes depends on which ecological drivers shape individual fitness components. To date, only a few studies have quantified fitness components such as the Lifetime Reproductive Success across multiple generations in wild marine species. Because of a long-term sampling effort, such information is available for the population of wild orange clownfish, Amphiprion percula, from Kimbe Island (Papua New Guinea). Previous work on the wild orange clownfish near Kimbe Island suggests that there is little adaptive potential and that variation in LRS is mainly driven by a breeder’s habitat. Whether the host anemone species, geographic location, density or depth contributed to LRS remains however unknown because they were combined into a unique variable. We tested whether it is the ecology or the spatial distribution of clownfish that shaped the individual variation of a local fitness component, which would affect the population self-recruitment process and ultimately the maintenance of this wild population. Our spatially explicit analysis disentangled the role of these factors. We found that the host anemone species had an impact on wild clownfish LRS independently from their spatial distribution. The spatial distribution nevertheless had an impact on its own, as reflected by the spatial autocorrelation of LRS. Depth and density of anemones did not show a significant impact. Our findings imply that this clownfish population is susceptible to modifications of the spatial distribution and local assembly of anemone specie
Sécuriser l’accès au foncier : sortie d’indivision des terres et production sociale de la propriété en Polynésie française
No full textInternational audienceLa question foncière constitue un problème juridique et social relativement ancien en Polynésie française dont la complexité s’est surtout construite à partir de la période coloniale. Les transformations économiques, démographiques et sociales de la période contemporaine ont toutefois contribué à en faire désormais l’un des grands enjeux de cette collectivité, à la fois du point de vue des conflictualités familiales qu’elle génère et des défis qu’elle pose à l’institution judiciaire en termes de traitement des procédures. Les litiges liés à la propriété de la terre traversent aujourd’hui l’ensemble des milieux sociaux sur ce territoire. Les demandes de sortie du statut d’indivision des terres familiales (statut qui concerne environ 57% des terres de la collectivité) constituent le point névralgique du problème, justifiant la mise en place d’une structure dédiée inédite au sein de la République française : le tribunal foncier de Polynésie française (2019). Cette communication présente les résultats d’une enquête qualitative auprès de justiciables engagés dans une procédure de sortie d’indivision des terres familiales. On s’intéresse à la production sociale du droit foncier comme mode de sécurisation des ressources dans ce contexte, entre stratégies collectives et conflictualités inter et intra générationnelles. Dans un premier temps, l’analyse des récits de vie permet de montrer en quoi l’accès à la terre est devenu un enjeu important et conflictuel au sein des familles contemporaines, dans un contexte caractérisé par des crises multiples. Dans un second temps, l’analyse des parcours d’accès au droit permet d’identifier les freins et les leviers mobilisés par les individus pour obtenir la propriété de terres, montrant une imbrication de démarches judiciaires et d’arrangements informels dans le cours ordinaire des pratiques sociales
La responsabilité propre aux conventions réglementées non exclusive de celle relative à la faute de gestion du gérant de SARL
No full textInternational audienceNote sous Cour de cassation, com., 18 décembre 2024, no 22-21.487 (F-B
3D Calcium carbonate polymorphs imaging with stimulated Raman scattering in biominerals
No full textInternational audienceWe present a highly sensitive coherent Raman microscopy approach, which allows for the tridimensional (3D) imaging of a series of carbonate polymorphs in marine organisms. CaCO3 biomineralization occurs from the transformation of metastable amorphous precursors and other crystalline phases into a final crystalline phase. Understanding biomineralization pathways requires identifying this physico-chemical temporal sequence. Our approach exploits the different vibrational signatures of amorphous calcium carbonate, aragonite, calcite, Mg-calcite or hemi-hydrated calcium carbonate. This optical method enables the production of spatially and spectrally resolved images of the different compounds. When applied on the growing edge of post-mortem samples of both Pinctada margaritifera pearl oyster shell and Stylophora pistillata coral, it allows for inferring a temporal crystallisation sequence. We thus highlight the existence of intermediate crystalline phases, involving magnesian calcite or hemi-hydrated calcium carbonate, respectively
France libre et Français libres dans les Établissements Français d’Océanie (1940-1947). Une histoire de la résistance des marges dans l’espace Pacifique
No full textOn 2 September 1940, the Établissements Français d’Océanie (EFO, currently known as French Polynesia) sided with General de Gaulle’s Free France movement. They became one of the very first French colonies to do so, alongside two other French Pacific colonies, the New Hebrides on 2 July 1940 and New Caledonia on 19 September 1940. A francophone stronghold in a mostly anglophone Pacific, the EFO maintained themselves within the Allies’ camp until the end of the Second World War. However, despite their early decision to rally to de Gaulle which made them pioneers within the external resistance, the EFO remain largely absent from Free France’s historiography. This thesis examines the EFO’s history during the Second World War and under Free France and discusses its connections with New Caledonia as well as with the regional powers in the Pacific (Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Japan). It defends two major ideas: that the EFO’s ralliement to Free France marks the starting point of the claims for and introduction of political autonomy in the territory, and that Free France’s actors and institutions in the EFO crystallised the colonial society that was then in place.The first chapter of this thesis begins by examining the definition of a Free French and how it does (or does not) apply to the Gaullist partisans in Tahiti. Based on recent works, it proposes a definition relying on four criteria: being a volunteer, enlisting between 18 June 1940 and 31 July 1943, recognizing General de Gaulle’s authority and acting outside of occupied France. The second chapter examines the EFO’s ralliement to Free France. It underlines that it was a local coup, led by local notable figures. While noting some external influences, this coup was led without any kind of external intervention and drawing on a favourable context where latent Anglophilia met a very specific colonial context. Metis businessmen and local administrators found themselves invested with a certain degree of agency which allowed them to act, severing their ties with the metropole and with the Vichy regime while forming new ones with the Allies.The third chapter proposes a political history of the wartime French Pacific, encompassing the EFO and New Caledonia. After the 1940 ralliements, the Free French headquarters felt that they needed people of confidence in the field. They then sent governor general Richard Brunot in an inspection mission; however, Brunot involved himself in the EFO’s affairs, proclaimed himself the colony’s governor and had the sitting governor Émile de Curton and several of his close collaborators jailed, under the false pretext of a Vichy plot against himself. De Gaulle then sent another representative, rear admiral Georges Thierry d’Argenlieu, whom he appointed High Commissioner in the Pacific. Upon arrival in Tahiti, d’Argenlieu had Brunot and de Curton recalled to London and appointed a new governor in Tahiti, lieutenant-colonel Georges Orselli. He then proceeded to Nouméa where he was, in turn, the cause for another grave political crisis by clashing with the governor Henri Sautot, before being himself recalled to London in late 1942. This chapter proposes the idea that both episodes are not separate crises as suggested by the historiography, but, on the contrary, the two phases of a single “Oceanian crisis”.The fourth chapter focuses on the military aspects of the topic. It underscores that the Free French in the Pacific conducted a war without battles, given that the EFO (and New Caledonia) were never attacked by neither the Japanese, the Germans or the Vichy regime. This absence of enemy attack or intervention was a relief for local authorities as the local troops were largely insufficient to repel them. However, the creation of local militias by the colonial authorities and the arrival of large American forces in early 1942, in both New Caledonia and the island of Bora Bora, balanced the situation .Chapter five elaborates on the EFO’s diplomatic and commercial activities during the war. Given the absence of active combat on its soil, the colony was able to focus on developing its relations with the UK, the USA, Australia and New Zealand. It supports the idea of Tahiti as an important diplomatic centre, welcoming consuls and representatives from the UK (the British consulate in Papeete working since 1837), New Zealand and the USA, among others. It also underscores the successful diplomatic campaign led by High Commissioner d’Argenlieu thanks to which Australia and New Zealand broke diplomatic relations with Vichy and agreed to deal only with Free France, even though both countries had supported the Gaullist regime in the Pacific as early as late 1940. It also brings to light the EFO’s commercial health: the colony was able to export vanilla, mother-of-pearl, copra and phosphates to the Allies and to receive in return some very appreciable cash income.The sixth and last chapter focuses on the “sortie de guerre” (literally “war exit”), from the Brazzaville conference in January 1944 to the Ville d’Amiens affair in June 1947, during which Free French veterans led a protest in Papeete to prevent three civil servants coming from France from disembarking, arguing that their positions could have been assumed by Polynesians. It addresses the repatriation in May 1946 of the volunteers who had gone to fight overseas and their return to civilian life. Finally, it engages with how Free France and the Free French have been celebrated, awarded, and commemorated since the end of the war.Le 2 septembre 1940, les Établissements Français d’Océanie (EFO) sont l’une des toutes premières colonies à rallier la France Libre du général de Gaulle. Précédée par les Nouvelles-Hébrides et suivie par la Nouvelle Calédonie, la colonie se maintient dans le camp allié jusqu’à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale et développe des liens étroits avec l’Australie, la Nouvelle-Zélande et les États-Unis. Pourtant, en dépit de la précocité de leur ralliement au général de Gaulle, faisant d’eux des pionniers de la résistance extérieure, les EFO demeurent absents de l’historiographie de la France Libre. Cette thèse vise ainsi à aborder l’histoire de la France libre dans les EFO et dans le Pacifique, en mettant la colonie d’alors en dialogue avec la Nouvelle-Calédonie autant qu’avec les grandes puissances régionales (Australie, Nouvelle-Zélande, États-Unis, Japon). Elle vient interroger la définition d’un Français libre et son application au Pacifique, discute l’implantation du gaullisme en Océanie française et plus particulièrement l’épisode du ralliement des EFO, défend l’idée d’une « crise océanienne » s’agissant de la première rencontre entre les acteurs locaux et les envoyés de Londres en 1941-1942 et vient mettre en lumière l’absence de combats dans le Pacifique français, l’insuffisance des troupes y étant stationnées et, paradoxalement, la particulièrement bonne santé commerciale et diplomatique de la colonie sous régime français libre. Globalement, cette thèse s’appuie sur deux grandes idées charnière : que le ralliement des EFO à la France libre marque le point de départ des revendications et de l’introduction de l’autonomie dans le territoire, et que les acteurs et les institutions de France libre dans les EFO viennent cristalliser la société coloniale alors en vigueur
Une approche minimax pour la robustificationdes algorithmes d’apprentissage statistique
No full textIn this paper, we address the challenge of learning models that stay reliable under distribution shifts when only finite training data is available. A novel training-dependent minimax problem is proposed to design learning algorithms that are robust to the worst-case datagenerating distribution. For the ambiguity sets, we construct Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence neighborhoods on both model and data distributions. We obtain an analytical solution to this minimax problem, referred to as the robust learner. We show that the robust learner follows a Gibbs distribution, in which the prior can be chosen as any baseline learning algorithm to be robustified. Such a robust learner minimizes the worst-case generalization gap within a KL-divergence neighbourhood of unseen new data and it provides a smaller generalization error compared with the baseline learning algorithm Q. Under certain conditions, the robust learner also guarantees a smaller expected testing error than Q. We also provide a training-dependent PAC-Bayes bound on the robust learner's performance on unseen data. Closed-form expressions for generalization error and expected loss of the robust learner are given in terms of mutual information, lautum information, and KL-divergence. As a by-product, we show that the proposed minimax problem admits a two-player zero-sum game formulation, for which a unique Nash equilibrium exists. This enhances our understanding of learning algorithm robustification. Numerical experiments validate the applicability of the results and the benefits of robustification
Refus ou renoncement ? Les facteurs socio-économiques de non-recours aux services de santé publique en Polynésie française
No full textInternational audienceThis communication examines the social, economic and relational factors that shape non-take-up of biomedical health services in French Polynesia, a vast archipelagic territory where access to specialized care often requires long-distance medical evacuations. Based on an extensive qualitative dataset collected across all archipelagos—including 215 ethnographic interviews and long-term field observations—the study adopts an inductive approach centred on patients’ lived experiences and daily constraints. Findings show that refusal of care cannot be understood solely as an autonomous decision opposing biomedical recommendations. Instead, it emerges as a deliberation embedded in structural constraints and family obligations. Limited financial resources, difficulties securing accommodation in Tahiti, and the high costs associated with prolonged stays or potential repatriation of remains strongly hinder access to prescribed care. Social ties play an ambivalent role: while family support can facilitate access to treatment, responsibilities toward kin, attachment to the home island and subsistence activities often lead patients to postpone or decline care. Health professionals, for their part, navigate between persuasion, negotiation and legal self-protection through the use of liability waivers. Overall, the study highlights how unequal material and relational resources shape differentiated access to public health services, calling for policies that better account for island-specific social vulnerabilities.Cette communication analyse les facteurs sociaux, économiques et relationnels qui façonnent le non-recours aux services de santé biomédicaux en Polynésie française, vaste territoire archipélagique où l’accès aux soins spécialisés implique souvent des évacuations sanitaires sur de longues distances. Fondée sur un large corpus qualitatif collecté dans l’ensemble des archipels — incluant 215 entretiens ethnographiques et des observations prolongées — l’étude adopte une approche inductive centrée sur l’expérience vécue des patients et leurs contraintes quotidiennes.Les résultats montrent que le refus de soin ne peut être compris comme une simple décision autonome allant à l’encontre des recommandations biomédicales. Il s’inscrit plutôt dans une délibération prise au sein de contraintes structurelles et d’obligations familiales. Le manque de ressources financières, les difficultés à trouver un hébergement à Tahiti, ainsi que les coûts élevés liés à des séjours prolongés ou au rapatriement d’un corps en cas de décès entravent fortement l’accès aux soins prescrits. Les liens sociaux jouent un rôle ambivalent : si le soutien familial peut faciliter l’accès au traitement, les responsabilités envers les proches, l’attachement à l’île d’origine ou encore les activités de subsistance conduisent fréquemment les patients à reporter ou refuser une prise en charge. Les professionnels de santé, de leur côté, oscillent entre persuasion, négociation et protection juridique via l’usage de décharges de responsabilité.Dans l’ensemble, l’étude met en évidence la manière dont des ressources matérielles et relationnelles inégalement distribuées produisent des accès différenciés aux services publics de santé, appelant à des politiques mieux adaptées aux vulnérabilités sociales propres aux contextes insulaires
Deciphering the molecular mechanisms of oyster resistance to Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome (POMS) disease induced by high temperatures
No full textInternational audienceClimate change and rising temperatures are frequently cited as key factors in the emergence of diseases. While the increase in temperature can alter host immunity, influence pathogen virulence, and change the geographic distribution of vectors and their associated pathogens, few studies have investigated the impact of temperature variations on the molecular mechanisms controlling disease permissiveness. The present study addresses this question on a panzootic and polymicrobial disease, the Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome (POMS). POMS, initiated by the herpesvirus OsHV-1 μVar, affects juveniles of Magallana gigas, which is the most widely cultured oyster species in the world. In our study, two full-sib families were exposed to the disease under permissive (23 °C) and non-permissive (30 °C) conditions. Using an integrative multi-omics approach, we demonstrate that high temperature has a dual effect on oysters (1) inducing a metabolic reprogramming, creating a sub-optimal metabolic environment for viral infection and thereby limiting POMS development, and (2) enhancing the host's antiviral immune capabilities, both at a baseline level and in response to infection. Overall, these responses triggered at elevated temperature improve oyster survival against POMS. Our study showed that temperature exerts complex effects on host-pathogen interactions; and molecular-level mechanistic approaches are crucial to thoroughly understand and accurately assess how temperature changes can influence epidemiological risk