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GAUSSIAN TYPE-2 FUZZY COOPERATIVE GAME BASED ON REDUCTION METHOD: AN APPLICATION TO MULTI-DRUG RESISTANCE PROBLEM
No full textMany developments of fuzzy sets have been suggested to accomplish uncertain information in real-world problems. But, in the greatest cases, fuzzy sets in two- dimensions or type-1 fuzzy sets are measured. Incomplete information can indeed be complicated to manage as it creates gaps in understanding. Sporadically, the insufficiency of the data depends upon the extent of time or source, or both. In that case, type-1 fuzzy sets are not adequate to describe the situation. A three-dimensional of the fuzzy set, or type-2 fuzzy set, is utilized here to associate this gap. In the present study, we aim to improve cooperative games in Gaussian type-2 fuzzy environments. To do this, we first delineate the mean reduction and critical value method in Gaussian type-2 fuzzy environments and their properties. A composite strategy combining parametric programming and fuzzy programming is proposed to resolve the created bi-level programming problem in the course of the cooperative game. The proposed methodology is outlined with the multiple drug resistance implementation problem to verify the applicability and validity
Deciphering melatonin biosynthesis pathway in Chenopodium quinoa: genome-wide analysis and expression levels of the genes under salt and drought
No full textMain conclusion: In this study, we identified a total of ten melatonin biosynthesis genes (3 TDCs, 2 TSHs, 3 SNATs, and 2 ASMTs) in Chenopodium quinoa through bioinformatics methods, and analyzed physiological traits and gene expression levels in drought- and salt-treated plants with or without melatonin. Gene expression levels showed variations depending on tissues, genotypes, and abiotic stress. Abstract: Melatonin is involved in distinct biological processes, such as growth, development, and stress response in plants. The tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC), tryptamine 5-hydroxylase (T5H), serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT), and N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT) enzymes are involved in melatonin biosynthesis. Exogenous melatonin reduces the adverse effects of salt stress in different plants, but the roles of melatonin biosynthesis pathway in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) remain elusive. This study aims to identify and characterize the melatonin biosynthetic genes encoding TDCs, T5Hs, SNATs, and ASMTs in C. quinoa genome through bioinformatics methods and determine their transcript abundances under salt and drought stress. In total, ten genes were identified in C. quinoa genome, including 3 TDCs, 2 TSHs, 3 SNATs, and 2 ASMTs. TDCs have a pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylase domain, T5Hs possess a cytochrome P450, SNAT proteins contain the Acetyltransf_1 domain, and ASMTs include the O-methyltransferase domain. We also examined some physiological characteristics such as growth and water relations along with electrolyte leakage. For that purpose, two quinoa genotypes (Salcedo and Ames 1377) were subjected to salt and drought stress, with or without melatonin. Exogenous melatonin remarkably reduced the negative effects of salt and drought on shoot length, RWC, and electrolyte leakage in the sensitive Salcedo genotype. However, it showed limited impact on the stress-tolerant Ames 1377 genotype. Expression patterns showed variations depending on tissues, genotypes, and the type of abiotic stress. Promoter analysis indicated that the cis-elements in TDC, T5H, and SNAT promoters were mostly associated with stress-response, while those in ASMT promoters were related to light response
Mimari Korumanın bir Aktörü olarak Değişim: Değişim Yönetimi için İnsanmerkezci olmayan bir Kavramsal Çerçeve
No full textBu tez, özünde, mimari koruma kararlarını ve müdahalelerini şekillendiren değer yargılarıyla ilgilenmektedir. Günümüzde eleştirel miras çalışmalarının öne sürdüğü üzere, hakim değer yargılarının, ya da daha yaygın adıyla resmi miras söyleminin, insan merkezli, aydınlanmacı dünya anlayışı tarafından hem üretildiği hem de bu anlayışı yeniden ürettiği iddia edilmektedir. Bu do ğrultuda, çalışma, insan merkezci olmayan alternatif bir kavramsal çerçeve geliştirmeyi amaçlayarak mimari miraslara ve onların kaçınılmaz dönüşümlerine karşı daha sürdürülebilir, duyarlı ve kapsayıcı yaklaşımların geliştirilmesine katkıda bulunmayı hedefl emektedir.Bu çerçevenin geliştirilmesi için çalışma, korumanın en temel ve yaygın tanımlarından birbiri olan değişimin yönetimi üzerinde durarak, değişim olgusunun doğasına dair bir sorgulama yapmaktadır. Değişim, hem kültürel mirasın varlığını sürdürebilmesini sağlayan hem de onları tehdit eden; hem temel hem de tartışmalı bir kavramdır. Çalışmada karma bir yöntem kullanılmıştır. Öncelikle değişim ve koruma arasındaki durumsal ilişki tanımlanmış, ardından üç farklı zamansal ontoloji ziyaret edilerek varlıkların nasıl değiştiğine dair daha geniş bir perspektif elde edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu kuramsal tartışmalardan elde edilen görüler doğrultusunda, Kapadokya’daki peribacaları arasında dolaşılmış ve seçilen numuneler ışığında bu formasyonların değişimleri tartışılmıştır. Değişim olgusu üzerine yapılan bu üç adımlı çalışmanın sonunda hazır, her durumda geçerli bir koruma yöntemi sunmak yerine, günümüzün etik, politik ve çevresel sorunlarını aşmaya yönelik yeni yaklaşımların geliştirilmesine olanak tanıyabilecek bir kavramsal çerçeve önerilmiştir. Tez nihayetinde, koruma ile değişim arasında bir taraf tutmayı değil, miras pratiğine katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Bunu modernitenin homojen zaman algısını aşan bir değişim dili geliştirerek gerçekleştirmeyi hedeflemektedir.This thesis, in essence, is concerned with the value judgements that shape architectural conservation decisions and interventions. In line with the recent critical scholarship claiming that the prevailing value judgements or, as more popularly named the official heritage discourse, that is said to both produce and is produced by human-centered, post Enlightenment understanding of the world, this study aims to come up with an alternative non-anthropocentric conceptual framework to validate more sustainable, responsive and inclusive attitudes towards architectural heritage and its perpetual change.In order to develop the framework, this study conducts an inquiry into the phenomenon of change, dwelling on one of the most basic and popular definitions of conservation as management of change. It is a fundamental as well as controversial concept for conservation because of both engendering and enda ngering heritage. A mixed methodical approach is employed throughout the study. After portraying the situational relationship between change and conservation, it visits three different temporal ontologies to re ach a broader understanding of how things change and then, with the insights from these readings, fairy chimneys of Cappadocia are wandered through, and selected samples to comprehend their transformation processes. In the end, rather than a ready made, overarching conservation method, a conceptual framework is proposed that may facilitate a new set of approaches to overcome the contemporary ethical, political and environmental problems where the existing ones fall short.Ultimately, the aim of dissertation is not to favor change over conservation but to contribute to heritage practice by advocating for a posthuman language of change that transcends the linear and homogenous temporal frameworks of modernity, fostering a more enchanted experience of heritage sites.</p
Extreme Characteristics of the Ground Motions Recorded During the 2023 Kahramanmaras Turkiye Earthquakes and Their Effect on Inelastic Seismic Response of RC Frame Buildings
No full textTwo devastating earthquakes occurred on February 6, 2023, in Kahramanmaras Turkiye within 9 h. The epicenter of the first event is in Pazarcik sub-province of Kahramanmaras with a moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.8. Nine hours later the second event occurred with Mw = 7.5, of which the epicenter is close to the Elbistan sub-province of Kahramanmaras. This earthquake sequence caused multiple-fault ruptures with hundreds of kilometers, affecting 11 cities in the near field. The events caused a significant number of casualties along with substantial physical and economic losses. Many different building types in the region suffered damage during the earthquakes but RC frame buildings deserve special attention due to their extremely poor seismic performance. This study examines the inelastic seismic response characteristics of simplified structural systems under the selected ground motions during the 2023 Kahramanmaras Turkiye earthquakes by focusing on the seismic performance of Turkish RC frame buildings. Inelastic seismic demands of this building typology are assessed with idealized SDOF systems in terms of spectral acceleration and displacement. In addition, the effects of multiple wave packets and strong velocity pulses on the inelastic seismic behavior of idealized RC frame-building models are examined. The numerical results of the study verify the extraordinary nature of the selected ground motions in terms of inelastic seismic response. The inferior seismic performance of almost all RC frame-building subclasses, which generally follow field observations after the event, can be attributed to the double effect of the inherent flexibility of frame construction and demanding ground motions with the effects of multiple wave packets and strong velocity pulses
Allochthonous matter quality regulates functionality of lake zooplankton
No full textWhile numerous studies have investigated the effects of climate-induced increase of allochthonous matter (AM), the differential impacts of multiple AM sources on plankton dynamics are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of two different sources of AM on zooplankton biomass, composition, taxonomic and functional indices (richness and evenness) and functional stability in a six-week outdoor mesocosm experiment. The treatments included a single pulse of alder tree leaf leachate (L, the nutrient effect), HuminFeed® (HF, the brownification effect) and the two combined (HFL) relative to control (no AM addition). HF did not give enough brownification to change zooplankton biomass. L and HFL enhanced zooplankton and Daphnia biomass. The biomass increase was more pronounced in HFL than L. The taxonomic richness and functional evenness were higher in HFL, no significant change for HF and L. The zooplankton functional stability, measured as biomass, in HF was resistant to disturbance. The communities in L and HFL showed low resistance, and only HFL community recovered. Our results highlight the stronger effect of the higher quality of L (i.e. nutrient content) and suggest that its combination with HF may have had synergistic effects, emphasising the importance of considering AM source quality in studies on planktonic communities
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic periphyton responses to warming, nutrient enrichment and small omnivorous fish: A shallow lake mesocosms experiment
No full textGlobal change stressors, including climate warming, eutrophication, and small-sized omnivorous fish, may exert interactive effects on the food webs and functioning of shallow lakes. Periphyton plays a central role in the primary production and nutrient cycling of shallow lakes but constitutes a complex community composed of eukaryotes and prokaryotes that may exhibit different responses to multiple environmental stressors with implications for the projections of the effects of global change on shallow lakes. We analyzed the effects of warming, nutrient enrichment, small omnivorous fish and their interactions on eukaryotic and prokaryotic periphyton structures in shallow lake mesocosms. We performed 16S and 18S rRNA high-throughput sequencing to elucidate the effect of the abovementioned stressors. We found that warming promoted periphytic alpha diversity and network complexity, with multi-tolerant genera becoming dominating (e.g. Spirosomaceae and Azospirillaceae). Contrastingly, nutrient enrichment led to reduced prokaryotic diversity and network complexity and stability, with weak disruption of the eukaryotic structure. Small omnivorous fish were major drivers of changes eukaryotic periphyton, facilitating diversity and network complexity, and increasing prokaryotic and eukaryotic biomarker diversity. Omnivorous fish reduced the grazing pressure on periphyton mainly through selective grazing on zooplankton, contributing to periphytic structural stability and functional diversity, especially the proliferation of prokaryotic biomarkers. Nutrient enrichment counteracted the positive effects of warming on periphyton, while concerted action with omnivorous fish led to high TN and TP concentrations and accelerated the negative development of periphytic alpha diversity and network structure. The co-occurrence of the three environmental pressures ultimately resulted in a disruption of periphytic biodiversity and community structure and weakened connectivity with the environment. Our study provided new insights into the understanding of the response of prokaryotic and eukaryotic community structure and ecological functions of freshwater periphyton to global environmental change
Analysis of the B(s) → T(JP=2-) transition in light cone QCD sum rules
No full textThe semileptonic B(s) → T(JP=2-)l+l- decays induced by flavor changing neural currents are investigated within the light cone quantum chromodynamics (QCD) sum rule method in the leading order of O(αs). We apply the B meson distribution amplitudes up to twist-4 and calculate the relevant form factors of the B(s)→T transitions, where T=K2,a2,f2,φ2 with JP=2-. The obtained results of the form factors then adopted in the calculations of the corresponding widths. The present results can be used in future experiments for studying the properties of JP=2- tensor mesons
Capacitor Lifetime Extension in Power Converter Systems Using Neural Networks
No full textCapacitors are one of the main components that limit the overall reliability of a power electronics converter. The major parameter limiting the lifetime of a capacitor is the hotspot temperature, which is directly related to the amount of ripple current flowing through the capacitor. For converters employing paralleled power stages, PWM interleaving has been traditionally applied to minimize capacitor current ripple. In multiinput, single-output power converters, PWM interleaving can also be employed to minimize the common capacitors' current ripple. In these systems, finding the optimal phase shift is not trivial though. In this article, neural networks yield optimal phase shift values to operate the common capacitor at the minimum ripple state, enabling capacitor lifetime extension. The proposed technique was validated on a three-level Boost converter with 2 and 3 cells. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is shown through experimental results
A systematic evaluation of autism spectrum disorder identification with Scanpath Trend Analysis (STA)
No full textBackground: Eye-tracking combined with machine learning (ML) has the potential to provide an objective and cost-effective method for identifying autism. However, current ML approaches that aim to identify Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) based on naturalistic web interactions have high variations on different pages and tasks. This inconsistency necessitates a more consistent approach since there is no clear pattern for identifying suitable web pages or tasks. In our previous study, we proposed using STA as a consistent approach, which demonstrated a higher mean accuracy than a relevant ML approach. However, our evaluation of STA was limited to a single dataset and a comparison with only one relevant ML approach. Objective: We aim to systematically evaluate the suitability of STA for autism identification using various datasets and compare its performance with other relevant ML approaches. Methods: We evaluated the accuracy of STA across various web pages, images, and tasks using three eye-tracking datasets and compared it to other ML approaches. Results: STA has demonstrated consistent accuracy across different web pages, images, and tasks, achieving a success rate of approximately 60%. STA has also outperformed other relevant ML approaches in terms of both the mean and standard deviation of accuracy rates on individual web pages, resulting in significantly higher results in most browsing tasks. Conclusion: STA is a consistent approach for identifying autism, as it achieves stable accuracy on various web pages, images, and tasks. However, further studies are necessary to improve its accuracy
Heat Transfer Enhancement of a Mini Channel Heatsink by Utilizing Flexible Beams Placed Downstream of a Cylindrical Obstacle
No full textSeveral studies have demonstrated that flexible vortex generators exhibit higher hydrothermal efficiency than their rigid counterparts. The present study focuses on the implementation of a cylindrical rigid obstacle located in the vicinity of the inlet of a mini channel. Downstream, several flexible beams are attached to the channel walls, oscillating due to the forces exerted by the Von-Karmann vortex street generated by the cylinder. The Reynolds number is sufficiently low to maintain a laminar regime throughout the mini channel. A parametric analysis is conducted to explore the performance of various configurations of flexible beams with differing numbers, heights, and inter-distances. The hydrodynamic, thermal, and hydrothermal performance of the mini channel is evaluated using the time average friction factor, Nusselt number, and thermal efficiency factor. Results indicate that the presence of flexible beams significantly enhances heat transfer. The best configuration increases the overall thermal efficiency by 45%, while elevating the heat transfer and mechanical loss by 3.05 and 8.52 times, respectively, in comparison with an empty mini channel