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THE MANDATE AND LIMITATIONS OF NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS INSTITUTIONS IN ETHIOPIA AND SOUTH AFRICA: COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE
Get PDFInternational, regional and national human rights documents often entitle human beings certain fundamental rights such as rights to life, liberty, dignity, equality, education and health, in order to help individuals lead a life worthy of living. However, the rights, as enshrined in these various instruments, will amount to mere rhetoric if appropriate enforcement mechanisms have not been designed. In view of this, establishing National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) provide states with the necessary equipment in advancing the human rights of their citizens. Although the Paris Principles lays down the standards of NHRIs and the importance of their establishment, it is left to domestic laws to declare the specific functions and powers of these institutions. The Paris Principles stipulate the guidelines or standards of what a fully functioning NHRI needs to have and six main criteria as a minimum condition can be identified: 1) Mandate: a broad mandate need to be given; 2) Independence from Government; 3) Legal autonomy: autonomy guaranteed by statute or constitution; 4) Pluralism, including through membership and/or effective cooperation; 5) Infrastructures: adequate funding; and 6) Operational efficiency: adequate powers. Since choosing on a specific activities and nomenclature is a matter to be determined by the national laws, it is natural to observe a variety of mandates and functions across different states. Even though NHRIs working in South Africa and Ethiopia are established at the constitutional level, there is a greater disparity in the scope of the mandate and powers entrusted to these institutions. This paper compares mandates, adequacy of resources, the nature and levels of independence, and the degree of interrelations with various organs, and the overall activities of NHRIs functioning in Ethiopia and South Africa. It specifically evaluates limitations or successes of these national institutions measured against the six criteria set out in the Paris Principles. Assuming that the South African system and national institutions are far more robust and advanced than the Ethiopian human rights institutions, the article explores to what extent the Ethiopian system could be improved or draw lessons to come closer to the South African system
THE FORMA PAUPERIS PROCEDURE IN AMHARA REGION: AN APPRAISAL OF THE LAW AND PRACTICE
Get PDFForma pauperis is a procedure reserved for persons who cannot afford to pay court fees. The mechanism is devised to address the possibility of real or perceived denial of access to justice due to economic barriers. However, the use of the mechanism and the application of its underlying principles in Ethiopia, particularly in Amhara Region, is controversial. The confusion over the powers of Kebelie Social Courts and the ordinary courts in the determination of who is entitled to benefit from the forma pauperis procedure is one of the main reasons for the lack of clarity on the use of the procedure. The lack of clarity on the powers of the two institutions has led to the misuse of the procedure resulting in the undermining of the principles behind the mechanism. The present article examines the use of the forma pauperis procedure in Amhara Region and the role of Kebelie Social Courts and Ordinary Courts in the determination of such principle. The article reviews and analyses the relevant literature, laws, case reports and data gathered through interviews.The article discusses the finding that the lack of clarity on the role of Kebelie Social Courts and Ordinary Courts on the determination of who can benefit from the forma pauperis procedure is leading to the misuse of the procedure against its underlying principles. It will argue that there is a need to avoid this ambiguity on the procedure and on the concept of pauper in the region in order to apply the procedure in line with its underlying principle of avoiding the denial of access to justice due to economic reasons
Organizational Justice and Workplace Deviance Behavior: Evidence from University of Gondar
Get PDFEmployees in many institutions show different deviant behaviors due to the existence of injustice in their work environment. Research suggests that employees who perceive injustice in their workplace are more likely to engage in workplace deviance behavior. Distributive, procedural, and interpersonal justices are the main elements of the justice behavior. If an organization fails to satisfy these elements, it is proved that there is an indication of injustice. Therefore, the aim of this study is examine the effect of organizational justice on workplace deviance behavior in the study area. To achieve this objective, an explanatory with cross sectional research design was carried out to investigate the relationship and effect between organizational justice and workplace deviant behavior. The total population of the study was 120 academic and 37 administrative staff in which 30 of the academic staff were excluded for they were on a study leave. For this reason, 104 questionnaires were distributed and out of which 103 questionnaires were returned and used for the analysis purpose. One questionnaire was incomplete and the remaining 23 questionnaires were not distributed because of the inaccessibility of respondents during data collection period, hence excluded from the study. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 and the finding of the correlation analysis indicated that organizational justice elements were negatively correlated with workplace deviance behavior. Similarly, the regression analysis result tells us that procedural and distributive justices were a negative and insignificant effect on workplace deviant behavior but the interpersonal justices were a negative and significant effect on the outcome variabl
Practices and Challenges of Domestic Tourism Development in Ethiopian Tourism and Hospitality Industry
Get PDFThe main purpose of this study was identifying and explaining current practices and challenges of domestic tourism development in Ethiopia. To achieve this objective, qualitative approach with a descriptive design and expert purposive sampling techniques were employed for focus group discussion and interview data gathering instruments. The qualitative data was collected from twenty private and governmental tourism experts and twenty eight domestic tourists in the form of interview and six focus group discussions with nine discussants each. The interpretation of qualitative data was a content descriptive approach that utilizes code of summary data and unattributed quotes to illustrate dominant issues in respondents’ own words. The result confirmed that practices of domestic tourist arrivals, national tour operators and travel agencies, and hotel establishments in Ethiopia have grown at a rapid rate. This growing trend was the result of the major efforts made by the government and the private sectors in the development and establishment of institutions and legal frameworks. Whereas, the challenges include absence of domestic tourism strategy, political tribalism, use of the media for divisive agendas, language barriers, lack of organized tour, increment of prices, the travel culture of the society and monotonous tourism product in the destinations were some of them. Finally, based on the results of the study launching of domestic tourism development and marketing strategy, revision of tourism development policy, offering training for tourism operators and creating public private partnership platform were some of the recommended points to the sustainable development of domestic tourism in the nation
Tourism Development Policy Awareness as a Means for Promoting Sustainability: Practices from the Ethiopian Tourism Development Policy
Get PDFThe major purpose of this study is to examine the awareness level of tourism experts on the issues of tourism development policy for promoting sustainable tourism development in Ethiopia. To achieve this objective, quantitative and qualitative study approach, and purposive sampling technique were employed for both questionnaire and interview data gathering instruments. Quantitatively, thirty nine sample tourism experts were participated from the ministry, bureau, zonal and city experts and the collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, correlation, ANOVA, Post hoc and independent t-test. Qualitative data were collected from eight experts and analyzed through interpretative and descriptive account of the data; and the major findings of the study are presented. Accordingly, the t-test and ANOVA confirmed that there were statistically significant difference between the awareness level of BA/BSc and MA/MSc experts and those who have worked under ten years and above in the industry on tourism development policy concepts. Approach to correlation, statistically a significant relation was found between the tourism development policy elements of Ethiopia. Regardless of contribution, the ANOVA revealed that there was statistically a significant difference between those who have worked under ten years and above on the role of tourism development policy in the Ethiopian tourism industry. Furthermore, the t-test indicated that MA/MSc experts were predominant in awareness about the role of tourism development policy for sustainability. Finally, it is concluded that tourism development policy and sustainable tourism are closely related variables and it can play vital roles in the sustainable development of Ethiopian tourism industry
Review of Ethiopia’s Growth and Transformation Plan (2010/11-2014/15) Development Theories Origin and its strength and Limitations: Volume I
Get PDFGrowth and Transformation Plan (2010/11-2014/15) of Ethiopia is reviewed for its ambiguity and clarity in GTP strategies in line with theoretical assumption and empirical evidences. Strategically the plan targeted achieving a broad based, accelerated and sustained economic growth to eradicate poverty; establishing a coordinated development sectors and system for preparation and implementation of development plan thereby eradicate poverty remarkably for the betterment and change in the country’s image. Good qualities of GTP are for its clear statement on the program objectives and the expected outputs in numerical targets; puts more emphasis on the expansion and productivity of small scale irrigation than PASDEP, and offers opportunities and land to attract commercial farming investors interested in large scale and high value agricultural products. The plan seems too ambitious to meet pro-poor targets stem from heavy dependence on smallholder farmers and scaling-up of best practices too tough to reverse within the plan period. The nexus between land registration and tenure security especially for severely disadvantaged in economic, social and political terms. GTP’s theoretical assumption is mix of different theories such as dependency theory; linear-stages Harrod-Domar Growth theory; Neo-liberalists Keynesian approach and Human Development paradigm
The Equity Effect of Small Holders Agricultural Land Tenancy Market in Amhara Region, Ethiopia
Get PDFIn the situation when agricultural land sale is prohibited and there is not frequent land reallocation, the land tenancy market is expected to be the main means for getting land for land less youth. On the other hand, because female landlords face higher transaction costs in the land rental markets and have larger difficulties in searching more efficient tenants, the productivity on land of female landlord is lower than the productivity on land of male landlord. Consequently, equity effect of the land lease market is a very important issue. The main objective of this study is to investigate the equity effect of the agricultural land lease market in Amhara region. Structured questionnaires were prepared and administered to collect primary data from the respondent. Multiple sampling techniques were used to select representative samples from the target population. The sample size was determined by using Yamene (1967) minimum sample size determination formula. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test and t-test were employed for analysis. The result revealed that the mean size of land obtained from the government and total land is significantly higher for older respondents. However, the average size of rented-in land is significantly higher for young respondents. This result proved that the land market helps young farmers get access to land. The survey also revealed that there is no significant difference in output across gender. This may be because women owner rent their land to relatives and female land owners rent-out their land for long years compared to male land owners
DETERMINANTS OF CONSUMER SOCIETY, ITS CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS IN CASE OF GONDAR TOWN CITY, AMHARA REGION, ETHIOPIA
Get PDFThis paper mainly deals with the concepts and issues surrounding the contemporary notion of consumer society. The research was conducted with the end in the mind of the researcher to identify the driving factors behind consumer society, its challenges and prospects at Gondar city. The research design was cross-sectional (data wise) and descriptive and explanatory designs were employed to address the specific objectives and the specific research questions. Both qualitative and quantitative research approaches were used to counter balance the limitation of each other. The population of the study was consumers who purchase luxurious products. Two stage samplings were used: in the first stage from the six sub cities four were randomly selected and in the second stage shops with luxurious products were identified purposively .Because of the difficulty of knowing the exact consumer who are customers of luxurious products, the sample size was determined by the rule of thumb method advised by Green(1991). But to balance the limitation the researcher doubles the minimum standard. Of the nine independent variables six (education, income, house hold size, globalization, group influence and advertising) were found statistically significant. The challenges were a shift from producer to consumer, environmental degradation, addiction, waste, etc. The prospects are employment opportunity, a base for meeting the basic needs and engine for the economy. Further research direction is forwarded to use longitudinal research design to see changes over time on consumer society and consumed consumer society
Exploring the Association between Weak Leadership and Employees’ Silence
Get PDFThe purpose of the study is to assess the association between weak leadership behaviors and employees’ silence. The study is conducted in the 9 public sectors in the three zones of Amhara Regional State (Central Gondar, West Gondar and South Gondar). 400 questionnaires were distributed and 320 questionnaires were collected back. To measure the extent of employees’ perception of weak leadership behaviors and employees’ silence in the workplace, two adapted instruments were used and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The main finding indicates that most employees (60%) prefer to be silent in the organization. A significant number of employees (59%) perceived weak leadership behaviors in their organization leaders. The result also shows that the degree of influence of weak leadership on the extent of employees’ silence in their organization is only 8.9% at p value of 0.03
Determinants of Employees Readiness for Organizational Change: The Case of Awash Bank, North West Region, Ethiopia
Get PDFThe aim of this study is to examine the determinants of readiness for organizational change. A quantitative research approach with the aid of cross-sectional survey and explanatory research design is employed. From 21 branches of Awash bank in the north west district, 326 workers considered as a population of the study. The study took 180 respondents based on simple random sampling technique. Standardized questionnaire as a primary data gathering tool is employed to gather relevant data. After checking multiple linear regression assumptions, inferential analysis result confirmed that from the four determinants: management support, appropriateness and personal valence are predictors of employees’ readiness for organizational change. However, self-efficacy variable is not a predictor on employees’ readiness for organizational change. For successful implementation of any required change, the support of top decision makers is really significant. In addition to this any proposed change can be implemented successfully when it is beneficial or the priorities of the organization. To make any required change successfully and excel organizational competitiveness awareness training regarding the proposed change importance and its functions should be given for employees and the management body should also be observant of it