HAL Réunion (Univ- de la Réunion )
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Prophylaxie Pré-Exposition au VIH (PrEP) : Représentation et freins à sa prescription par les médecins généralistes Réunionnais.
No full textIntroduction: To date, over 40 million deaths have been linked to HIV worldwide. In Réunion Island, although the incidence is relatively controlled, certain risk behaviors persist. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) stands out as a key prevention strategy. General practitioners, as frontline healthcare providers, play a crucial role in promoting, prescribing, and monitoring this treatment. This study explores the representations and specific barriers to PrEP prescription among general practitioners in Réunion.Method: A qualitative descriptive study inspired by grounded theory, conducted with 11 general practitioners practicing in Réunion. Semi-structured interviews were used to explore their experiences, knowledge, and perceptions of PrEP.Results: Participants highlighted several barriers to prescribing PrEP: persistent taboos around sexuality, difficulty identifying eligible populations, fear of stigmatization, lack of connection with specialized care structures, and organizational constraints. Some also expressed concerns about patient adherence and the potential increase in other STIs. Despite these obstacles, physicians acknowledged the value of PrEP and expressed willingness to integrate it into their practice, provided appropriate training is available.Conclusion: To strengthen PrEP use in general practice, it is essential to raise awareness among physicians and the general public, facilitate access to training, and improve collaboration with specialized services. Tools to help identify at-risk patients and a comprehensive prevention approach are critical to curbing the spread of HIV.Introduction : À ce jour, plus de 40 millions de décès sont liés au VIH dans le monde. À La Réunion, bien que l’incidence soit relativement maîtrisée, certains comportements à risque persistent. La prophylaxie pré-exposition (PrEP) représente une stratégie clé de prévention. Les médecins généralistes, en première ligne, jouent un rôle essentiel dans sa promotion, sa prescription et son suivi. Ce travail explore les représentations et freins spécifiques à sa prescription par les médecins généralistes réunionnais.Méthode : Étude qualitative descriptive inspirée de la théorisation ancrée, menée auprès de 11 médecins généralistes exerçant à La Réunion. Des entretiens semi-dirigés ont permis d’examiner leurs expériences, connaissances et perceptions autour de la PrEP.Résultats : Les médecins évoquent plusieurs freins à la prescription : le tabou persistant autour de la sexualité, les difficultés à identifier les publics concernés, la crainte de stigmatiser, le manque de lien avec les structures spécialisées, et des contraintes organisationnelles. Certains expriment aussi des doutes sur l’observance ou le risque de hausse des autres IST. Malgré cela, tous reconnaissent l’utilité de la PrEP et se montrent prêts à l’intégrer à leur pratique, avec une formation adaptée.Conclusion : Pour renforcer l’usage de la PrEP en médecine générale, il est crucial de sensibiliser médecins et population, de faciliter l’accès à la formation et d’améliorer la collaboration avec les structures spécialisées. Des outils d’aide à l’identification des patients à risque et une approche globale de prévention sont indispensables pour freiner la propagation du VI
Modelling of a PV collective domestic hot water system
No full textInternational audienceSince 2010, Domestic Hot Water (DHW), must be provided by solar energy in France. Many solutions are available for individual housing to comply with this regulation. However, collective thermal systems are complex and have high maintenance costs. An alternative solution recently proposed to address these problems and called DHW-PV, consists of a group of electric water heaters connected directly to photovoltaic (PV) panels. The first DHW-PV demonstrator was installed in 2019 on social housing. To improve this later, a numerical model of the DHW-PV is required. First, state-of-the-art models have been used to reproduce the performance of individual components. Then, validation has been performed with a model-measurement comparison and a sensitivity analysis. The resulting model shows a good agreement with the demonstrator leading to a mean bias error of 3.5% on the thermal energy transfers and -5.16% on the electricity produced with the PV plant
Vagues extrêmes et cyclones tropicaux
No full textLes cyclones tropicaux sont parmi les risques naturels les plus dévastateurs, et les inondations qu'ils provoquent sont responsables de plus de 90 % des pertes humaines et matérielles observées lors de ces événements
Urban morphology dataset of Reunion Island based on the local climate zone classification using satellite imagery and GIS data
No full textInternational audienceThis dataset provides a high-resolution spatial classification of urban morphology on Reunion Island, France, using a 100 m x 100 m grid based on the Local Climate Zone (LCZ) framework. The data were generated through a combination of satellite imagery analysis using the World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools (WUDAPT) method and Geographic Information System (GIS) data integration. The classification was refined using building height and surface fraction data from the BD TOPO 2018 database, improving the accuracy of urban form representation. The dataset is provided in shapefile format, facilitating its use in GIS software by urban planners, researchers, and policymakers. Each grid point contains geospatial and morphological attributes, including LCZ classification, average building height (m), and built surface fraction (%). These parameters allow researchers to spatially correlate urban morphology with observed temperature data, supporting targeted urban heat island (UHI) studies. The most compact LCZ types. This allowed for progressive improvement in classification accuracy by increasing the representativity of the training data
Comptonellins A–H, Highly Potent Antiviral Ternatin-type Cyclopeptides from Comptonella drupacea
No full textInternational audienceAn antiviral screening of plant extracts from Rutaceae and Annonaceae families led to the isolation of a series of new cycloheptapeptides, comptonellins A–H (1–8), along with the known ternatin (9). These compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate bark extract of Comptonella drupacea (Labill.) Guillaumin, an endemic Rutaceae species of New Caledonia. Following targeted isolation guided by multi-informative molecular networks, the structures of compounds 1–9 were elucidated through a comprehensive analysis of spectroscopic data. This revealed novel molecules featuring previously unreported and noncanonical amino acids. The absolute configuration of stereocenters was partially determined by advanced Marfey’s method. Biological evaluation against Zika virus demonstrated the potent antiviral properties of comptonellin A and comptonellins C–G, with IC50 values ranging from 7 to 240 nM. Further investigations revealed that comptonellin A displayed broad-spectrum antiviral activity, inhibiting Dengue virus, Ross River virus, and SARS-CoV-2. These findings highlight comptonellins as promising antiviral scaffolds, supporting further investigation into their therapeutic potential against emerging viral infections
Trophic ecology of sooty albatross, segregating mechanisms from the congeneric light-mantled sooty albatross, and conservation implications
No full textInternational audienceThe trophic ecology of the Endangered sooty albatross (SA, 4 populations) was investigated using the concept of isotopic niche as a proxy of the trophic niche, and its isotopic metrics were compared with those of the congeneric Near Threatened light-mantled sooty albatross (LMSA, 4 populations). Three features differentiated SA from LMSA. (1) Feather δ 13 C and δ 15 N values of chicks and breeding adults were overall higher in SA than LMSA. This translates to more northern foraging grounds in the former than the latter species, with SA favouring warmer subtropical waters and LMSA colder waters of the Southern Ocean where they feed in part on low trophic level prey (likely Antarctic krill) at high latitudes. (2) Interestingly, SA from the Atlantic (Gough Island) differentiate from SA of the Indian Ocean (Marion, Crozet and Amsterdam Islands) by adult birds foraging primarily within the Southern Ocean in a similar way as LMSA from South Georgia, Marion, Crozet and Kerguelen Islands. (3) Calculations of the trophic niche width at the population and individual levels showed that SA from the Indian Ocean are specialist populations, while Gough Island SA and the 4 LMSA populations are generalist populations that include both generalist and specialist individuals. Consequently, both the preferential use of warm waters and the narrow trophic niche width of SA from the southern Indian Ocean imply a higher risk for SA than LMSA of being killed by subtropical tuna longline fisheries and being negatively impacted by environmental changes. Conversely, the preferential use of cold waters together with a large trophic niche width of SA from Gough Island suggest fewer negative interactions with direct and indirect human activities
L'éducation à l'alimentation pour sensibiliser au développement durable au cycle 3
No full textIn an ever-changing world, the only timeless thing that unites all living beings is life. This life exists thanks to food and the presence of liquid water on earth. However, in our modern society, it's important to understand what's at stake when it comes to food. The concept of food has developed thanks to a wealth of scientific knowledge about health and sport. What's more, access to large quantities of food has increased in developed countries. However, food production methods must be normed, responsible and sustainable, as nature feeds us and we must respect it. That's why it's so important that, from an early age, children are made aware of mankind's responsibility : to live in harmony with Mother Earth. The aim is to address the societal issues of food and sustainable development, so that we can teach tomorrow's adults about healthy living and sustainable eating.Dans un monde en constante évolution, la seule intemporalité qui unit tous les êtres vivants est la vie. Cette vie existe grâce à l’alimentation et à la présence d’eau liquide sur terre. Cependant dans notre société moderne, il est important de comprendre les enjeux qu’englobe l’alimentation. Le concept d'alimentation s’est développé grâce aux connaissances scientifiques nombreuses autour de la santé et du sport. De plus, l’accès à la nourriture en grande quantité s’est amplifié dans les pays développés. Cependant, les méthodes de production de la nourriture doivent être normées, responsables et durables en lien avec le développement durable car la nature nous nourrit et nous devons la respecter. C’est pourquoi il est important que dès leur plus jeune âge, les enfants soient sensibilisés à la responsabilité qui incombe à l'humanité : vivre en respectant sa terre mère. Ainsi, il s’agira de traiter des enjeux sociétaux que sont l’alimentation et le développement durable afin de pouvoir enseigner un mode de vie sain et une alimentation durable aux adultes de demain
Effects of maximal power and the force–velocity profile on sprint acceleration performance according to maturity status and sex
No full textInternational audienceThis study aimed to determine whether maturational and sex-related differences in sprint times were accompanied by changes in relative maximal power (Pmax), force-velocity profiles (SFV), and optimal sprint distances (xopt). Sprint times and continuous velocity-time data were collected using a radar. Inverse dynamics applied to the centre of mass provided accurate estimations of force-velocity relationship parameters (Pmax, F0, v0, SFV, xopt) and technical variables (RFmax, DRF). Somatic maturity was determined from peak height velocity (PHV).Performance increased with maturation in girls and boys (p < 0.001, d = 0.86-2.78) accompanied by increases in relative Pmax from pre to post-PHV (p < 0.011-0.001, d = 0.98-5.20). Increases in relative Pmax were predominantly due to more velocity-oriented profiles (p < 0.007-0.001, d = 0.76-1.41). xopt, RFmax, and DRF also increased with maturation (p < 0.030-0.001, d = 0.87-3.40). Pmax increases in girls and boys throughout maturation enabling them to reduce sprint times. Both girls and boys increased Pmax through a shift to more velocity-oriented profiles. However, plateaus in F0 and RFmax were present from pre-PHV in girls, while boys had slower development from mid-PHV. Improving Pmax through increases in F0 and RFmax, while maintaining a velocity-oriented profile, will likely benefit youth sprint performance. A specific focus on these parameters is necessary from pre-PHV onwards in girls and from mid-PHV in boys
Responses of the Natural Phytoplankton Assemblage to Patagonian Dust Input and Anthropogenic Changes in the Southern Ocean
No full textInternational audienceAbstract The cumulative effects of multi‐faceted changes on the phytoplankton community of the Southern Ocean (SO) are not yet known, which is a major limitation to predicting the future direction of the biological carbon pump. Thus, our study aimed to estimate the effects of intensified Patagonian dust inputs, warming and acidification on the growth, composition and production of phytoplankton assemblages in the Polar Frontal Zone (PFZ) and the High‐Nutrient Low‐Chlorophyll (HNLC) region of the Indian sector of the SO during the austral summer 2022. Natural phytoplankton communities were incubated for 5‐day under 4 scenarios (present and future conditions, and 2 intermediate scenarios). In the PFZ, +3°C and acidification stimulated the growth of phytoplankton, mainly cyanobacteria, while intensified dust inputs alone did not have notable impact. Conversely, in HNLC waters, the addition of Fe‐dust alone increased the total chlorophyll a of diatoms (mainly F. kerguelensis ), whereas the negative effect of acidification and +3°C counteracted the positive impact of dust input on the diatoms. In these waters, future conditions benefited smaller species (haptophytes and cyanobacteria). The net particulate organic carbon production (POC) was also unaltered by future conditions, suggesting that primary production may not change in the future SO. However the increase in the length and number of long‐chain diatoms under future HNLC conditions may indicate that POC export could intensify in the future
Existe-t-il des éléments prédictifs de saignement dans les Rétentions Trophoblastiques Hypervascularisées ?
No full textObjective: To evaluate the clinical and ultrasound factors predictive of hemorrhagic risk in patients with hypervascularized trophoblastic retention (HTR), with the aim of avoiding both under-diagnosis and overtreatment.Methods: A retrospective single-center study was conducted at CHU Sud Réunion (Saint-Pierre) from January 2020 to November 2023. Forty-five patients with HTR diagnosed by expert ultrasound were included. Five risk factors were assessed: a delay greater than 10 weeks after the initial event, a history of intrauterine procedures, a peak systolic velocity (PSV) exceeding 84 cm/s, a lesion size greater than 30 mm, and myometrial infiltration of more than 50%. Clinical outcomes, including hemorrhagic events, spontaneous evacuations, and acquired arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) confirmed by angiography, were analyzed.Results: Hemorrhagic events were observed in 11.1% (5/45) of cases. No statistically significant association was found between hemorrhagic events and the five factors studied (p > 0.05). However, the absence of these risk factors demonstrated high negative predictive values (NPV 0.86–0.92). Acquired AVMs were identified in 37.5% (3/8) of the angiographies performed. Spontaneous evacuation was observed in 46.6% of cases. No patient with more than three risk factors experienced spontaneous evacuation.Conclusion: The absence of the five identified factors appears to be a strong negative predictor of hemorrhage in HTR, thereby supporting expectant management in low-risk cases.Résumé : Évaluer les facteurs cliniques et échographiques prédictifs du risque hémorragique chez les patientes présentant une rétention trophoblastique hypervascularisée (HTR), afin d'éviter le sous-diagnostic et le surtraitement.Méthodes : Une étude rétrospective monocentrique a été réalisée au CHU Sud Réunion (Saint-Pierre) de janvier 2020 à novembre 2023. Nous avons inclus 45 patientes présentant une HTR diagnostiquée par échographie experte. Cinq facteurs de risque ont été évalués : un délai supérieur à 10 semaines après l’événement initial, des antécédents de geste endo-utérin, une PSV supérieure à 84 cm/s, une taille de lésion supérieure à 30 mm, et une infiltration myométriale de plus de 50 %. Les issues cliniques, incluant les événements hémorragiques, les évacuations spontanées et les MAV acquises confirmées par angiographie, ont été analysées.Résultats : Des événements hémorragiques ont été observés dans 11,1 % (5/45) des cas. Aucune association statistiquement significative n’a été trouvée entre les événements hémorragiques et les cinq facteurs étudiés (p > 0,05). Cependant, l'absence de ces facteurs de risque a démontré des valeurs prédictives négatives élevées (VPN 0,86–0,92). Des formes de MAV acquises ont été identifiées dans 37,5 % (3/8) des angiographies réalisées. Une évacuation spontanée a été observée dans 46,6 % des cas. Aucune patiente présentant plus de trois facteurs de risque n’a connu d’évacuation spontanée.Conclusion : L'absence des cinq facteurs identifiés semble être un fort prédicteur négatif de l'hémorragie dans la HTR, soutenant ainsi une prise en charge par l’expectative dans les cas à faible risque