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Flesh and Waste Yields, Proximate and Mineral Compositions of Ctenopoma kingsleyae (Gunther 1896) (Pisces, Anabantidae)
No full textAbstractCtenopoma kingsleyae specimens obtained from River Oluwa in Agbabu (Ondo State Nigeria)were analysed for flesh yield, proximate composition, mineral content and amino acidcomposition. The relative proportion of flesh, head and viscera to total biomass weredetermined in male and female specimens. Flesh yield was 35.91±3.49% and 41.96±3.41 % oftotal biomass for male and female; waste yield (head, viscera, scales) was 32.07±1.55% and35.39±1.26% for male and female fish, respectively. There were positive correlations betweentotal body weight fish and flesh yield (r2 0.980 and r2 =0.991 for male and female C.kingsleyae) and between total body weight and total waste (r2 0.902 and 0.938 for male andfemale C. kingsleyae), respectively. Female C. kingsleyae had higher protein and mineralvalues than male samples. Male C. kingsleyae had higher moisture content than female C.kingsleyae. Male fish had higher mineral content values than female C. kingsleyae in Na, Mg,Fe, and Cr while female fish had higher K, Ca, Zn, Cu, Mn and P than male fish. There weresignificant differences (PSO.05) in mineral composition ofmale and female C. kingsleyae. Highpercentage of protein, mineral content, essential amino acid profile and the high flesh yieldpotential as well as low lipid content confirmed that male and female C. kingsleyae arenutritious and represent a suitable source of animal protein in human diets
Effect of Season on Genotoxicity and Heavy Metal Accumulation in Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus from the Lower River Niger, Nigeria
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The level of heavy metal concentration and genotoxicity was assessed in both Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinusfrom the Niger River, Nigeria. Fish samples were collected both during the dry and wet season between April, 2017 and September, 2018. Aluminium (Al), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn), Mercury (Hg), Arsenic (As), and Lead (Pb) concentrations in fish samples were also analysed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometroscopy (ICP-OES). Result showed higher accumulation of heavy metals in both fish tissues in the wet season than the dry season. The highest accumulated heavy metal in the fish sample was Fe during the dry seasons [(Fe (O. niloticus) = 64.28±12.93 mg/g, Fe (C. gariepinus)]= 96.06±58.36 mg/g) and wet season [Fe(O. niloticus) = 67.42±14.11 mg/g, Fe (C. gariepinus)] = 99.16±59.36 mg/g). Heavy metal accumulation evaluated followed the trend Fe > Al > Cd > Zn > Pb > Cu > As > Ni > Cr > Hg for the dry season and Fe > Al > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr > Ni > Cd > As > Hg for the wet season in O. niloticus; and Fe > Al > Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Ni > Cd > As > Hg for the dry season and Fe > Al > Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cr > Cd > Hg > As for the wet season in C. gariepinus. Most of these heavy metals were beyond international permissible limits. The four polymorphic RAPD markers used in the study showed more polymorphisms in C. gariepinusthan O. niloticusin both the dry and wet season. There was no difference in the polymorphic bands between dry and wet season in O. niloticus while more polymorphic bands were observed in wet season (50 bands) than dry season (47 bands) tissues of C. gariepinus. The result indicated a lower Genomic template stability (GST) in C. gariepinus (dry = 2.70, wet = 5.41) than O. niloticus (dry = 13.16, wet = 13.16) when compared in both seasons. This study revealed the level of toxic metal accumulation and genotoxic potentials of these fishes in the food chain of locals consuming them. Drastic measures are of high necessity in order to protect both the aquatics and potential consumers in the area
Growth and Economic Performances of African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus Reared under Different Culture Facilities
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This study determined the growth and economic performances of African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus reared in plastic tanks, sandcrete tanks and earthen ponds for 185 days. Nine hundred C. gariepinus fingerlings (mean weight 7.38 ± 0.02g) were acclimatized for 24 hours, out of which one hundred fingerlings were randomly selected and distributed into the three prepared culture facilities (plastic tanks, sandcrete tanks and earthen ponds) of the same size (3.0m X 2.8m X 1.0m), labelled as T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Each treatment was in triplicates; the culture facilities were filled with water up to 3/4 in all the treatment. The fingerlings were fed with formulated standard diet of 40% crude protein at 5% body weight. Fish were fed twice daily at 09:00 and 16:00 hours for 185 days. At final harvest, the total yield of fish was significantly greater (P<0.05) in earthen pond, 3.8kg than those in sandcrete tank, 2.4kg and plastic tank 2.12kg. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in final weight gain, feed conversion ratio, mean daily weight gain between C. gariepinusfingerlings stocked in plastic tank, sandcrete tank and earthen pond. Fish in earthen pond had the highest weight gain (1061.2g), specific growth rate (2.68%) than sandcrete tank (835.9g, 2.56%) and plastic tank (772.9g, 2.52%), while survival percentage of C. gariepinusfrom plastic tanks, sandcrete tanks and earthen ponds were: 90.00%, 87.3% and 76.7% respectively. Net profit obtained was N26,072 (earthen pond), 19,294.67 (sandcrete tank) and 18,286.67 (plastic tank). The benefit cost ratio was higher in earthen pond (2.130) than the sandcrete tank (1.773) and plastic tank (1.763). The study considered earthen pond enclosure system to be more productive and the most ideal culture facility for growth optimization in C. gariepinus
Bacteriological Analysis of Mullet (Mugil cephalus) in Makoko, Lagos, Nigeria
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Atotal of 60 fresh Mugil cephalussamples were bought from Makoko market in Lagos and were analysed bacteriologically. Cultures of the gills and intestinal tissues of the 60 fish were made on selective media using standard microbiological methods. The weights and sizes of the fish were measured using Mettler's balance and a ruler. Antibiotics susceptibility patterns of the isolates were carried out using disc diffusion technique. Majority, 30 (50%) of the fish studied weighed between 51 and 100g, 18(45%), weighed between 201 and 250g, while 6(15%) weighed between 101 and 200g. The sizes of the fish were 24(40%) within 16 and 20cm, 24(40%) were between 21 and 25cm, while 12(20%) were within 21and 25cm range in length. A total of 312 bacterial isolates which belong to six different bacterial species were recovered from the fish. One hundred and sixty two (52%) were recovered from the intestine, while 150 (48%) were isolated from the gills. Klebsiella spp was the most recovered with 108 (34.6%), Enterobacter spp. 60(19.2%),Proteusspp. 48(15.4%), Escherichia coli, 36 (11.5%) while both Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative Staphylococci had 30 (9.6%) each, being the least isolated. E coli was only recovered from the intestine while none was isolated from the gills. The bacterial isolates showed a high susceptibility to the antibiotics tested, thereby suggesting that the bacteria may not have been exposed to such drugs
Analysis of Heavy Metals Mercury, Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Chromium, and Nickel in Waste Currency Dumpsite and its Environmental Implications
Get PDFAnalysis of mercury, arsenic, cadmium, lead, chromium and nickel in soils and food crops (Cassava tuber and plantain fruits) within and around Nigeria waste currency dumpsite have been carried out using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) Unicam Modern 969 Series with air acetylene flame with aim to determine the level of concentration, source(s) and level of pollution by comparing with established standards. The study area is located within Oluku on 60 27? 4.4?? N and 005035? 53.5?? E in Ovia North East Local Government Area in Edo State, Niger Delta, Nigeria. A total of 24 samples were collected from field; 12 soil samples, 11 from within and around the currency waste dumpsite at a depth of 0-15cm topsoil (TS) and 15-30cm subsoil (SS) with the aid of a hand auger while, 1 soil sample was taken from Iguosa at a distance of 1000m (1km) away from the dumpsite as a control. The food crops (Cassava tuber and Plantain fruits) 5 each were taken from the farms around the dumpsite 20 m away from the center of the dumpsite while, 1 each of the food crops were taken at a distance of 1000 m away. The analytical results were further subjected to statistical treatment at P < 0.05 percentage confidence level using SPSS. The results obtained were presented in a table as Mean ? SD, this shows that there was a significant decrease from topsoil (TS) to subsoil (SS) within and away from the dumpsite, while, the results obtained from the food crops show a similar trend. Cadmium was found to be higher than the permissible limit of 3 mg kg-1 soil while, other heavy metal were below the require limits. The concentration of the heavy metal in food crops were higher compared to the require standard for food crops. The ultimate results show that the concentration of the heavy metals analyzed in soil and food crops were from anthropogenic source which could be attributed to the dumping and burning of Nigeria currency note in the area. The high concentration of food crops could expose human to health risk through direct or indirect consumption of the food crops from the site. Consequently, the dumping and burning of waste currency by the apex bank in Nigeria should be discontinued while alternative method for burning of waste currency should be dopted
A Dynamic Ontology for Shared Representation of Knowledge of Establishments
Get PDFExplicit specifications of domain conceptualizations called ontologies, are essential for the development and use of intelligent systems. Implicit and shared representations of knowledge help to adequately and consistently use the required knowledge to solve problems in an establishment. This paper builds a dynamic ontology for shared representation of an establishment and discusses the major concepts and structures that must be identified and represented in such an establishment while building the dynamic ontology. It has approached the problem of capturing the dynamic essence of an establishment by addressing the representational problems involving occurrents (states, events and processes). We recommend that states be represented using the method of temporal arguments, while events should be represented using the Davidson style reification. The language of representation is first order logic. The temporal nature of events and processes is elucidated and the causation relation between processes and events were formalized. Events in this domain are instantaneous while processes take place over intervals. Other structures that make up our ontology include temporal definitions and temporal classifications. The ontology enables us not just to answer queries with what is explicitly represented in it but also with what is implied by the shared representation of the establishment
Geoelectric Investigation for Groundwater Development in Oroki Estate, Osogbo, Southwestern Nigeria
Get PDFThe rapid development of Oroki Estate in Osogbo, Osun State has warranted the need to develop the water supply in the area. The area lies within the Basement Complex terrain of southwestern Nigeria typified by quartzites/quartz schist. This study was carried out to characterize the aquifer units for evaluation of groundwater development in the area. Twenty Schlumberger vertical electrical soundings were carried out to determine the different subsurface lithounits with the aim of delineating the thickness and continuity of the aquiferous zone. Hydro-resistivity maps such as Isoresistivity of topsoil, weathered layer, basement and overburden thickness maps were generated. Interpretation of the twenty Schlumberger vertical electrical soundings data generally show a system of three to four layered earth structure notably topsoil, saturated/sandy/lateritic clay and weathered basement and fractured/fresh basement which are mostly of the type “H” curve. Overburden isopach map revealed that the depth to bedrock varies from 9.5 to 37.8m indicating some degree of deep weathering. The main water-bearing unit in the area of study is the weathered and fractured basement which is within the second/third and the last geoelectric layers respectively. The weathered/fractured basement resistivity values vary from 16 Ohm-m and 84 Ohm-m with thickness values ranging from 3.8 m to 37.3 m. Locations with thick weathered/fractured basement were delineated to be the most promising sites for borehole drilling at the estate
A Tableau Proof System for the Spatial Qualification Logic
Get PDFSpatial Qualification Model (SQM) is a logical system built to reason about the possibility of an agent’s presence at a location of incidence, at a certain time given its prior antecedents. The usability of this logical system is strongly dependent on the existence of a proof system. This work is aimed at developing an analytic proof system to demonstrate the logical truth of statements in the spatial qualification logic. Tableau proof method was used to analytically prove that the formulae (axioms) in the SQM system were the logical consequence of the set of formulae that make up the prior knowledge. The proof system confirms the logical truth of the axioms in the system
Structural equation modelling of academic performance in statistics degree programme: A case study of University of Ibadan
Get PDFThis paper is concerned with the structural equation modelling of the academic performance in Statistics degree programme.Structural equation modelling is a class of methodologies that represent hypotheses about variances and covariances ofobserved data in terms of structural parameters defined by a theoretical model. It takes a confirmatory approach to themultivariate analysis of structural theory which specified the causal relations among the multiple observed variables. Thecausal pattern of intervariable relations within the theory was specified a priori. Structural equation modelling evaluatedtwo models – the measurement model and the structural model. The measurement model related observed responses orindicators to latent variables (confirmatory factor analysis), while the structural model specified relations among latentvariables (path analysis). The direct and indirect effects of personal factor, psychological factor, institutional/environmentalfactor, family characteristics, social and religious factor on the academic performance of students were studied. Theacademic performance of students remains a top priority for students, parents, educators, researchers, administrators(management) and government. The extent to which the theoretical model is supported by sample data collected fromundergraduate students of the Department of Statistics, University of Ibadan, was determined. There were 37 observedvariables and 7 latent variables. The result indicated that the attitude of students towards learning had positive directimpact on academic performance, while psychological factor had negative influence on academic performance. Also, thestructural equation model analysis with four basic fit indices suggested a reasonable model-data fit
Perceived Potentials of Rail Mass Transit in Ibadan
Get PDFAs a strategy to address persistent intra-city transportation challenges inIbadan metropolis, especially in the face of rapid population increase andurban sprawl, the study explored residents’ perceived potentials ofintroducing intra-city mass rail transport system in the metropolis. Bothprimary and secondary data were sourced and used for the study.Discontinued skeletal intra-city rail system that was introduced in themetropolis, together with existing major traffic corridors was used inselecting five traffic corridors from which systematic random samplingtechnique was used in selecting 582 residential buildings from 67,540residential buildings found within 100 metre cordon created on both sidesof these corridors. A set of questionnaire was used in obtaining relevantinformation, especially on socio-economic characteristics and travelbehaviour, from household heads selected at the rate of one per selectedbuilding. In-depth interviews were conducted with a cross-section of majorstakeholders in the metropolis on their perceived potentials andchallenges of mass intra-city rail system. Secondary data were obtainedfrom both published and unpublished sources. Descriptive statistics wasused in analyzing quantitative data obtained, while qualitative data werecontent analysed. The study revealed that intra-city rail mass transitsystem is perceived to have very high potentials in the metropolis in termsof traffic congestion reduction, reduction in per-capita crash rate,increased modal choice for the residents, enhanced consumer savings, andemployment creation. Major challenges envisaged for the mass transitsystem include, change in transport culture and orientation and hugeinfrastructure outlay among others. Strategies were proposed to addressthe identified challenges