HAL Portal Cnam (French National Conservatory for Arts and Crafts)
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China–Africa Relations: Intention, Aspiration, and a shared Future through the means of Football
No full textInternational audienceAs the most popular sport in the world, football acts as a crucial vehicle to advance inward and outward-looking goals of local governments in China and the countries in Africa. While China’s increasing engagement with Africa in the past decade serves to achieve bilateral interests, this has resulted in ongoing debates over the asymmetrical relationship between the two regions, especially at the expense of human rights. This chapter aims to examine the role of sport, with specific reference to football, in the development of China-Africa engagement. It starts by reviewing the different stages of the China-Africa relations along with the diplomatic approaches in each of these stages and discusses the motivators that have formed these approaches. It then examines the role of sports in facilitating China-Africa relations, with specific reference to the deployment of football in the service of internally and externally oriented goals in Africa and China. Unpacking the philosophy that lays out the directions of foreign policy in China and the countries in Africa, this article discusses to what degree China’s sports-based strategies contribute to fostering mutually beneficial relationships; and thereby points out the future trend of the China-Africa relations through the lens of football
Occupational health and safety policies in Brazil and France: contradictions analysis for the development of prevention
No full textInternational audienceDespite advances in occupational health and safety (OHS) policies around the world, the problem of occupational accidents and diseases intensifies in various economic sectors, with cuts based on gender, race, income, and occupation. This paper aims to answer two research questions: What are the main contradictions for the development and implementation of OHS policies? What are the implications of overcoming these contradictions in an attempt to improve OHS policies? Based on two previous scoping reviews developed to identify historical contradictions for Brazil and France, we performed a qualitative analysis of common contradictions of both countries using the CulturalHistorical Activity Theory. Subsequently, we present how they appear at different levels and propose implications and challenges on OHS policies in order to mediate the identified contradictions. We concluded that tension between economic growth and sustainable work systems is a primary contradiction that leads to other such hindrances in prevention tools, the social agenda, and interinstitutional articulation concerning occupational health. While presenting alternative pathways, this article serves to support the formulation, updating, and implementation of OSH policies.Resumo A abordagem de Saúde do Trabalhador entende que é necessário ampliar o objeto das políticas públicas para transformar os processos de trabalho que determinam a relação saúde-doença. Essa ampliação traz desafios que impulsionam o desenvolvimento da formulação e implementação das políticas para a vigilância e prevenção de agravos. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o desenvolvimento das políticas brasileiras em saúde do trabalhador a partir das contradições históricas. Para este fim, foi usado o conceito analítico de contradição da teoria da atividade histórico-cultural. Trata-se de uma revisão de escopo que inclui 64 estudos teóricos, empíricos e literatura cinza publicados entre 1991 e 2019. Os resultados da análise mostraram que: a partir da mudança de objeto da prevenção inserida pela abordagem da Saúde do Trabalhador, emergiram cinco novas contradições que estão relacionadas ao predomínio de instrumentos do modelo de atividade anterior, instrumentos normativos e de formação, divisão do trabalho para as ações de assistência e vigilância, articulações intra e intersetoriais e controle social. Essas contradições permitiram impulsionar algumas mudanças, mas também existem limitações que persistem em torno de um objeto desafiante
Une approche divisive et interprétable de réduction de dimension pour la prédiction de la RUL
No full textInternational audienceEn maintenance, la prédiction de la durée de vie utile restante (RUL) est entravéepar la grande dimensionnalité et le manque d’explicabilité. Cette étude propose uneapproche combinant une méthode innovante de réduction de dimension interprétable, l’IDFC(Interpretable Divisive Feature Clustering), et un modèle LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory)à une couche. L’IDFC s’inspire des algorithmes VARCLUS (SAS) et CLV, identifiant efficacementles composantes latentes et les variables clés associées. Les expériences sur des donnéesde roulements PRONOSTIA montrent que l’IDFC combiné à LSTM surpasse les méthodesclassiques. La méthode XAI SHAP ( SHapley Additive exPlanations) met en évidence lesvariables influençant la RUL, améliorant ainsi l’interprétabilité
Storytelling and grand strategy in public diplomacy: A case study of the speeches of president Xi Jinping
No full textInternational audienceAs nation-states seek to cultivate geopolitical advantages, they employ storytelling and strategic narratives to rally domestic and international support, shape perceptions of past and future events, and define adversaries. This study argues that stories about a nation’s vision, mission, and history constitute politicized narratives central to the overarching grand strategy of the state and its leadership. It highlights the role of storytelling in public diplomacy through a case study of China’s evolving soft power strategies, which must be understood in the context of increasing geopolitical tension with Western states—particularly the United States. Positioned at the intersection of public diplomacy and political public relations scholarship, this study draws on public relations frameworks for storytelling, which have largely been overlooked in this context. Analyzing key speeches by President Xi Jinping, the study reveals insights into the Chinese Communist Party’s grand strategy and its broader implications. It argues that storytelling functions as an effective opening strategy in intermestic public diplomacy, bridging the space between early-stage diplomatic engagement and long-term strategic objectives. As such, storytelling by a national leader can be suggestive of future actions, especially when aligned with a broader strategic vision
Comparer les effets des rétroactions correctives fournies par l'humain et par l'IA sur le développement de la correction grammaticale en anglais langue étrangère : étude exploratoire
No full textInternational audienceLe repérage joue un rôle central dans le développement de l'interlangue et justifie qu'à des fins d'appropriation langagière les apprenants soient encouragés à identifier les écarts existant entre leurs productions et les « normes « des langues étudiées. Si cette pratique prend traditionnellement la forme de rétroactions correctives (RC) fournies par des humains, les progrès de l'intelligence artificielle (IA) autorisent désormais les agents conversationnels à formuler des retours dont les effets s'annoncent prometteurs à certains égards : acquisition lexicale (Huang et al., 2022) et aide à la rédaction (Zadorozhnyy et Lai, 2024) notamment. Concernant la correction grammaticale cependant, la littérature du domaine paraît plus réservée quant aux apports de l'IA, faute de recul nécessaire. Pour comparer les effets que les RC fournies par l'IA peuvent avoir sur la correction grammaticale – par rapport à celles émanant d'agents humains – un protocole expérimental a été mis en place. Une cohorte de soixante apprenants d'anglais Lansad a été aléatoirement affectée à des groupes (i) de contrôle, (ii) bénéficiant de RC émises par un enseignant (commentaires métalinguistiques/micro-tâches concernant les erreurs identifiées) (iii) où les RC ont été formulées par ChatGPT (localisation puis explication des erreurs). Des pré/post-tests ont également été réalisés et les données analysées. Notre proposition rendra compte des effets des RC testées sur trois points de langue identifiés comme régulièrement problématiques en secteur Lansad (Brudermann et al., 2021) : utilisation des articles, accord des verbes et utilisation des temps.BibliographieBrudermann, C., Grosbois, M. et Sarré, C. (2021). Accuracy development in L2 writing: Exploring the potential of computer-assisted unfocused indirect corrective feedback in an online EFL course. ReCALL, 33(3), 248-264.Huang, W., Hew, K. F. et Fryer, L. K. (2022). Chatbots for language learning — Are they really useful? A systematic review of chatbot‐supported language learning. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 38, 237-257.Zadorozhnyy, A. et Lai, W. Y. W. (2024). ChatGPT and L2 Written Communication: A Game-Changer or Just Another Tool? Languages, 9(1),
Peuplement semi-automatisé de bases de connaissances à partir de documents non structurés.
No full textThe rapid growth of the information ecosystem in recent years, driven by the proliferation of digital platforms, has significantly amplified the dissemination of news content. Whether through news briefs published by traditional media outlets or posts shared on social networks (increasingly embraced by these media), the overwhelming flow of information has become a major challenge for monitoring and leveraging topics of interest. Content from these sources is predominantly textual and unstructured, yet it holds immense potential for structured applications. For instance, it could facilitate swift responses to critical events by identifying key people and locations or enable adjustments to stock market investments in response to policy changes, public statements, or corporate announcements. An automated solution for processing and structuring such information would offer undeniable advantages, saving time and enhancing data utilization. In this work, we investigate and compare various approaches leveraging machine learning models to address the challenge of knowledge base population. We begin by analyzing the mechanics of deep-learning methods, with a particular focus on the use and limitations of language models for information extraction and the alignment of extracted elements. Recognizing the reliance of these approaches on annotated data, we propose several strategies for creating such resources. These include manual annotation, analyzing the impact of texts generated by large language models, and adapting existing resources through translation. Furthermore, we harness the interconnections between tasks in the knowledge population cycle, proposing a unified architecture for generating information graphs from processed documents. Finally, we address a key aspect of this cycle: information linking. We examine two modalities: a purely textual approach and one involving structured profiles. These studies also allow us to delve into biases inherent in language models and explore how integrating extracted relations with those from existing knowledge bases can mitigate some of these challenges.L’explosion de la bulle informationnelle se poursuivant depuis les années 2000, alimentée par le développement des supports numériques, a multiplié la diffusion de faits d’actualité. Qu’il s’agisse de brèves publiées sur des plateformes de médias traditionnels ou de posts partagés sur les réseaux sociaux (réseaux également adoptés par ces médias), le débit d’information est devenu un défi majeur pour le suivi et l’exploitation des sujets d’intérêt. La principale caractéristique des contenus issus de ces sources est leur format majoritairement textuel et non structuré. Pourtant, cette masse de contenu recèle un fort potentiel pour une utilisation structurée, par exemple pour réagir rapidement lorsque surviennent des événements graves en identifiant les personnes et les lieux concernés, ou encore pour ajuster des investissements boursiers suite à des changements de directives étatiques, aux déclarations de personnalités influentes ou d’organisations cotées. Une solution automatique pour le traitement et la structuration de ces informations offrirait un avantage indéniable, tant par le gain temps que par l’exploitation efficace des données. Dans ce document, nous détaillons nos travaux sur l'étude et la comparaison de différentes approches impliquant des modèles d'apprentissage automatique pour résoudre la problématique de l’enrichissement des bases de connaissances. Nous commençons par analyser le fonctionnement des méthodes d’apprentissage profond, en nous concentrant sur l’utilisation et les limites des modèles de langage appliqués aux tâches d’extraction d’information et à l’alignement des éléments extraits. Compte tenu de la dépendance essentielle de ces approches à des données annotées, ce manuscrit propose plusieurs solutions pour la création de telles ressources. Nous abordons des méthodes allant de la production manuelle à l’analyse de l’impact des textes générés par des modèles de langage de grande taille, en passant par l’adaptation de ressources existantes via des processus de traduction. Nous exploitons également les interactions entre les différentes tâches du cycle d’enrichissement des connaissances en proposant une architecture unifiée pour la production de graphes représentant les informations contenues dans les documents traités. Enfin, nous nous concentrons sur une tâche clé du cycle : le liage des informations, en examinant deux modalités, une approche purement textuelle et une seconde manipulant des profils structurés. Ces dernières études nous offrent l'occasion d'analyser certains biais présents dans les modèles de langage et d'explorer comment la prise en compte des relations extraites, en combinaison avec celles issues des bases de connaissances, contribue à atténuer certains effets négatifs inhérents à ces solutions
Transforming & Understanding. An Introduction to Cultural Historical Activity Theory
No full textInternational audienceThere is a clear and pressing need for collective action to develop alternative approaches to the way we organize our activities. This necessity implies the development of a robust theory that outlines a potential, attainable, and desirable future, which is embedded in the inherent contradictions of the present. Cultural-Historical Activity Theory represents such a strong interventionist theory. The initial section of this publication outlines the evolution of this theory, from its origins in the work of 20th-century Soviet psychologists to its more recent developments. The second part of the book provides insight into the key concepts and their application in research. The third part of this book describes the potential for intervention aimed at transforming activity systems. It also explains the methodological principles of formative intervention and the change laboratory
Impact of Processing Conditions on the Crystallization of an Alternated Tere/Iso PEKK Copolymer
No full textInternational audienceThe crystallization behavior of a poly(ether ketone ketone) copolymer constituted of alternated terephthaloyl (T) and isophthaloyl (I) units (PEKK 50/50) is studied as a function of temperature by simultaneous wide-angle and small-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS and SAXS). Three samples, having different thermal or processing histories, are compared and the evolution of their crystalline morphology, crystallinity and crystal form established in details over a wide temperature window, from ~30 °C up to the full melting at 345 °C, and compared to the thermal behavior observed by differential scanning calorimetry. Whatever the initial state of this copolymer, amorphous, crystalline form I or form II, it finishes in form I above ~280 °C. We show that the previously reported form III is a defective form I (named here form I’). We also show, for the first time, the existence of a defective form II (named form II’). Form II’ transforms first to form I’ and finally to form I above ~305 °C. The thermal expansion of the crystal cell of the defective form I’ is clearly higher than the one of the most perfect form I. This is very similar to the behavior of defective phases of other semi-crystalline polymers such as polyamide 11 and some fluorinated copolymers, for instance. Moreover, the full analysis of the WAXS spectra gave very valuable information about the amorphous fraction of the polymer chains, their relative density and its evolution as a function of temperature. It turns out that the sample issued directly from the synthesis process exhibits the most dense and constrained amorphous phase co-existing with crystals of form II’. Finally, it is worth to note that whatever the thermal or processing history of this PEKK, its thermal behavior above ~280 °C becomes independent of thermal history, and therefore always predictable which is an advantage in industrial applications
Au fil des vagues de la crise de COVID-19 : dynamiques de résilience et de vulnérabilité organisationnelles à l’hôpital et dans le secteur nucléaire
No full textIn early 2020, the world was confronted with the COVID-19 health crisis, an event of exceptional magnitude that profoundly disrupted the functioning of societies and organizations.This dissertation proposes a mirror analysis of the management of this crisis in two critical sectors, healthcare and nuclear energy, through the lens of organizational resilience. The empirical approach, grounded in a qualitative methodology, aims to understand how the crisis was conceived, experienced, and managed within these two organizational contexts, each characterized by its own specific constraints and temporalities. The Model of Resilience in Situation (MRS) which serves as the central analytical framework, makes it possible to examine the forms of anticipation and adaptation that were deployed, as well as the situated learning constructed in action and enriched through evolving feedback processes. In both the hospital and nuclear sectors, prescribed anticipations proved insufficient, leading to adaptations supported by various success factors. While these adjustments made it possible to cope with the immediate emergency, the prolonged nature of the crisis generated lasting constraints and latent pressures on organizations. The analysis reveals sectoral differences but also convergences, particularly in the actors’ ability to develop situated solutions and to reinvent their modes of management and coordination. It also highlights a central aspect: certain adaptations or resources mobilized at the very beginning of the crisis to address immediate challenges evolved over time and progressively generated sources of vulnerability by weakening collectives, practices and organizations. If resilience is understood, in the abstract, as the capacity to adapt by making compromises and sacrifices at both the individual and collective levels in order to avoid rupture, our results reveal an ambivalent process that maintains stability while simultaneously exposing organizations to more diffuse vulnerabilities. It reveals that the continuity of systems relies largely on the constant mobilization of collectives, sometimes at the expense of the health, safety, and security of people and systems over time. These results invite us to conceive organizational resilience in times of crisis as an evolutionary process, whose transformations and effects must be integrated into the very way crisis management is thought.Au début de l’année 2020, le monde a été frappé par la crise sanitaire liée au virus du COVID-19, un événement d’une ampleur exceptionnelle qui a bouleversé le fonctionnement des sociétés et organisations. Cette thèse propose une analyse en miroir de la gestion de cette crise dans deux secteurs critiques, l’hôpital et le nucléaire, sous le prisme de la résilience organisationnelle. L’approche empirique, basée sur une méthodologie qualitative, vise à comprendre comment la crise a été pensée, vécue et gérée au sein de ces deux contextes organisationnels, chacun caractérisé par ses contraintes et temporalités spécifiques. Le Modèle de Résilience en Situation (MRS), cadre central d’analyse, permet d’appréhender les formes d’anticipation et d’adaptation déployées, ainsi que les apprentissages situés construits dans l’action et nourris par des retours d’expérience évolutifs. Dans le secteur hospitalier comme dans le nucléaire, les anticipations prescrites se sont révélées insuffisantes, menant à des adaptations soutenues par différents facteurs de réussite. Si ces ajustements ont permis de faire face à l’urgence, la durée de la crise a généré des contraintes durables et des pressions latentes sur les organisations. L’analyse révèle des différences sectorielles, mais aussi des convergences, notamment dans la capacité des acteurs à élaborer des solutions situées et à réinventer leurs modes de gestion et de coordination. Elle souligne également un aspect central : certaines adaptations ou ressources mobilisées dès début de la crise pour répondre aux différents défis du moment évoluent dans la durée et peuvent engendrer progressivement des sources de vulnérabilité en fragilisant les collectifs, les pratiques et les organisations. Si la résilience est perçue, dans l’absolu, comme la capacité à s'adapter en faisant des compromis et des sacrifices, tant au niveau individuel que collectif, afin d'éviter la rupture, nos résultats montrent un processus ambivalent qui permet de maintenir la stabilité tout en exposant les organisations à des vulnérabilités plus diffuses. Elle révèle que la continuité des systèmes repose, en grande partie, sur une mobilisation constante des collectifs, parfois au détriment de la santé et de la sécurité et sûreté des personnes et des systèmes dans la durée. Ces résultats invitent à penser la résilience organisationnelle des systèmes en crise comme un processus évolutif, dont les transformations et leurs effets doivent être intégrés à la manière même de penser la gestion de crise