BioResources (E-Journal)
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Effect of Different Nutritional Materials on Laccase Activity and Biomass Accumulation of the Auricularia cornea var. Li Strain
No full textThe laccase activity changes of the Auricularia cornea var. Li strain were studied over a continuous 9-day period using different carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and lignocellulose as liquid fermentation inducers. The results showed that the addition of carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and alkaline lignin all stimulated Auricularia cornea var. Li to secrete laccase and promoted the accumulation of mycelial biomass. Both carbon and nitrogen deficiencies could stimulate Auricularia cornea var. Li to produce more laccase, but they were detrimental to the accumulation of mycelial biomass. Maltose and peptone should be prioritized as materials for cultivating high-laccase-producing Auricularia cornea var. Li strains through liquid fermentation. Lignocellulosic biomass could significantly enhance laccase activity in Auricularia cornea var. Li. During the cultivation of Auricularia cornea var. Li., wheat bran and cottonseed hulls that produced high levels of laccase should be recommended. This study partially revealed the laccase production characteristics of Auricularia cornea var. Li and identified culture substances that were beneficial for laccase secretion during different growth stages of the mushroom. The results provide a foundation for improving the yield and quality of Auricularia cornea var. Li
Hot Water-Treated Cow Waste Use as an Efficient Adsorbent for Cresol Red Dye and Chromium VI Removal from Aqueous Solutions
No full textHot water-treated cow waste (HWTCW) was used as an efficient, low-cost, and sustainable adsorbent for the removal of cresol red dye and chromium(VI) from aqueous solutions. Functional groups present on the biomass surface were identified by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy as -OH, C=O, C=C, and C-O. The scanning electron microscopy analysis showed the structure relating to plant tissue and rough surfaces that were heterogeneous and irregular, revealing the origin of the biomass to be cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, and other water-soluble components. Maximum adsorption capacity was attained at biomass dosage of 40 and 50 mg, 120 and 140 min as the time of contact, pH of 4 and 3, and temperature of 40 and 45 °C for CR and Cr (VI) adsorption. The equilibrium data from the adsorption of CR and Cr (VI) followed Langmuir and Freundlich models with maximum uptake of 73.3 and 66.4 mg/g. For the adsorption of CR by HWTCW, a pseudo-first-order kinetic model provided a better fit, whereas a pseudo-second-order model provided a better fit for Cr (VI) ions adsorption. The analysis of ΔH gave positive values of 22.4 kJ/mol for CR and 46.0 kJ/mol for Cr (VI) indicating the endothermic process
Effect of Activated Palm Kernel Shell Nanoparticles as a Bio-filler on the Mechanical Properties Vulcanized Natural Rubber
No full textOil palm wastes, such as palm kernel shell (PKS), can be beneficially used as value-added additive for natural rubber. Converting PKS into activated palm kernel shell (APKS) and transforming into nano size APKS (n-APKS) can enhance the performance of vulcanizates natural rubber (NR). Performance of n-APKS incorporated NR has been evaluated with different loadings (0 to 10 phr) in several tests, such as cure characteristic, bound rubber content (BRC), swelling, tensile, and abrasion resistance index (ARI). The presence of n-APKS decreased minimum torque from 0.54 dN.m to 0.31 dN.m, indicating enhancement processability. The cure index peaked at n-APKS loading of 5 phr (F4), which indicated the effective crosslinking in NR matrix. The F4 (5 phr) formulation outperformed others, featuring a BRC of 4.08%, a crosslink density of 8.65 x 10-5 mol/cm3, a tensile strength of 19 MPa, a M300 at 3.33 MPa, a reinforcement index of 3.78%, and an ARI of 38% with relatively low elongation at break (648%). The optimum loading of 5 phr is deemed a promising bio-filler option for the rubber industry and it also helps to reduce environmental waste disposal issues
Middle School Classroom Furniture Evaluation Model Based on Combinatorial Weighting of Game Theory
No full textWithin the context of educational innovation, diversified teaching models impose higher requirements on classroom furniture adaptability. However, conflicting multi-stakeholder demands and configuration imbalances constrain the upgrading of educational spaces. To address this, this study focuses on the “demand-configuration” contradiction and constructs a composite evaluation model integrating the “game theory combined weighting method - fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method - quadrant diagram model”. Through improved Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and entropy method game weighting, this approach can balance multi-party weight conflicts, quantify user satisfaction based on fuzzy evaluation, and identify “high demand-low adaptation” core indicators using the quadrant diagram. Taking classroom furniture in M Middle School as a practical case, results demonstrate that the quadrant diagram model accurately identified six core indicators based on comprehensive weights and satisfaction levels, aligning with current key optimization directions for classroom furniture. This validates the model’s feasibility and accuracy in resolving contradictions between multi-dimensional demands and actual configurations. The proposed evaluation system provides a framework of “demand deconstruction-efficiency evaluation-design guidance” for educational furniture design, which is applicable to quasi-public product design evaluation fields involving multiple stakeholders such as public medical products, thereby enhancing the matching efficiency between product resource allocation and diverse demands.
Outdoor Performance of Wood-plastic Composites Enhanced with Nano Graphene-Epoxy Coating
No full textThis study evaluated the outdoor performance of wood-plastic composites (WPCs) coated with epoxy-based coatings containing graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) after 336 h of artificial weathering. Results indicated that color change is inevitable. The GNPs covered the surface of the WPCs and restrained the UV degradation. The lowest color changes were observed in the 0.5% GNPs coating. Contrastingly, crack formations were noted on the coating surface without GNPs. Scanning electron microscopy analysis clearly revealed the splitting of the coating due to UV exposure. As the GNPs ratios increased, the crack formation decreased. Similarly, the macroscopic investigation showed that the surface roughness of the coatings decreased with increasing GNPs. Color stabilization also improved with the increased GNPs. Meanwhile, color changes occurred more rapidly in WPCs coated with pure epoxy. Epoxy-based coatings containing GNPs effectively stabilized the surface color. Additionally, GNPs restricted mechanical losses, with a reduction of only 3.68% for the epoxy coating containing 1% GNPs, compared to a 19% loss in pure epoxy-coated WPCs. In conclusion, coatings containing GNPs considerably enhanced the weathering performance of WPCs
Evaluation of Oleander (Nerium oleander L.) Plant Extract and Hydrosol as a Protective Agent on Wood Material and Its Effects on Physical Performance
No full textThis study explored the applicability of oleander (Nerium oleander L.) extract and hydrosol as protective agents for wood materials. The research examined their effects on the physical properties of red pine (Pinus brutia), Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis), and walnut (Juglans regia) following an impregnation process. Wood samples were treated with oleander-based solutions using the dipping method and then subjected to water immersion for various durations to assess retention, specific gravity, shrinkage, swelling, and water uptake. The results indicated that while oleander extract had no significant impact on wood retention, hydrosol enhanced water resistance and dimensional stability. However, the use of mordant increased shrinkage percentages, particularly in Oriental beech and walnut at prolonged exposure times. These findings suggest that hydrosol-based treatments can contribute to improving wood durability, offering an environmentally friendly alternative for wood preservation
Delving into the Porosity Domain Continuum in Hardwood Growth Rings: What Can We Learn from Computer Vision Wood Identification Models?
No full textHardwood porosity domains (diffuse-, semi-ring-, and ring-porosity) exist along a spectrum with some taxa embodying only one porosity domain and others spanning more than one. A cascading model scheme involving a root-level porosity classifier and second-level taxonomical classifiers might be useful for mitigating reductions in the predictive accuracy of North American computer vision wood identification (CVWID) models when the number of classes increases. Thus far, the porosity classifier has been trained on images covering the breadth of the porosity spectrum. By reducing ambiguity near the boundaries of porosity domains, training the root classifier only on taxa that are quintessentially diffuse-, semi-ring, and ring-porous might produce equivalent or better results. In this study, a two-class (diffuse- and ring-porous) model and a three-class (diffuse-, semi-ring-, and ring-porous) model were trained on specimens only from taxa with quintessentially idealized porosity and tested on specimens with and without idealized porosity. Results showed perfect predictive accuracy for both models when tested on in-model taxa but showed lower accuracy on datasets with non-ideal porosity with all misclassifications being anatomically sensible. In addition, the results showed remarkable similarities between CVWID models and humans in how they “apply” the concept of discrete porosity domains to a real-world continuum
Reducing the Climate Impact of Ruminant Feed and Improving Animal Health in Europe by Using Maize and Lupine Additives
No full textRuminant farming is a significant contributor to global food production but also a major source of methane emissions. It is responsible for nearly 44% of greenhouse gases from the agricultural sector. The integration of maize and lupine into the diets of ruminants offers a sustainable strategy for improving feed efficiency, reducing methane emissions, and enhancing animal productivity. Fermented maize silage has been shown to lower methane emissions by 10 to 20% compared to conventional high-starch diets. Lupine supplementation can further reduce methane emissions by influencing rumen fermentation. The inclusion of lupine, a nitrogen-fixing legume, additionally enhances soil fertility and reduces the need for synthetic fertilizers, making it an environmentally sustainable alternative to soybean meal. Studies indicate that diets incorporating maize silage and lupine can improve feed conversion efficiency and increase milk yield by up to 5% in dairy cattle. However, large-scale adoption of these feed additives requires further research to optimize fermentation processes, ensure economic feasibility, and overcome regulatory barriers. This study highlights the potential of maize and lupine as viable solutions for enhancing livestock sustainability while mitigating climate impacts
Hydrogen Production via Thermal Cracking of Ammonia Using Steel Fiber Catalyst
No full textDue to challenges associated with hydrogen storage and transportation, on-site hydrogen production has garnered significant attention. However, achieving a balance between efficiency and cost remains a critical challenge in the catalytic conversion of ammonia to hydrogen. Catalysts utilizing carbon fiber supports derived from cellulose, which contain a high carbon content, have demonstrated promising dehydrogenation activity in ammonia pyrolysis. One such catalyst component is steel fiber which contains a high content of transition metals and serves as a connection between the carbon element and the metals, which would enhance its catalytic properties. In this study, the catalytic performance of commercial steel fiber for hydrogen production via ammonia pyrolysis was investigated. Activity tests and analytical characterizations revealed that the steel fiber catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic activity, stability, and cyclic performance, enabling COX-free hydrogen production. Characterization results indicated that the catalyst contained over 80 wt% iron atoms and exhibited low surface area. The Fe atoms were further converted into stable Fe-N bonds, with the number of Fe-N bonds decreasing as the reaction temperature increased, thereby accelerating the desorption rate of nitrogen atoms on the catalyst surface and enhancing conversion efficiency
Impact of Nitrogen and Glycine Betaine on Winter and Spring Performance of Zoysiagrass
No full textZoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) is a widely planted warm-season turfgrass; however, its long winter dormancy limits broader adoption, especially in transitional and subtropical regions. Glycine betaine (GB) is known to mitigate cold stress in controlled environments, but its potential to improve chilling tolerance of zoysiagrass as measured by winter color retention under field conditions remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of fall-applied GB and nitrogen (N) on winter color and spring green-up of zoysiagrass under field conditions in a Mediterranean climate in Türkiye. Conducted from 2018 to 2020 in Antalya, the experiment tested different application levels of N (0, 2.5, and 5 g/m²) and GB (0, 0.8, and 1.6 g/m²). N applications significantly improved key parameters, such as winter color retention, turf quality, chlorophyll content, and spring green-up. The highest N (5 g/m²) extended the green period from 7 to 10 months by delaying dormancy. In contrast, GB treatments had no significant effects. Although GB showed limited effectiveness, its evaluation under field conditions provides valuable insight into its practical relevance for warm-season turf management. The limited effect may be related to application amount and application timing. Further research with a broader range of GB application rates may help uncover its full potential under chilling stress conditions