BioResources (E-Journal)
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Influence of Crushed Corn Cob Mass Percentage on the Compression Breaking Strength of Composites with Hybrid Matrix Based on Dammar Resin
No full textThis study investigated the effect of crushed corn cob reinforcement on the compressive strength of composite materials with a hybrid matrix based on dammar (60%) and a synthetic epoxy (Resoltech 1050 with 1058s hardener). While previous research has explored mechanical and chemical properties of such composites, as well as the role of dammar resin, the specific impact of crushed corn cob on compressive strength had not yet been addressed. Materials with reinforcement mass fractions between 50% and 67% were fabricated, each with 15 samples. Power Analysis confirmed the sample size was statistically valid. A null hypothesis—stating that crushed corn cob has no significant influence on compressive strength—was tested and rejected (p < 0.05) using one-way ANOVA. Welch ANOVA confirmed the result (Fw > 2.49), and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests showed data normality (p > 0.05). Post hoc ANOVA with Bonferroni correction confirmed significant differences between groups. The key finding was that beyond 66% crushed corn cob content, the materials lose engineering relevance due to inadequate compressive strength.
Enzymatic Preparation of Cello-oligosaccharides Using Bamboo Materials
No full textCello-oligosaccharides (COS) are products of the preliminary hydrolysis of cellulose. They have been the subject of significant research and application potential across various fields, including food, feed, and biotechnology. This study explored an eco-friendly, efficient process for producing COS from bamboo biomass. Subsequently, the optimal hydrolysis conditions using microcrystalline cellulose as the substrate were determined to establish the best process for converting bamboo cellulose into COS. The resulting hydrolyzate was analyzed, with cellobiose content (mg/L) serving as the response variable to identify the optimal conditions for pH, hydrolysis temperature, enzyme addition amount, substrate addition amount, reaction time, and inhibitor addition amount. Finally, various bamboo pretreatment technologies and cellulose hydrolysis methods were integrated to determine the most suitable hydrolysis technology for bamboo cellulose. The results of this study demonstrate that enzymatic hydrolysis can be employed as a production method to convert bamboo cellulose to COS
Oriented Strand Board Made from Tropical Plantation Wood with the Inclusion of Kenaf Core at Different Resin Content
No full textOriented strand board (OSB) was prepared from the strands of rubberwood (RW) and Acacia mangium (AC), with inclusion of kenaf core (KC). The KC was used as substitution, where 5% was added with RW and AC during the manufacturing process of OSB. Considering the expected negative impact of adding KC on the performance of the OSB, various levels of PF resin content were used. This study applied phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin contents of 7%, 9%, and 11%. The OSB samples produced were evaluated for thickness swelling (TS), water absorption (WA), modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and internal bonding strength (IB). Generally, incorporation of kenaf core reduced the mechanical and physical properties of the OSB. However, its mechanical and physical properties could be improved by increasing the resin content. Based on the findings, taking into consideration the properties of OSB as well as the cost of resin, 9% resin content is recommended
Morphological Variation in Cone and Needle Characteristics of Black Pine (Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold) Under Different Topographic Conditions
No full textPotential global warming impact makes it important to study the morphological response of plants under stress conditions. The ability of trees to survive and adapt to possible scenarios can be understood in detail thanks to this awareness. This study investigated the variation in needle and cone morphology of black pine trees growing in different altitudes and aspects (slope surface) within the Western Black Sea region of Türkiye. The research material consisted of 1560 needle and 1560 cone samples from 78 destructively sampled adult black pines growing in six forest stands of varying altitude and aspect. Altitude and aspect were found to be significant in influencing all investigated morphological characteristics including needle length (nl), needle width (nw), needle thickness (nt), sheath length (sl), cone length (cl), cone width (cw), and cw/cl ratio. The most obvious variation between morphological features was found in the cw as a function of altitude, with cones becoming wider as altitude increased. In addition, the morphological diversity of needles and cones due to aspect effect is more common at lower altitudes where there is a greater water deficit. Morphological variation was found to be higher in south-facing slopes where water stress is higher
Manufacturing of Form-molded Pulp Products (FMPPs) in the Papermaking Industry – A Review
No full textThe article reviews the history of the production of form-molded pulp products (FMPPs) and the current value of their production. The discussion includes fibrous intermediates and additional materials used to produce these products, the categories and properties of FMPPs, and principles of operation of machines used to produce them. It compares vacuum and overpressure molding techniques, and current and future trends in FMPPs production. FMPPs are produced from fibrous secondary and primary papermaking pulps, as well as other waste intermediates, the use of which can contribute to reducing the costs of producing these products. It was found that over the past dozen or so years, the state of knowledge on improving the strength properties of FMPPs and the use of biodegradable aids to improve their properties, including barrier properties, has significantly expanded. Drawing not yet published in review articles, showing devices for producing FMPPs using hydraulic molding and pressurized air molding methods are presented in a descriptive and comparative form used in the industry at the turn of the 1950s and 1960s. Possible future directions are considered for FMPPs developments in technology and further commercialization
Environmental Dynamics and Risk: Bibliometric Insights into Soil Heavy Metal Accumulation Under Environmental Stressors
No full textUnder environmental stress, the migration and accumulation of heavy metals in soil profoundly affect ecosystem dynamics and environmental risks. This study applied CiteSpace bibliometric methods to visually analyze 1,768 publications from 2000 to 2024, based on the Web of Science Core Collection. The analysis included publication trends, keyword frequencies, international collaboration, core authors, and institutions. Results show a shift in focus from pollution identification and mechanisms to health risk assessment and material-based remediation. Notably, increasing attention has been given to lignocellulose-derived amendments such as humic acid and biochar for their potential in stabilizing soils under compound environmental stressors. Leading institutions such as the Chinese Academy of Sciences and U.S. research bodies have played prominent roles, while high-impact journals, including the Journal of Biogeography, reflect strong academic output. Keyword clustering and burst analysis highlight emerging cores like “speciation,” “health risk,” and “biochar,” showing a phase-based evolution of research themes. The field’s short citation half-life, frequent keyword bursts, and multidisciplinary integration confirm its status as a research frontier. This study provides a comprehensive knowledge map and valuable insight into the dynamic behavior of soil heavy metals under environmental stress
Fruit Tree (Malus domestica) Branch Biochar via Pyrolysis: Optimization of Temperature and Holding Time
No full textDiscarded apple tree branches from Yantai, China, were pyrolyzed at 300 to 700 °C with holding times (0 to 120 min) to optimize biochar production parameters. Results showed that compared to 300 °C, increasing pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 700 °C (0 min holding) enhanced fixed carbon content 1.39 to 8.30%, carbon content by 16.31 to 28.84%, while reducing C/H ratios 18.29 to 66.33%. When holding time extended from 60 to 120 min across temperatures, fixed carbon content increased 0.31 to 2.56% below 600 °C but showed minimal gains at higher temperatures. Carbon content changes became negligible (≤ 0.69%) above 500 °C with extended holding. Considering both quality and yield, 600 °C pyrolysis temperature with 60 min holding time was identified as the optimal condition for producing biochar with enhanced carbon stability and resource utilization efficiency. This study provided scientific support for converting fruit tree waste into functional carbon materials through controlled pyrolysis processes
Identification of the Juvenile Wood Transition Age and of Some Growth Characteristics in Plantation vs. Native Populations of Cuban Pinus caribaea M. var. caribaea B&G
No full textIdentifying the transition age between juvenile and mature wood is key for designing more efficient silvicultural strategies and optimizing timber exploitation. The objective of this study was to identify the juvenile wood transition age and analyze certain growth characteristics of Cuban Pinus caribaea M. var. caribaea B&G by comparing plantation and native populations. Radial variations in growth ring width, latewood proportion, and ultrasonic longitudinal speed were examined to identify the delimitation age from juvenile to mature wood. Visual assessment and statistical analyses, including segmented regression and k-means clustering, were applied. The findings indicated that juvenile wood is formed within the first 5 to 9 years, while mature wood develops after 21 to 26 years. Plantation trees exhibited higher variability and a wider juvenile wood zone (60 mm from the pith) than native trees (43 mm). The mean growth ring in the mature wood was 3.14 mm in native and 3.67 mm in plantation. The latewood proportion stabilized above 50% beyond the transition age, confirming the shift to mature wood, trees from native population developing 22% more latewood than trees from plantation. The ultrasonic speed pattern was similar between populations, validating its use as an indirect indicator of wood maturation
Heritage Trees of Lingshui, China: Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation Challenges
No full textHeritage trees, as vital bioresources, enhance urban ecosystems and cultural heritage in Lingshui, Hainan, China. Yet, urbanization and environmental shifts threaten their persistence, necessitating detailed studies for conservation. From 2023 to 2024, the authors surveyed 133 heritage trees across 18 species, 14 genera, and 10 families. Tamarindus indica L. dominated (importance value 37.60), followed by Ficus microcarpa L. f. (14.37) and Bombax ceiba L. (12.55), comprising 64.52% of the total importance value. Diversity varied across twelve towns, with Yingzhou showing the highest despite fewer trees. Most trees, aged 100-150 years with 60-150 cm diameters, indicated an aging population. Kernel density mapping revealed central-eastern distribution hotspots, hinting at historical or environmental influences. Termite infestation (45.1%) and trunk decay (36.4%) were primary threats, with pests and diseases less impactful (6.8%). Compared to other Hainan cities, Lingshui’s lower tree diversity reflects topography, typhoons, and human pressures including urbanization and agriculture. Targeted conservation addressing biological and socioeconomic factors is critical to sustain these bioresources, which support biodiversity through microhabitats, ecological continuity, and genetic diversity in urbanizing landscapes
Thermal Conductivity of Plantation Wood Species and Selected Tropical Hardwoods from the Philippines
No full textThis study investigated the transverse thermal conductivity of low-density plantation wood species and tropical hardwoods from the Philippines using the guarded hot-plate method. Results showed that thermal conductivity of low density, plantation species and denser tropical hardwoods ranged from 0.128 to 0.188 W/mK and 0.161 to 0.300 W/mK, respectively. Thermal conductivity was directly influenced by both density and moisture content of wood. Transverse thermal conductivity increased by 0.73% and 1.79% per percent increase in MC from 0% to 21% MC for low density (<500 kg/m3) and high density (>500 kg/m3) wood, respectively. Linear regression models fitted for thermal conductivity and ovendry density indicated a strong fit. However, there was a poor to moderate relationship between thermal conductivity and MC. The results of the present study may be of interest in the conversion of woody biomass to bioenergy or to building designers looking for natural materials to improve energy performance and efficiency of wood structures where heat transfer and temperature control are a significant economic consideration