BioResources (E-Journal)
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Ultrasonic Glued Wood Finger-jointed Panel Quality Inspection System with Barker Code Pulse Excitation
No full textGlued wood finger-jointed panels are widely employed due to their efficient use of wood resources and the enhancement of product quality. To address defects in the quality inspection of these panels, a set of ultrasonic glued laminated wood finger-joined board inspection systems was designed using Barker Code pulse excitation. This was achieved by adopting air-coupled ultrasonic technology and incorporating phase coding technology. Relevant validation experimental research was carried out on the performance of the system. The results show that the system covered two key components, namely hardware and software, which enabled its ultrasonic transducer to realise the functions of rapid scanning of the internal and external qualities of the board and automatic C-scan inspection imaging to identify defects in the specimen without contacting the glued wood finger-joined board specimen. The validation test confirmed that the inspection system achieved good accuracy and reliability. It was concluded that this approach has potential to improve the quality inspection technology of glued laminated direct lumber and to promote the development of wood processing industry.
Determination of the Elastic Modulus of Dinizia excelsa Wood at High Temperatures Using Impulse Excitation Technique (IET)
No full textWood, as a renewable and highly abundant material, has been receiving increasing attention for use in high-performance applications, such as a structural element subjected to high temperatures. For its successful implementation in the construction or timber industry sector, it is crucial to understand its behavior during and after exposure to high temperatures. In this study, the red angelim wood, Dinizia excelsa, was subjected to high temperatures, up to a temperature of 508 K, using the dynamic excitation wave propagation test. Samples tested in the furnace were dimensioned in six distinct directions: three main ones (radial, tangential, and longitudinal) and three intermediate ones at 45º (longitudinal-radial, longitudinal-tangential, and radial-tangential). The static test used only the main directions of wood orientation. The values of elasticity modulus exhibited a reduction after the heat treatment, resulting in significant decreases of up to 45%. Results demonstrated that the excitation wave propagation method was effective in estimating the elasticity modulus at room temperature up to 508 K. Therefore, this study contributed to the construction of a database that can be expanded by future research focused on Brazilian woods
Effect of Biogas Slurry on the Nutrient Cycling and Micro-organisms Community in Two Types of Soil
No full textThe biogas slurry (BS) generated through the anaerobic fermentation of biogas in pig farms is extensively employed as an organic fertilizer in Northeast China. BS is often used in large amounts because of fragmented farmland ownership resulting from previous local policies. In this work, 20 m3 · 667m-2 of BS was applied to black soil twice and to aeolian sandy soil once to explore microbial-driven nutrient cycling. The results indicated that BS increased organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus contents in black soil. The activities of C-cycling and P-cycling enzymes in black soil were enhanced, while the activities of P-cycling enzymes in aeolian sandy soil were reduced. The BS application increased the abundance ratio of fungi to bacteria in both soil types. Total carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus primarily influenced the microbial community structure in black soil, while pH was the key factor in aeolian sandy soil. However, the excessive increase of heavy metals in black soil treated twice BS posed a potential risk to the environment. Utilizing BS as fertilizer is a viable strategy applicable for Northeastern China’s agriculture, and application dosages must be adjusted according to experimental results
Chronological Levels of As, Pd, V, and Sr in 356-year-old Pinus nigra Annual Rings in Northern Türkiye
No full textThe accumulation and allocation of heavy metals—arsenic (As), strontium (Sr), palladium (Pd), and vanadium (V)—were measured in Pinus nigra wood over more than three centuries. Contrary to expectations, the results did not show a correlation between increasing air pollution in recent decades and the concentrations of these metals in annual rings. Thus, P. nigra wood appears unsuitable as a biomonitor for tracking long-term heavy metal pollution in air. However, metals deposited in specific annual rings remained restricted within those rings, supporting the hypothesis of limited radial migration over time. The study specified P. nigra as a promising candidate for phytoremediation due to its capacity to accumulate high concentrations of As, Sr, Pd, and V. Additionally, these metals exhibited robust positive correlations with other toxic elements (tin, antimony, niobium, silver, thallium, selenium, and lead), suggesting that P. nigra could serve as an indicator of regions with multiple heavy metal pollutants. These findings highlight the complexity of metal uptake and allocation processes in trees and underscore the need for further research in controlled environments to clarify mechanisms of metal transfer and toxicity. Despite its limitations relative to its usage as a biomonitor, P. nigra demonstrated potential for mitigating heavy metal contamination in polluted environments
Morphological and Anatomical Characterization of Mature Culms of Guadua angustifolia Kunth as a Raw Material for Transformation Processes
No full textThe global bamboo market reached USD 70 billion in 2022, and moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) is the species with the greatest international impact. Guadua (Guadua angustifolia Kunth) is a promising species, that has been traditionally used for the construction and manufacture of handcrafts in several countries in Central and South America. In this research, progress was made in the morphological and anatomical characterization of mature guadua culms. On average the culms are 21 m in total length and there are 53.2 kg of dry biomass. The culm morphology was characterized throughout its length; the average diameter, wall thickness, and density at breast height are 14.8 cm, 21.5 mm, and 0.595 g/cm3, respectively. The fibers of the vascular bundles of internode number 7 have an average length of 2146 µm, a diameter of 20.4 µm, and a diameter of 8.7 µm wall thickness. The morphological and anatomical characteristics of guadua offer productive and comparative advantages and could be competitive in the bamboo market. The research, technological development, and innovation processes related to this material should be encouraged to promote the guadua industry
Investigation of the Status of the Wooden Pallet Market during the COVD-19 Pandemic
No full textIt is estimated that there are 3.1 billion pallets in circulation in the United States, and the majority of these pallets are made of wood. This research was conducted to obtain important information about the market and raw material usage trends in the wooden pallet and container industry from 2019 through 2021. The results revealed that the wooden pallet and container industry produced an estimated 919 million new pallets in 2021, which is an estimated 75% increase over 2016. The 48” x 40” pallet size continued to be the dominant new pallet size with a 29% market share. The share of softwood lumber used in the industry has steadily increased since 2016, and it accounted for 81% of the lumber used in pallet production in 2021. The industry used 38% of the total sawn softwood and hardwood lumber produced in the U.S. The industry also produced 280 million repaired and remanufactured pallets; this is a 16.4% decrease compared to 2016. Approximately 22% of respondents stated that they were not affected by the pandemic. A majority of respondents (51%) stated that they exceeded their 2019 sales, and only 12% saw no change in sales in 2020 compared to 2019
Preparation of Activated Carbons from Hemicellulose Pre-Extraction Residue of Eucalyptus Heartwood and Sapwood and their Application in Toluene Adsorption
No full textPre-extraction of hemicellulose from eucalyptus heartwood and sapwood was conducted using the method of KOH extraction. Activated carbons (ACs) with high toluene adsorption capacity were prepared by using KOH as activator and hemicellulose-pre-extracted residue (HPR) as AC precursor. The findings indicated that the pore structure of the ACs could be regulated by adjusting the carbonization temperature. Using the HPR of eucalyptus heartwood as raw material, the activated carbon carbonized at 400 °C exhibited the highest BET surface area (3699 m2·g-1) and pore volume (1.90 cm3·g-1). The adsorption capacity of AC for toluene reached 816 mg·g-1. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of toluene was associated with the micropores (< 2 nm) in the AC. Optimizing the carbonization temperature could enhance the proportion of micropores, thereby significantly enhancing the activated carbon’s adsorption capacity for toluene
Analysis of Corn Deterioration Due to Molding Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
No full textEfficient and rapid identification of corn mildew levels is essential for proper storage and transportation. This study utilized surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to obtain Raman spectral fingerprints of moldy corn, combined with multi-class support vector machines (SVM) for rapid detection. Spectral data were preprocessed using the Savitzky-Golay smoothing method, and principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to extract the top five components. Feature peaks were identified using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) regression coefficients, supplemented by manual selection, resulting in eight characteristic wavenumber peaks (482, 878, 1046, 1082, 1220, 1276, 1452, and 1590 cm-¹). These features were used for clustering analysis, followed by SVM classification to distinguish mildew levels. The model achieved a 100% recognition rate, validated by cross-validation and confusion matrix analysis. The findings demonstrate that SERS combined with SVM enables precise differentiation of mildew levels, providing reliable support for Raman spectroscopy in fungal detection and grain safety monitoring
Wood Panel Defect Detection Based on Improved YOLOv8n
No full textWood panel surface defect detection is critical to product quality. Traditional detection methods are time-consuming and subjective, and they can lead to economic waste, while deep learning image recognition techniques offer a new approach. However, the accuracy and convergence speed of existing defect detection techniques still require improvement. In this paper, an improved algorithm based on YOLOv8n was designed for accurate detection of wood panel defects. The C-ADown method was designed to replace traditional downsampling, while preserving high-frequency features. The combination of the Dilation-wise Residual Module and multi-scale dilation attention was employed to enhance the multiscale robustness of defect detection. A hybrid encoder was added to improve localization accuracy. The loss function was optimized to improve detection accuracy and convergence speed. Compared to the base YOLOv8 version, the improved model achieved a 6.1% increase in mAP, an 8% increase in recall, and a 3.6% increase in precision, significantly enhancing the model’s detection capabilities. The GitHub link to the improved algorithm files is as follows: (https://github.com/humblefactos1/YOLOV8-CDC/tree/main.
Impact of Core Cell Size on Selected Properties of Honeycomb Paperboard
No full textThe effect of the cell size of honeycomb paperboard core was studied relative to the grammage (basis weight) and two key strength properties of cellular paperboard: bending stiffness (BS) and flat crush resistance (FCT). The subject of the study was honeycomb paperboard of a different structure, in which single-layer kraftliner paper was used for the flat layers, with a grammage and thickness lower than the paper used for the paperboard core. Five paperboards made of the same fibrous materials of the same thickness and different core cell diameter D were tested, equal to 10, 12, 14, 17, and 22 mm, respectively. The research showed a close dependence of the grammage of the paperboard, BS, and the FCT of the honeycomb paperboard on the core cell size. With the increase of the core cell size, the above-mentioned physical properties showed a decreasing trend. For the honeycomb paperboards tested, a linear relationship was obtained between the grammage, BS, FCT of the honeycomb board and the diameter D of the hexagonal core cell