BioResources (E-Journal)
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Simulation Study on the Static Characteristics of ‘Five-tier Outer Eave Column-head Dougong Bracket’ from the Main Hall of Nanchan Temple in Tang Dynasty
No full textThe static structural behavior was investigated for the ‘Five-tier Outer Eave Column-head Dougong bracket’ from the Main Hall of Nanchan Temple (Tang Dynasty of ancient China) using finite element analysis (FEA). A refined ANSYS model was developed with an orthotropic constitutive framework based on mechanical properties of Pinus sylvestris (tested per GB/T standards), incorporating the Hill yield criterion to define wood plasticity. Vertical monotonic static loading (Z-axis) and horizontal low-cycle reciprocating loading (Y- and X-axes) were simulated to evaluate strength, deformation, and energy dissipation. Results revealed a vertical ultimate bearing capacity of 338 kN (Z-axis) with stress concentrations at the column-head/base-block interface (21.8 MPa). Horizontal loading demonstrated symmetric hysteresis loops, yielding peak thrusts of 1,417 kN (Y-axis) and 747 kN (X-axis), accompanied by ductility coefficients of 2.53 and equivalent viscous damping coefficients of 0.096 (Y-axis) and 0.073 (X-axis). The vertical response followed a tri-linear stiffness degradation model, while horizontal behavior aligned with multi-linear restoring force models. These findings validate FEA as a cost-effective method for characterizing Dougong mechanics, providing critical insights for heritage timber structure conservation
Preliminary Elucidation of the Mechanism Underlying Coal Degradation by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
No full textChina’s abundant low-rank coal faces challenges in utilization due to high moisture content and low calorific value. Microbial biodegradation has emerged as a promising method to improve coal quality. This study investigates the coal-degrading capabilities of the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain, designated as strain N7 in this study. Experimental results demonstrated that strain N7 significantly degraded lignite. On Luria-Bertani solid medium, the strain formed clear coal solubilization zones, indicating its biodegradation potential. Three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy revealed humic-like substances, suggesting humic acid formation through oxidative depolymerization. Enzyme assays identified lignin peroxidase (LiP) and lipase as key contributors, with LiP showing particularly high activity. Scanning electron microscopy showed dense bacterial colonization on coal surfaces, implying efficient biodegradation through direct interaction. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated an increase in free hydroxyl groups in degraded coal, supporting structural breakdown. Degradation products analysis revealed 32% phenolic compounds and 55% long-chain alkanes, providing chemical evidence of lignite decomposition. These results highlight strain N7 as an effective microorganism for lignite biodegradation, offering insights for optimizing microbial coal bioconversion
Outdoor Wood Finishing: A Review on Making Wood Resistant to Moisture, Ultraviolet Light, and Degradation
No full textThis article reviews published literature related to the coating of wood surfaces for external applications. Research has shown that a wide range of procedural steps and components in coating formulations can contribute to increasing the effective service life of the coating as well as to maintaining the quality of the coated wood surfaces. Published findings support the idea that the commonly observed service life of painted wood surfaces exposed to outdoor weather can be significantly increased by dedicated application of such measures as optimized sanding, the use of an effective primary coat, the type of resin in the finish coat, increasing the number of layers of the finish coat, and a wide range of issues related to formulation of the finish coat. Even if a majority of contractors and homebuyers continue to prefer such options as vinyl or aluminum siding, the market opportunities remain very large for clients who prefer to rely on coatings and wood products for exterior surfaces of buildings and other exterior wood items
LE-YOLO: A Lightweight and Enhanced Algorithm for Detecting Surface Defects on Particleboard
No full textCurrent algorithms for surface defect detection in particleboard often encounter limitations such as high computational complexity and excessive parameter scale. To address these challenges, this study proposes the LE-YOLO model, which incorporates a normalized Wasserstein distance into the loss function to enhance the detection capability for minute surface defects. A dynamic mixed convolutional network module is introduced to construct a lightweight backbone architecture. Moreover, the Shared Dilated Feature Pyramid (SDFP) module is employed in the neck network, effectively reducing computational overhead while preserving detection accuracy. A lightweight detection head was further designed, integrating shared convolutional operations with a distribution-aware loss function, thereby substantially improving detection performance in complex textured environments. Experimental evaluations conducted on the Chipboardv1.0 particleboard surface defect dataset demonstrated that compared to the baseline YOLOv11n model, LE-YOLO achieved a 5% improvement in recall, a 1% increase in F1 score, a 4% enhancement in mAP@50, a 6% gain in mAP@50–95, a 12.69% acceleration in inference speed, and an 18.6% reduction in parameter count. Compared with other models, the proposed approach not only improved detection precision but also effectively reduced model complexity, achieving a lightweight and efficient detection framework
Effect of Drying Treatment on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Material Extrusion-Based 3D-Printed PETG Models
No full textTwo rolls of PETG filament (1# and 2# filament) from the same manufacturer were placed in a constant temperature and humidity test chamber for moisture absorption pre-treatment for 12 h. The 2# filament was dried in a special dryer for 8 h. The physical and mechanical properties of the printed samples of 1# filament (without drying treatment) and 2# filament (with drying treatment) were compared. The Ra and Rz values of the samples printed on 2# filament were lower than those of the samples printed on 1# filament, and the samples printed on 2# filament were less rough. The light transmission of the samples printed on 2# filament was higher than that of the samples printed on 1# filament, and the light transmission properties of the samples printed on 2# filament were better. The tensile strength and elastic modulus of the samples printed on 2# filament were higher than those of the samples printed on 1# filament, and the mechanical properties of the samples printed on 2# filament were better. Therefore, the drying treatment improved the physical and mechanical properties of ME-3DP models, and this method has high application value
Novel Biostimulant “Bioragi” Boosts Plant Development and Limits Trace Metal Absorption
No full textThe world’s population has exceeded eight billion, which will necessitate a tripling of food production in the next three decades to meet basic human needs. The world is now on the verge of a new “Green Revolution”. New agrobioorganic technology represents one of the ways to address famine and malnutrition by enabling sustainable food production. Additionally, it is a means of increasing both the quantity and quality of agricultural products while reducing the negative environmental impact of chemicalization, leading to significant economic, ecological, and social benefits. The elements evaluated in the study are also heavy metals and are harmful to human health. This study investigated the impact of the biostimulant "bioragi" (produced in Georgia) on sugar beet plants. The accumulation of trace metals in plant organs was studied dynamically. Observations were made on the growth, development, and sucrose content of sugar beet mass. The trace metals studied included Ti, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Mo, Cd, Cs, Ba, Pt, Au, Pb, and Th. Results indicate that the biostimulant bioragi reduced the absorption of trace metals by at least 18% compared to the control plants. Additionally, the mass and sucrose contents of sugar beet plants treated with bioragi increased compared to the control plants
Sound Absorption and Mechanical Characterization of Neem Gum and Coconut Dust-Based Hybrid Epoxy Composites
No full textThis study focuses on the development and characterization of lightweight hybrid epoxy composites reinforced with neem gum (NG) and coconut dust (CD), targeting sustainable structural applications. Composites were fabricated with a constant 70% epoxy resin and varying NG and CD contents (5NG25CD, 10NG20CD, 15NG15CD, 20NG10CD, and 25NG5CD). Among these, the 15NG15CD composition demonstrated optimal performance, achieving a tensile strength of 42.1 MPa, flexural strength of 83.2 MPa, impact strength of 6.12 J, and Shore D hardness of 82. Water absorption tests showed significantly reduced moisture uptake (25.6%), indicating enhanced dimensional stability. Sound absorption tests revealed a peak sound absorption coefficient of 0.35 for the 20NG10CD composite, followed by 0.33 for 15NG15CD, indicating effective acoustic damping characteristics across all variants (ranging from 0.24 to 0.35). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed strong interfacial adhesion and uniform particle dispersion within the epoxy matrix, contributing to superior mechanical properties. These eco-friendly, lightweight composites exhibited excellent strength, moisture resistance, and versatility, making them suitable for lightweight structural components, automotive interiors, and sustainable packaging solutions
Relationship Between Wood Specific Gravity and Average Annual Ring Width of 15 Korean Wood Species
No full textThe correlation between specific gravity and average annual ring width was studied for 15 major Korean tree species. In coniferous trees, species with narrower rings exhibited higher specific gravity, with strong correlations observed in Pinus densiflora (Gangwon), Larix kaempferi, and Pinus rigida. In deciduous trees, the correlation between specific gravity and annual ring width did not exhibit a consistent pattern based on the distinction between diffuse-porous and ring-porous species. The correlation of Liriodendron tulipifera (diffuse-porous species) and Quercus mongolica (ring-porous species) showed higher specific gravity with wider rings, whereas other species, such as Betula platyphylla (diffuse-porous species) and Robinia pseudoacacia (ring-porous species) exhibited the opposite trend. Therefore, the correlation in deciduous trees appears to be an inherent characteristic of each species rather than a result of porous type
Measurement and Optimization of Wood Dust and Noise Levels in Table Saw Operations Using Response Surface Methodology
No full textExposure to airborne dust and noise during woodworking operations pose serious occupational health risks. This study investigated the influence of key cutting parameters—rotational speed, feed rate, tooth count, and dust collection system status—on PM10 concentration and noise levels during circular sawing. Experimental measurements were conducted on six materials, including solid wood species (Scots pine, Oriental beech) and engineered wood products (plywood, medium-density fiberboard, oriented strand board, and particleboard). The collected data were analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize cutting conditions, aiming to minimize emissions while maintaining operational efficiency. The results indicated that both material type and processing parameters notably affected dust and noise levels. Optimized cutting settings led to a measurable reduction in exposure, offering practical guidelines for improving workplace safety in the woodworking and furniture industries. This study contributes to the development of safer and more sustainable machining practices by addressing the hidden risks associated with dust and noise pollution
Integrated Nutrient Management’s Impact on Dahlia Cultivation (Dahlia variabilis L.) cv. Zail Singh
No full textThe experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2022–2023 at the Horticultural Research Centre, SVPUA&T, Meerut, to evaluate the impact of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) on Dahlia variabilis L. cv. Zail Singh using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 19 treatments and three replications. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed among treatments for vegetative growth, flowering, and soil parameters. Treatment T12 (50% RDF + poultry manure + Azotobacter + VAM) recorded the maximum number of primary branches (9.75), leaf area (97.75 cm²), leaf area index (0.048), chlorophyll index 55.45 mg/m²), and nitrogen index (26.62 mg/m²), showing approximately 81% improvement over the control (100% RDF). T17 (25% RDF + vermicompost + Azospirillium + VAM) produced the largest stem diameter (14.30 mm), stalk diameter (10.30 mm), and flower diameter (18.00 cm). T5 enabled early color break (6.58 days), T10 extended vase life (7.10 days), while T6 and T7 significantly enhanced soil nutrient availability, and T14–T15 improved soil organic carbon, EC, and pH. In contrast, the control (T1) consistently recorded the lowest values across traits. These findings demonstrated that integrating organic manures and bio-inoculants with reduced levels of chemical fertilizers significantly enhanced crop performance and soil health, offering a sustainable strategy for ornamental horticulture