HAL ENVT (Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse)
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Aspectos gerais e principais agentes biológicos envolvidos em surtos de doenças veiculadas por alimentos (DVA's): uma revisão
No full textInternational audienceEste estudo consistiu numa revisão breve para caracterizar o panorama epidemiológico dos surtos de doenças veiculadas por alimentos no Brasil, entre 2019 e 2024. Dos 52 artigos científicos examinados, apenas três foram considerados relevantes, com dois reportando dados de períodos anteriores ao foco da investigação. Os resultados destacam o norovírus e Toxoplasma gondii como principais agentes etiológicos recorrentes em surtos de doenças de transmissão hídrica e alimentar (DTHA), associados principalmente ao consumo de picolés, hortaliças, queijos artesanais e água. Esses achados sublinham a necessidade de aprimorar as práticas de manipulação de alimentos e vigilância sanitária. As políticas públicas, incluindo a Instrução Normativa do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento e as Resoluções da Diretoria Colegiada da ANVISA, são essenciais para prevenção e controle de DTHA, juntamente com a fiscalização efetiva e a adoção de boas práticas de fabricação. Este estudo ressalta a importância do comprometimento de todos os atores da cadeia produtiva para garantir a segurança dos alimentos
Recommendations for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Iron is an essential nutrient and a constituent of ferroproteins and enzymes crucial for human life. Generally, nonmenstruating individuals preserve iron very efficiently, losing less than 0.1% of their body iron content each day, an amount that is replaced through dietary iron absorption. Most of the iron is in the hemoglobin (Hb) of red blood cells (RBCs); thus, blood loss is the most common cause of acute iron depletion and anemia worldwide, and reduced hemoglobin synthesis and anemia are the most common consequences of low plasma iron concentrations. The term iron deficiency (ID) refers to the reduction of total body iron stores due to impaired nutrition, reduced absorption secondary to gastrointestinal conditions, increased blood loss, and increased needs as in pregnancy. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is defined as low Hb or hematocrit associated with microcytic and hypochromic erythrocytes and low RBC count due to iron deficiency. IDA most commonly affects women of reproductive age, the developing fetus, children, patients with chronic and inflammatory diseases, and the elderly. IDA is the most frequent hematological disorder in children, with an incidence in industrialized countries of 20.1% between 0 and 4 years of age and 5.9% between 5 and 14 years (39% and 48.1% in developing countries). The diagnosis, management, and treatment of patients with ID and IDA change depending on age and gender and during pregnancy. We herein summarize what is known about the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ID and IDA and formulate a specific set of recommendations on this topic
Etude du sphingolipidome hépatique chez les poulets et canards exposés à des fusariotoxines seules et en mélange
No full textSphingolipids are complex lipids whose properties vary depending on the compounds. Many studies and applications exist in human medicine regarding the roles and functions of sphingolipids, but very few exist in veterinary medicine. Previous work has demonstrated variations in the concentration of certain sphingolipids when fumonisins are present in poultry feed. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the effect of fumonisins, either alone or in combination with other fusariotoxins, on sphingolipids in the liver of growing chickens and ducks undergoing force-feeding. To achieve this, sphingolipid quantification was performed using targeted LC-MS analysis. The results showed an increase in the C22:24 ratio for all sphingolipids in animals exposed to fumonisins, either alone or in combination, while the other fusariotoxins administered alone had no effect on these ratios. Further studies are needed to understand the interactions between fusariotoxins and their effects on sphingolipid concentrations measured across the different analytes.Les sphingolipides sont des lipides complexes dont les propriétés diffèrent selon les composés. De nombreuses études et applications existent en médecine humaine sur les rôles et fonctions des sphingolipides, très peu existent en médecine vétérinaire. Des travaux antérieurs ont permis de démontrer des variations de concentration de certains sphingolipides lors de la présence de fumonisines dans l’aliment des volailles. Ainsi, le but de cette thèse d’exercice est de révéler l’effet des fumonisines seules ou en mélange avec d’autres fusariotoxines sur les sphingolipides dans le foie de poulets en croissance et de canards en gavage. Pour réaliser ceci, le dosage des sphingolipides a été réalisé par une analyse ciblée en LC-MS. Les résultats ont démontré une augmentation du ratio C22:24 pour tous les sphingolipides chez les animaux exposés aux fumonisines, seules ou en mélange, les autres fusariotoxines administrées seules étant sans effet sur ces ratios. De plus amples études sont nécessaires afin de comprendre les interactions entre fusaritoxines sur les concentrations en sphingolipides mesurées à l’échelle des différents analytes
Risk factors for surgery in stricturing small bowel Crohn's disease: A retrospective cohort study from the GETAID pédiatrique
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Objectives Previous studies have shown rates of surgical resection of up to 41% in stricturing pediatric Crohn's disease (CD). In this retrospective multicenter study, our aims were to identify clinical risk factors and magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) features of small bowel strictures associated with surgery. Methods Pediatric patients with symptomatic stricturing small bowel CD (defined as obstructive symptoms or proximal dilatation on MRE) confirmed by MRE between 2010 and 2020 were recruited from 12 French tertiary hospitals. Patient characteristics were compared by surgical outcome multivariable Cox regression. Results Fifty‐six patients (61% boys) aged 12.2 ± 2.7 years at diagnosis of CD were included. Median duration of CD before diagnosis of stricture was 11.7 months (interquartile range [IQR]: 25–75: 1.2–29.9). Nineteen (34%) patients had stricturing phenotype (B2) at baseline. Treatments received before stricture diagnosis included MODULEN‐IBD ( n = 31), corticosteroids ( n = 35), antibiotics ( n = 10), anti‐TNF ( n = 27), immunosuppressants ( n = 28). Thirty‐six patients (64%) required surgery, within 4.8 months (IQR: 25–75: 1.8–17.3) after stricture diagnosis. Parameters associated with surgical resection were antibiotic exposure before stricture diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 15.62 [3.35–72.73], p = 0.0005), Crohn's disease obstructive symptoms score (CDOS) > 4 (aOR: 3.04 [1.15–8.03], p = 0.02) and dilation proximal to stricture >28 mm (aOR: 3.62 [1.17–11.20], p = 0.03). Conclusion In this study, antibiotic treatment before stricture diagnosis, intensity of obstructive symptoms, and diameter of dilation proximal to small bowel stricture on MRE were associated with risk for surgical resection
Pupillometry and parasympathetic tone activity index to detect sympathetic nervous system activation during hemorrhage
No full textInternational audienceIntroduction: Hemorrhage activates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which helps maintain tissue perfusion but may mask the presence of bleeding. Assessing SNS activation could aid detection of occult hemorrhage. Our objective was to evaluate the utility of pupillometry and Parasympathetic tone activity index (PTA) in assessing SNS activation during hemorrhagic shock.Methods: Sixteen pigs were utilized. Following anesthesia and instrumentation, massive hemorrhage was induced by withdrawal of 35 ml/kg of blood: 20 ml/kg over 20 minutes then 15 ml/kg over the next 40 minutes. Hypotension was maintained post-hemorrhage for 1.5 hours. Pupil diameter and pupillary reflexes were measured every ten minutes using a Neurolight device (IDMED, Marseille, France). PTA (MDoloris device), heart rate (HR), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were also recorded. Measurement changes over time and associations with the blood withdrawal volume were analyzed using mixed linear models and Pearson correlations. The results are presented as effect size (regression or correlation coefficient) and 95% confidence interval of the effect size. P-value < 0.05 were considered significant.Results: During blood withdrawal, a significant decrease in MAP (-0.6 mmHg/min [-0.7; -0.6], P < 0.0001), a significant increase in HR (1 bpm/min [0.9; 1.2], P < 0.0001) and pupillary diameter (0.02 mm/min [0.01; 0.02], P < 0.0001) were observed. Several parameters significantly correlated with the volume of blood withdrawn: decrease in MAP (r = -0.67, [-0.77; -0.55], P < 0.0001), increase in HR (r = 0.66, [0.53; 0.75], P < 0.0001) and increase in pupillary diameter (r = 0.32, [0.14; 0.48], P = 0.0009). During the hypotension phase, a significant but slight change in MAP (-0.05 mmHg/min, [-0.08; -0.02], P = 0.001) and pupillary diameter (0.004 mm/min, [0.002; 0.005], P < 0.0001) were observed, but HR did not vary significantly (0.02 bpm/min, [-0.04; 0.09], P = 0.50). Large variations in PTA were observed, preventing analysis. Pupillary reflexes were absent throughout.Discussion: The increase in HR and pupil diameter could reflect activation of the SNS. PTA values are not useful based on the data presented. Further studies are needed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of pupillometry in clinical settings
Mechanobiology of bacterial biofilms: Implications for orthopedic infection
No full text3International audiencePostoperative bacterial infections are prevalent complications in both human and veterinary orthopedic surgery, particularly when a biofilm develops. These infections often result in delayed healing, early revision, permanent functional loss, and, in severe cases, amputation. The diagnosis and treatment pose significant challenges, and bacterial biofilm further amplifies the therapeutic difficulty as it confers protection against the host immune system and against antibiotics which are usually administered as a first‐line therapeutic option. However, the inappropriate use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of numerous multidrug‐resistant organisms, which largely compromise the already imperfect treatment efficiency. In this context, the study of bacterial biofilm formation allows to better target antibiotic use and to evaluate alternative therapeutic strategies. Exploration of the roles played by mechanical factors on biofilm development is of particular interest, especially because cartilage and bone tissues are reactive environments that are subjected to mechanical load. This review delves into the current landscape of biofilm mechanobiology, exploring the role of mechanical factors on biofilm development through a multiscale prism starting from bacterial microscopic scale to reach biofilm mesoscopic size and finally the macroscopic scale of the fracture site or bone–implant interface
Résistance à l’Eprinomectine chez Haemonchus contortus : Diagnostic, Facteurs de Risque et Solutions dans les Elevages Ovins Laitiers en France
No full textGrazing sheep are inevitably exposed to gastro-intestinal nematodes (GIN). Infection by these parasites can seriously impact their health and well-being, and therefore can also have repercussions upon the production for which they are raised. For the last 60 years, these impacts have mainly been limited using anthelmintic (AH) drugs. However, the increasing worldwide development of resistance of the major pathogenic GIN species to all AH classes brings into question the sustainability of relying solely on chemical solutions. This question is particularly important in dairy sheep: lactations lasts 6 to 8 months, and milk distribution of some drugs makes them banned, or usable only with a withdrawal period that comes at a cost for the producer. Until 2014, benzimidazoles were widely used during the lactation period. The increasing prevalence of resistance to this AH class and an increase of the withdrawal period from 0 to a minimum of 4 days led to a massive report towards eprinomectin (EPN). This macrocyclic lactone was initially developed and marketed for dairy cattle, then for sheep and goats in 2016 and 2020 in France, for the topical and pour-on formulas respectively. The first suspicions of loss of efficacy of EPN in dairy sheep in France motivated Fecal Egg Count Reduction Tests (FECRT) completed with dosage of serum drug concentration to confirm resistance and dismiss under-exposition, and is described in the first part of this work. The increasing number of suspicions of lack of efficacy, all emanating at first from the Pyrénées Atlantiques (PA) département, led to the study in the second part of this work. We highlighted the importance of transhumance in the spread of AH resistance, and we bring into question to which extent changing environmental conditions at high altitudes allow for the increasing importance of Haemonchus contortus in summer grazing pastures. The important focus on research in refugia-based strategies to delay the appearance of resistance has not always been translated into pratical field guides. Working on 5 farms of the 2 main dairy sheep production areas in France, 3 in the Roquefort Region (RR) and 2 in the PA, we evaluated a targeted selective treatment (TST) protocol. By treating the first lactating ewes and the ones they estimated were in bad body condition, farmers significantly reduced the overall parasite load in their flock while leaving 13 to 80% of ewes as refugia. 4 out of the 5 farms were mainly infected with Haemonchus contortus, yet in both areas farms were not facing the same intensity in GIN infection. Selective treatment of ewes didn’t impact their fertility in the PA. Ewes left untreated in both areas produced 8 (PA) to 9% (RR) less milk than their treated counterparts. This production loss should be balanced with the cost of resistance, i.e. the production loss when treating using an inefficient AH, and with the benefits of reducing the environmental impact of the treatment. EPN efficacy was maintained over the duration of the study when initial efficacy was high. Use of AH in a TST should be part of an integrated management plan to make GIN control more resilient, taking into account feed, immunity development, and pasture management.Au pâturage, les ovins sont inévitablement exposés aux strongles gastro-intestinaux (SGI). L’infection par ces parasites peut fortement impacter leur santé et leur bien-être, et peut donc générer des pertes de productions importantes. Au cours des 60 dernières années, ces impacts ont été limités par l’utilisation de molécules anthelminthiques (AH). Le développement au niveau mondial de résistances des principaux SGI pathogènes envers toutes les familles d’AH remet en question la durabilité d’une gestion reposant uniquement sur ces molécules. Ce questionnement est particulièrement important en brebis laitière : la lactation dure entre 6 et 8 mois, et la pharmacocinétique de certaines molécules empêche leur utilisation pendant cette phase, ou impose un temps d’attente couteux pour l’éleveur. Jusque 2014, les benzimidazoles étaient largement utilisés pendant la lactation. Cependant, les résistances croissantes à cette famille et un changement de temps d’attente de 0 jour à minimum 4 a suscité un report massif sur l’éprinomectine (EPN). Cette lactone macrocyclique a initialement été développée pour les bovins laitiers, puis pour les ovins et caprins en 2016 et 2020 en France, pour les formes pour-on et injectables respectivement. Les premières suspicions de perte d’efficacité de l’EPN dans les élevages ovins laitiers en France a motivé des Tests de Réduction de l’Excrétion Fécale (TREF ou FECRT), complétés d’un dosage de la concentration sérique de la molécule pour confirmer la présence de résistance et exclure une éventuelle sous-exposition, ce qui constitue la première partie de ce travail. Le nombre croissant de suspicions de perte d’efficacité, provenant toutes initialement du département des Pyrénées Atlantiques, a motivé une étude sur les facteurs de risque d’apparition de la résistance, et constitue le deuxième volet de cette thèse. Nous avons démontré l’importance de la transhumance dans la diffusion de la résistance aux AH, en soulevant de plus la question de la compatibilité croissante d’Haemonchus contortus aux conditions environnementales en estive à l’aune du réchauffement climatique. Les nombreuses recherches sur les stratégies favorisant les refuges pour limiter l’apparition de résistances lors de traitement AH n’ont pas toujours été traduites en protocoles applicables sur le terrain. Nous avons évalué une stratégie de Traitement Ciblé Sélectif (TCS) sur 5 exploitations dans les 2 principaux bassins de production de brebis laitière français. En traitant les brebis en première lactation et les brebis multipares qu’ils estimaient en mauvais état corporel, les éleveurs ont pu diminuer significativement la charge parasitaire dans leur cheptel tout en maintenant de 13 à 80% des brebis en refuge. Dans 4 des 5 élevages, la principale espèce infectant les brebis était Haemonchus contortus, mais dans les 2 zones les intensités d’excrétion fécales d’œufs étaient différentes. Le traitement sélectif des brebis n’a pas eu d’impact sur la fertilité dans les élevages des Pyrénées Atlantiques. Les brebis non traitées produisaient en moyenne 8 (PA) à 9% (RR) de lait en moins que les brebis traitées. Cette perte de production est à mettre en regard du coût de la résistance, incluant la perte de production pouvant subvenir lorsque le traitement utilisé n’est pas efficace, et en regard des bénéfices d’une d’impact environnementale du traitement. L’efficacité de l’EPN a été maintenue sur la durée de l’étude, quand elle était initialement bonne. L’utilisation d’un AH en TCS doit faire partie d’une gestion intégrée du parasitisme ayant pour objectif un élevage plus résilient, en prenant en l’importance de l’alimentation, de l’immunité de l’hôte et de la gestion du pâturage dans son ensemble
