HAL ENVT (Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse)
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L’ unité fœto-placentaire dans l’espèce canine : Relation entre position intra-utérine, caractéristiques placentaires et poids de naissance
No full textBirth weight is a crucial parameter for the survival of puppies. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the characteristics of the feto-placental unit and birth weight, as well as the influence of breed. A total of 238 feto-placental units from 32 litters of Bœrbœl, English Bulldog, and American Bully mothers were included. Bœrbœl puppies had an average birth weight of 580.0 ± 116.4g, compared to 399.8 ± 62.8g for English Bulldogs and 377.9 ± 76.5g for American Bullies. The weight and surface area of the placentas were 48.5 ± 10.4g and 103.0 ± 17.8cm² for Bœrbœls, 30.6 ± 5.4g and 83.2 ± 10.4cm² for English Bulldogs, and 32.8 ± 7.6g and 79.1 ± 13.0cm² for American Bullies. The multivariate analysis reveals that for every 1 cm² increase in the surface area of the placental attachment zone, birth weight increases by 2.96 g. Similarly, for every 1 g increase in the weight of the placental attachment zone, birth weight increases by approximately 4.84 g. However, no influence of position was observed. This study highlights the pivotal role of feto-placental characteristics, such as placental surface area and weight, in determining variations in puppies' birth weights, with significant differences observed across the breeds studied.Le poids de naissance est un paramètre crucial pour la survie des chiots. L’objectif de cette étude est d’étudier le lien entre les caractéristiques de l’unité fœto-placentaire et le poids de naissance ainsi que l’influence de la race. Au total, 238 unités fœto-placentaires, dans 32 portées issues de mères de races Bœrbœl, English Bulldog et American Bully ont été incluses. Les chiots Bœrbœl ont un poids de naissance moyen de 580,0 ± 116,4g, contre 399,8 ± 62,8g pour les English Bulldog et 377,9 ± 76,5g pour les American Bully. L’analyse multivariée révèle que lorsque la surface de la zone d’attachement placentaire augmente d’un cm2, le poids de naissance augmente de 2,96g. De même, lorsque le poids de la zone d’attachement placentaire augmente d’un g le poids de naissance augmente d’environ 4,84g. Il n’y a en revanche aucune influence de la position. En conclusion, cette étude met en évidence le rôle déterminant des caractéristiques fœto-placentaires, telles que la surface et le poids du placenta, dans la variation du poids de naissance des chiots, avec des différences significatives observées selon les races étudiées
Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of influenza D virus infection in cattle in the peri-urban areas of Dakar and Thiès, Senegal
No full textInternational audienceIntroductionInfluenza D virus (IDV) is an emerging pathogen playing a role in bovine respiratory disease complex, contributing to significant economic losses in the livestock industry. Despite its global spread, the epidemiology of IDV in Senegal remains largely unexplored. This study aims to assess the seroprevalence of IDV and identify key factors associated with its infection in cattle within the peri-urban areas of Dakar and Thiès, Senegal.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted, with 168 cattle sampled from intensive, semi-intensive, and extensive farming systems. Blood samples were tested using hemagglutination inhibition assays to determine antibody titers against IDV. Logistic regression was employed to identify potential factors associated with the seropositivity of cattle in the study area.ResultsThe results showed an overall seroprevalence of 31.5%. Larger herds (≥50 cattle) had a significantly higher seroprevalence (47.1%) compared to smaller herds (27.6%, p<0.05), while cattle from Senegal had a higher seroprevalence (53.3%) than imported animals (24.2%, p<0.05). In multivariate analysis, smaller herds and mixed-breed cattle were found to have lower risks of infection, while Senegalese-origin cattle exhibited a much higher risk ofinfection.ConclusionThis study provided the first evidence of IDV circulation in cattle in Senegal, with herd size and animal origin being key factors influencing infection risk. Strengthened biosecurity measures and further research into genetic resistance are recommended to mitigate the spread of IDV in the region
Déterminisme génétique de la résilience aux perturbations environnementales détectées sur des données d'ingestion de trois lignées de porcs
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Plan de gestion des données CO-LOcATION Version Finale
No full textLe plan de gestion des données (PGD) du projet CO-LOcATION a été initié dès le lancement du projet. C'est un des livrables de la tâche 0, dédiée à la coordination du projet.La première version, dite initiale, est rendue à 6 mois après la décision attributive de l'aide. Le PGD décrit l'ensemble des données, produits de la recherche, associées au projet CO-LOcATION. Sur la base du type de données collectées, produites, stockées ou partagées au cours de ce projet, le PGD est structuré en 5 grands types de données:1/ Sélection des échantillons pour les objectifs du projet, 2/ Données de séquençage RNAseq, 3/ Données de métabolomique (RMN H+), 4/ Données de lipidomique et 5/ Analyses statistiques des différents types de données du projet.Résumé du projet:Chez le porcelet, la mortalité néonatale affecte la durabilité de la filière et est essentiellement liée à un manque de maturité à la naissance. Cette maturité dépend des interactions fœto-maternelles qui régulent la répartition des ressources entre la mère et le fœtus, impactant le développement fœtal et la santé du nouveau-né. Pour aborder cette question, le projet CO-LOcATION propose une approche intégrative combinant différents niveaux d’information (transcriptome, métabolome, lipidome, phénotypes de maturité). Il utilisera les échantillons provenant du projet ANR PORCINET, qui a généré des génotypes purs et des croisés réciproques caractérisés par une robustesse contrastée à la naissance. La complexité des phénotypes de maturité sera abordée par l’étude du compromis entre croissance et survie en se focalisant sur les interactions placenta-endomètre avec des approches tout génome. Ce projet proposera de nouvelles hypothèses ou stratégies à évaluer en sélection génétique et/ou en nutrition pour améliorer la maturité et la survie des porcelet
Unveiling Impurity Profiling of Synthetic Pathways of Organophosphorus Chlorpyrifos Through LC‐HRMS Metabolomics‐Based Approaches
No full textInternational audienceSourcing in chemical forensic science refers to the attribution of a sample to a specific source using a characteristic signature. It relies on the identification of chemical attribution signatures (CAS), including chemical markers such as residual synthetic precursors, impurities, reaction by-products and degradation products, or even metabolites. Undertaking CAS for chemical threat agents (CTA) can be used to provide an evidentiary link between the use of a given chemical and its precursor(s) to support forensic investigations. Organophosphorus compounds, a class of nerve agents, can be produced by different, more or less complex synthesis routes that can lead to specific CAS. Chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphorus pesticide, was selected as model compound. To assess the specificity of impurity markers originated from a chemical synthesis, untargeted fingerprints of crude CPF from different synthesis pathways were analyzed as a first use-case using metabolomics-based trace discovery strategies. Seven different CPF synthesis routes were considered, and their crude mixtures were analyzed with a minimal sample preparation. Analyses were performed on a trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) coupled to liquid chromatography (LC) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Chemometrics analyses were conducted with multivariate methods to extract discriminating features (i.e., relevant impurities), annotate, and identify them. Then, unknown samples were analyzed in blind conditions without any information of the synthesis pathway employed. The aim is to validate the methodology seeking some discriminating impurities identified in the first section to attribute and classify them according to the synthesis route. | IntroductionThe reported uses of chemical threat agents (CTAs), including chemical warfare agents (CWAs) over the last decade, emphasize the need for powerful analytical tools, such as chemical approaches, to support forensic investigations not only by enabling the identification of toxic compounds, but also by enabling the samples comparison to identify the source of the</div
Performance de croissance et composition corporelle du porc suite à un apport limitant en protéines et en phosphore
No full textInternational audienceOne of the main issues currently facing the pig sector is how to use fewer feed resources and reduce nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) excretion without increasing feed costs. In this context, the aim of this study was to investigate impacts of restricting the intake of protein, essential amino acids and P on the growth performance and body composition of pigs. Forty-eight Swiss Large White pigs were allocated to four treatment diets, each comprising six females and six castrated pigs. The control (C) was fed a grower and a finisher diet to meet requirements for a weight of 40 and 80 kg, respectively. The other diets were deficient in N-: free of soya bean meal, -20% crude protein, digestible lysine, digestible methionine and digestible threonine; in P-: free of mineral phosphate, -15% (including phytase) and -47% (no phytase) digestible P in grower and finisher diets, respectively and in NP-: a combination of N-and P-. The statistical model included the sex, N and P effects and their interactions. All effects of N and P restriction were independent from each other (P > 0.05). The feed-conversion ratio was made worse by N restriction (2.47 vs. 2.73; P < 0.001), but not by P restriction (P > 0.05). Body lean content was decreased, while fat content was increased, by N restriction (P < 0.001), and bone mineral mass and density were decreased by P restriction (P < 0.001). N and P efficiency (ratio of excreted to ingested) was improved by 3.2 and 4.9 percentage points by the N restriction and P restriction, respectively (P < 0.001). These results illustrate effects of strong restriction of protein, digestible essential amino acids and digestible P and indicate that growing pigs without the use of mineral phosphate is realistic
Limited transmission of avian influenza viruses, avulaviruses, coronaviruses and Chlamydia sp. at the interface between wild birds and a free-range duck farm
No full textInternational audienceAbstractRecent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Europe have raised questions regarding the epidemiological role of commensal wild birds on free-range poultry farms. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of avian influenza viruses (AIV), avulaviruses, coronaviruses and Chlamydia sp. in commensal wild birds on a free-range duck farm in southwestern France and to evaluate possible transmission events at the wild‒domestic interface. From 2019 through 2021, a longitudinal study was conducted on wild birds, domestic ducks and their shared environment on farms. Commensal wild birds were captured and sampled for blood and swabs, and fresh feces from cattle egrets visiting the farm were collected. In parallel, domestic ducks were sampled, and environmental samples were collected. The presence of the four pathogens was tested by q(RT-)PCR, and the immunity of wild birds to AIV and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was tested by ELISA. Wild birds were found to shed AIV and Chlamydia only, with a low prevalence (< 3%). The seroprevalence rates were less than 10% for AIV and less than 4.5% for NDV. No significant temporal trend was identified. Ducks and their environment frequently test simultaneously positive for the same pathogens (19 to 44% of flocks), mostly during fall‒winter. In addition to unrelated temporal patterns, the identification of pathogens in wild birds seemed unrelated to that in domestic ducks. These results suggest a low transmissibility of the avian pathogens tested in our study at the wild‒domestic interface and highlight the limited contribution of commensal wild birds in comparison with free-range poultry to the global microbiological pressure on the environment
Inferring the energy cost of resistance to parasitic infection and its link to a trade-off
No full textInternational audienceBackgroundIn infected hosts, immune responses trigger a systemic energy reallocation away from energy storage and growth, to fuel a costly defense program. The exact energy costs of immune defense are however unknown in general. Life history theory predicts that such costs underpin trade-offs between host disease resistance and other fitness related traits, yet this has been seldom assessed. Here we investigate immune energy cost induced by infection, and their potential link to a trade-off between host resistance and fat storage that we previously exposed in sheep divergently selected for resistance to a pathogenic helminth.ResultsTo this purpose, we developed a mathematical model of host-parasite interaction featuring individual changes in energy allocation over the course of infection. The model was fitted to data from an experimental infectious challenge in sheep from genetically resistant and susceptible lines to infer the magnitude of immune energy costs. A relatively small and transient immune energy cost in early infection best explained within-individual changes in growth, energy storage and parasite burden. Among individuals, predicted responses assuming this positive energy cost conformed to the observed trade-off between resistance and storage, whereas a cost-free scenario incorrectly predicted no trade-off.ConclusionsOur mechanistic model fitting to experimental data provides novel insights into the link between energy costs and reallocation due to induced resistance within-individual, and trade-offs among individuals of selected lines. These will be useful to better understand the exact role of energy allocation in the evolution of host defenses, and for predicting the emergence of trade-offs in genetic selection
Human fallopian tube organoids provide a favourable environment for sperm motility
No full textInternational audienceStudy question: Does a human fallopian tube (HFT) organoid model offer a favourable apical environment for human sperm survival and motility? SUMMARY ANSWER After differentiation, the apical compartment of a new HFT organoid model provides a favourable environment for sperm motility, which is better than commercial media. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY HFTs are the site of major events that are crucial for achieving an ongoing pregnancy, such as gamete survival and competence, fertilization steps, and preimplantation embryo development. In order to better understand the tubal physiology and tubal factors involved in these reproductive functions, and to improve still suboptimal in vitro conditions for gamete preparation and embryo culture during IVF, we sought to develop an HFT organoid model from isolated adult stem cells to allow spermatozoa co-culture in the apical compartment. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Over a 2-year period, fallopian tube tissues were collected for organoid culture purposes from 10 ‘donor’ patients undergoing bilateral salpingectomy by laparoscopy for definitive sterilization. After tissue digestion, isolated cells from the isthmus and ampulla regions were separately seeded in 3D Matrigel and cultured with conventional growth factors for organoid culture and specific factors for differentiation of the female genital tract. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS HFT organoids were characterized by light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and transcriptome analysis. Following simultaneous organoid culture on specific inserts, spermatozoa from five donors were placed either in control media or in the apical compartment of colon or HFT organoids (isthmus and ampulla separately) for 96 h. Vitality and motility and kinematic parameters were assessed at 0, 48, and 96 h on 200 spermatozoa in each condition and in duplicate and compared using the Wilcoxon test. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Specific fallopian tube differentiation of our model was confirmed by immunofluorescence, transcriptome analysis, and electron microscopy observations that exhibited ciliated and secretory cells. We succeeded in releasing spermatozoa in the apical compartment of HFT organoids and in recovering them for sperm analysis. Sperm vitality values were similar in HFT organoids and in commercial sperm media. We demonstrated a superiority of the HFT organoid apical compartment for sperm motility compared with other controls (colon organoids, organoid culture media, and conventional commercial sperm fertilization media). At 48 h of incubation, progressive sperm motility was higher in the apical compartment of HFT organoids (ampulla 31% ± 17, isthmus 29% ± 15) than in commercial fertilization media (15% ± 15) (P < 0.05) and compared with all other conditions. At 96 h, progressive sperm motility was almost nil (<1%) in all conditions except for spermatozoa in HFT organoids (P < 0.05): 12% ± 15 and 13% ± 17 in ampulla and isthmus organoids, respectively. Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) analysis also showed that the organoids were able to maintain significantly higher levels of kinematic parameters (curvilinear velocity, average path velocity, straight linear velocity, and amplitude of lateral movement of the head) and therefore more efficient mobility compared with commercial IVF media. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This was an in vitro study in which conditions of organoid culture could not exactly mimic the in vivo environment of the extracellular matrix and vascularization of fallopian tubes. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This work opens up perspectives for better understanding of HFT physiology. For the first time, it highlights the possibility of developing HFT organoids for reproductive purposes. In the future, it could help us to improve gamete fertilizing abilities and embryo culture conditions during human ARTs. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was funded by a grant from the Occitanie region, and by financial allocations from the DEFE and IRSD research teams. The authors have no conflicts of interest to report
Biomarkers of Fumonisin Exposure in Pigs Fed the Maximum Recommended Level in Europe
No full textInternational audienceThis study investigated biomarkers of fumonisin exposure in pigs fed diets contaminated with fumonisins at the European Union’s maximum recommended level. Pigs were assigned to either a fumonisin (FB) diet or a fumonisin plus AlgoClay (FB + AC) diet for durations of 4, 9, and 14 days. At 14 days, the plasma Sa1P:So1P ratio increased in pigs fed the FB diet, while the Sa:So ratio remained unchanged. In the liver, FB1 was detected at four days of exposure, with the concentration tending to increase through day 14. The Sa:So and C22-24:C16 ratios of 18:1-, 18:2-, and m18:1-ceramides were elevated at 9 and 14 days, respectively. In the kidneys, FB1 was only detectable at 14 days, and the Sa:So and C22-24:C16 ratios of 18:1-ceramides were increased. In both the liver and kidneys, the increase in the C22-24:C16 ratio was attributed to a reduction of C16 ceramides. In the lungs, no FB1 was detected; however, the Sa:So and Sa1P:So1P ratios increased, and C16 ceramide concentrations decreased at 14 days. Feeding the pigs the FB + AC diet resulted in a reduction of the FB1 tissue-to-feed ratio in the liver and kidneys but did not affect the Sa:So or Sa1P:So1P ratios. Interestingly, the decreases in C16 ceramides observed in the FB diet group were no longer detectable in the FB + AC group. Overall, these findings highlight the complexity of the relationship between FB1 tissue concentrations and sphingolipid changes, suggesting that a comprehensive analysis of multiple biomarkers is required to fully understand fumonisin’s effects