HAL ENVT (Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse)
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Obstruction intestinale par un corps étranger chez le chien : étude rétrospective de 60 cas opérés à l’ENVT
No full textForeign body ingestion in dogs can lead to intestinal obstruction, requiring emergency surgical intervention. This study combines a literature review and a retrospective analysis of cases operated on at the CHUV of ENVT (2016–2023) to identify predictive factors for postoperative complications. The affected dogs were mostly young and presented with vomiting, lethargy, and anorexia. Following diagnostic imaging, medical stabilization and either an enterotomy or enterectomy were performed. The most common minor postoperative complications were peritoneal effusion, diarrhea, vomiting, and hyperthermia. Septic peritonitis and suture dehiscence were the most frequently observed major postoperative complications. Intraoperative hypotension and longer surgical duration were identified as significant risk factors for the development of minor complications.L’ingestion de corps étrangers chez le chien peut provoquer une obstruction intestinale nécessitant une intervention chirurgicale en urgence. Cette étude combine une synthèse bibliographique et une analyse rétrospective de cas opérés au CHUV de l’ENVT (2016–2023) afin d’identifier des facteurs prédictifs de complications post-opératoires. Les chiens concernés sont majoritairement jeunes et présentés pour des vomissements, de l’abattement et de l’anorexie. Après diagnostic par un examen d’imagerie, une stabilisation médicale et une entérotomie ou une entérectomie sont réalisés. L’épanchement péritonéal, la diarrhée, les vomissements et l’hyperthermie représentent les complications mineures post-opératoires les plus fréquentes. La péritonite septique et la déhiscence des sutures représentent les complications majeures post-opératoires les plus fréquentes. L’hypotension et la durée de la chirurgie constitue un facteur significatif de survenue de complications mineures
The impact of chronic heat stress on DNA methylation and gene expression in laying hens
No full textInternational audienceEnvironmental stressors, such as heat, can induce epigenetic modifications, including changes in DNA methylation, which may influence gene expression and contribute to phenotypic variability. This study examined the effects of chronic heat stress on liver DNA methylation in laying hens and investigated whether these changes may mediate genes expression. We used Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing (RRBS) for genome-wide, single-base resolution DNA methylation profiling to analyze patterns of heat-induced methylation variation. We used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data to analyze differential gene expression between control and heat stress hens. A total of four hundred NOVOgen commercial brown egg layers were housed in two temperature-controlled chambers (200 hens each) under thermo-neutral conditions (22°C). At 27 weeks of age, the temperature of one chamber was increased to 32°C for four weeks. Liver samples were collected at 31 weeks of age from 20 animals per group for RRBS and RNA-seq analyses. Differential methylation analysis identified 4824 DMC (Differentially Methylated CpG sites) and 418 DMR (Differentially Methylated Regions). The majority of the affected CpGs were hypermethylated and distributed across most chromosomes. In total, 1120 genes were associated with DMCs. The transcriptomic analysis revealed 3578 differentially expressed protein coding genes (DEG) with 1747 genes upregulated and 1831 downregulated under heat stress. Comparing these two gene lists, we found that 269 of these DEGs harbored DMCs in promoter, exon, or intron regions. Interestingly, the large majority of these were upregulated and 27 of them were transcription factors. The functional enrichment analysis of these genes highlighted an enrichment for biological processes and molecular functions related to regulation of transcription, RNA metabolic process, and DNA-binding
Etablissement des intervalles de référence des variables biochimiques mesurées avec l’automate Catalyst One (Idexx) chez le lapin nain de compagnie : Etude expérimentale
No full textThis study was the first to establish reference intervals for biochemical variables in dwarf pet rabbits using the Idexx laboratory's Catalyst One analyzer, which is used by practising veterinarians, in accordance with international recommendations. To do this, 51 adult dwarf rabbits considered healthy were recruited and sampled in the exotic animal department of the CHUVAC. We obtained the following results: [1.1-2.3]g/L for glucose, [7.2-20.9]mg/L for creatinine, [0.1-0.5]g/L for urea, [58.3-89.4]g/L for total proteins, [31.0-47.7]g/L for albumin, [13.4-124.9]U/L for ALT, [12.0-74.3]U/L for ALP and [553-3704]mg/L for triglycerides. Differences were noted with the data in the literature, due to the analyzers used and the characteristics of the selected populations. It would be appropriate to evaluate, in a complementary study with a larger sample, the influence of breed, age or body size factors.Cette étude a permis d’établir pour la première fois des intervalles de référence des variables biochimiques chez le lapin nain de compagnie avec l’automate Catalyst One du laboratoire Idexx, utilisé par les vétérinaires praticiens, selon les recommandations internationales. Pour cela, 51 lapins adultes nains considérés sains ont été recrutés et prélevés au sein du service NAC du CHUVAC. Nous avons obtenu les résultats suivants : [1,1-2,3]g/L pour le glucose, [7,2-20,9]mg/L pour la créatinine, [0,1-0,5]g/L pour l’urée, [58,3-89,4]g/L pour les protéines totales, [31,0-47,7]g/L pour l’albumine, [13,4-124,9]U/L pour les ALAT, [12,0-74,3]U/L pour les PAL et [553-3704]mg/L pour les triglycérides. Des différences ont été constatées avec les données de la littérature, dues aux analyseurs utilisés et aux caractéristiques des populations choisies. Il conviendrait d’évaluer dans une étude complémentaire avec un échantillon plus grand, l’influence des facteurs race, âge ou gabarit
Les expressions faciales des truies allaitantes révèlent un plus grand bien-être et des situations plus apaisées lorsqu'elles sont libres plutôt que bloquées en case de maternité
No full textInternational audienceFacial expressions can reflect an animal's emotional responses to disturbances in its physical environment. This study involved 12 Large White sows, each reared in two different conditions during 2 successive farrowings and lactations, in a crate (CB) at third parity and then in a pen (CL) at fourth parity ; they had experienced each condition at the previous parities. In each condition, their reactions to highly predictable (feeding) and unpredictable but known events (iron injection, weaning) were measured by 2 methods for image production, facial images (N=240 CB and 210 images in CL taken) with a digital camera by a single operator before/after each event, and image extraction from video records to cover the +/-10 min period around 2 to 3 feeding events per sow (N=2090 in CB and 2325 in CL at ~18 d after entrance). Each image was annotated by a single observer. Uni-trait binomial logistic models correcting for the random effect of the sow were applied to explain head position, ear orientation, eye and mouth opening, and the presence of tears and drooling. Compared with crate, sows in the free condition had their heads up (image: 72.9% vs. 65.2%), their ears flapped (left ear: image 44.0% vs. 14.9% / video 26.2% vs. 22.4%, P=0.02), and more marked symmetry of the ears (video: 70.2% vs. 54.5%; P=0.0001) and eyes (95.5% vs. 89.1%; P=0.002); they were actively anticipating meals and showed a decrease in attention afterwards. In the blocked condition, the sows showed signs of increased vigilance, such as ears pricked up in various situations (image: 75.6% vs 46.1%) or backwards at mealtime (34% vs 22%) and eyes more open (image: 55.7% vs 31.9% P<0.001) and much more drooling before meals. A multivariate analysis to integrate the different facial features into the different responses and better characterise sow variation is currently underway. Facial expressions can be used to decipher the emotional state and mood of sows
Microsatellite imputation using a 60K SNP Chip for parentage control in French horse breeds
No full textInternational audienc
Structure-dependent degradation of milk oligosaccharides by newly isolated intestinal commensal bacterial strains from suckling piglets and rabbits
No full textInternational audienceBackgroundMammalian milk oligosaccharides serve as the first natural prebiotics for newborns, promoting the development of a beneficial gut microbiota. The ability of bacteria to use these complex sugars depends on their structure, but data are limited to bacteria isolated from newborn humans. This study aims to investigate in vitro the functional relationship between the structural variability of milk oligosaccharides and the metabolic capacities of newly intestinal commensal bacteria isolated from suckling rabbits and piglets.ResultsA total of 240 anaerobic intestinal bacterial strains were isolated from suckling piglets and rabbits, and 9 strains were cultivated in the presence of structurally different milk oligosaccharides: lacto-N-tetraose, 2'-fucosyllactose, and 3'-sialyllactose or 6'-sialyllactose. Five strains, belonging to Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides sp. D2, Bacteroides sp. 3_1_33FAA and Phocaeicola vulgatus were able to utilize milk oligosaccharides. Growth curves revealed that glucose supported faster growth, while, leading to a lower final biomass compared to milk oligosaccharides. Both the growth rate and the final bacterial biomass varied depending on the milk oligosaccharide structure, with higher final biomass reached with 2'-fucosyllactose. The consumption rates of milk oligosaccharides exceeded 40% for all oligosaccharides in B. fragilis, Bacteroides sp. 3_1_33FAA and P. vulgatus strains. Conversely, B. thetaiotaomicron with 6'-sialyllactose and Bacteroides sp. D2 strains for each milk oligosaccharide displayed a consumption rate below 40%. Milk oligosaccharide fermentation generated a more diverse metabolome compared to glucose. Utilization of milk oligosaccharides increased the production of propionate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, 2-methylbutyrate and 1,2-propanediol. Remarkably, fermentation of 2'-fucosyllactose resulted in substantial 1,2-propanediol production. Whole genome sequencing of the bacterial strains revealed the presence of diverse glycoside hydrolase in the strains capable of metabolizing milk oligosaccharides.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the capacity of diverse intestinal commensal bacteria from suckling rabbits and piglets to ferment diverse milk oligosaccharide structures, revealing species-specific and milk oligosaccharide structure-dependent metabolization profiles. These findings highlight the potential application of milk oligosaccharides as prebiotic supplements to support gut health in farm animals
Paramètres génétiques des caractères de santé et de production d'une lignée femelle
No full textInternational audienceTo meet society’s expectations and the demands of multi-performance, breeding programs need toevolve towards the search for sustainability on farms. With that in mind, genetic parameters for health andproduction traits were estimated in the Great-Grand-Parental (GGP) OPTIMA line, using the REML methodologyapplied to a multitrait animal model. Heritability estimates of infectious disease score (SMI), individual birthweight (PN) and within litter standard deviation of birth weight (ETPN) were low but significantly different fromzero (0.06 ± 0.01, 0.07 ± 0.02 and 0.09 ± 0.03, respectively. Heritability estimate of carcass yield was moderate(0.25 ± 0.06). Heritability for number of kits born alive per litter (NV) was consistent with the literature (0.11 ±0.02) but heritability for standard deviation of number of kits born alive (ETNV) was not significantly differentfrom zero (0.02 ± 0.05). All phenotypic correlations were close to zero except for the moderate favorablecorrelation between NV and ETNV (-0.21 ± 0.02). In general, genetic correlations were low, meaning overallgenetic independence between traits but, due to the limited number of performances, their standard errors werehigh. The most remarkable values were the significant favorable genetic correlations between SMI and the twoproduction traits PN and RC (-0.29 ± 0.14 and -0.22 ± 0.14, respectively). It is therefore possible to effectivelyimprove health, production and ease of handling traits.Pour répondre aux attentes sociétales et aux exigences de la multiperformance, les programmes de sélection doivent évoluer vers la recherche de durabilité des élevages. Dans cet objectif, les paramètres génétiques pour les caractères de santé et de production ont été estimés dans la lignée Arrière-Grand-Parentale (AGP) OPTIMA, en utilisant la méthodologie REML appliquée à un modèle animal multi-caractères. Les estimations de l'héritabilité du Score de Maladie Infectieuse (SMI), du Poids individuel à la Naissance (PN) et de l'Ecart-Type des Poids à la Naissance au sein de la portée (ETPN) étaient faibles mais significativement différentes de zéro (0,06 ± 0,01, 0,07 ± 0,02 et 0,09 ± 0,03, respectivement). L'estimation de l'héritabilité du Rendement Carcasse (RC) était modérée (0,25 ± 0,06). L'héritabilité du nombre d'animaux Nés Vivants par portée (NV) était cohérente avec la littérature (0,11 ± 0,02) mais l'héritabilité de l'Ecart-Type du nombre d'animaux Nés Vivants (ETNV) n'était pas significativement différente de zéro (0,02 ± 0,05). Toutes les corrélations phénotypiques étaient proches de zéro, à l'exception de la corrélation favorable modérée entre NV et ETNV (-0,21 ± 0,02). En général, les corrélations génétiques étaient faibles, ce qui signifie une indépendance génétique globale entre les caractères mais, en raison du nombre limité de performances, leurs erreurs standard étaient élevées. Les valeurs les plus remarquables étaient les corrélations génétiques favorables significatives entre le SMI et les deux caractères de production PN et RC (-0,29 ± 0,14 et -0,22 ± 0,14, respectivement). Il est donc possible d'améliorer efficacement les caractères de santé, de facilité de conduite et de production de la lignée.</div
Evaluating ROCKET and Catch22 features for calf behaviour classification from accelerometer data using Machine Learning models
No full textInternational audienceMonitoring calf behaviour continuously would be beneficial to identify routine practices (e.g., weaning, transport, dehorning, etc.) that impact calf welfare in dairy farms. In that regard, accelerometer data collected from neck collars can be used along with Machine Learning models to classify calf behaviour automatically but further development is needed to classify a broad spectrum of behaviours with good genericity. While the performance of Machine Learning models has been extensively studied, the accelerometer features used as inputs have received limited attention. In this paper, we explored the performance of ROCKET and Catch22 features that were specifically designed for time-series classification. For that purpose, 30 Irish Holstein Friesian and Jersey pre-weaned calves were filmed while equipped with an accelerometer sensor. Behaviours were annotated, allowing for 27.4 h of accelerometer time-series aligned with the corresponding behaviour. ROCKET and Catch22 features were extracted from raw and additional accelerometer time-series, along with commonly used features in the field, referred to as Hand-Crafted features. Each set of features was used to train three Machine Learning models (Random Forest, eXtreme Gradient Boosting, and RidgeClassifierCV) to classify six behaviours (drinking milk, grooming, lying, running, walking and other). 10 iterations from a validation set was used to tune each model with ROCKET, Catch22 and Hand-Crafted features extracted from various window sizes [3, 5 seconds] and overlap percentages [0, 25, 50%] between windows. For each feature set, the model achieving the best performance in the validation process was tested with its respective optimal window size and overlap using a test set composed of calves not used for model training. The best results were obtained with RidgeClassifierCV regardless of the features set. The highest performance was achieved with ROCKET (Balanced Accuracy: 0.81), followed by Catch22 (Balanced Accuracy: 0.74), both outperforming Hand-Crafted features (Balanced Accuracy: 0.66). These results highlight that the choice of accelerometer features must be considered as carefully as the models themselves. In particular, ROCKET features could help overcome current limitations, enabling the classification models to be used on farms to improve calf welfare
Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) on the risks to human health associated with the proliferation of Ostreopsis spp. on the Basque coast
No full textN/AInternational audienceIn France, the presence of marine microalgae of the genus Ostreopsis has been identified repeatedly on the Mediterranean coast for several years, whereas on the French Basque coasts its presence is much more recent. In the summers of 2021 and 2022, major Ostreopsis flowering episodes were reported on the Basque coast, resulting in several hundred cases of intoxication among holidaymakers and residents. The main route of human exposure is inhalation of aerosols, although it is not yet known whether the agents responsible for poisoning are Ostreopsis cells, cell debris, known toxins produced by Ostreopsis, or other as yet unidentified compounds. Other routes of exposure (dermal contact, eye contact, ingestion of contaminated water or seafood) are also possible. Poisoning is manifested through various signs and symptoms, occurring within 48 hours of exposure (Neurosensory and neurological, respiratory, dermal and digestive). This document presents the opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), established from the work of its WATER and ERCA Expert Committees. ANSES received a request from the Directorate General for Health (DGS) and the Directorate General for Food (DGAL) to update knowledge about Ostreopsis that had been reported in the Agency's opinions from 2007 and 2008 (ANSES, 2007 and 2008), and draw up specific recommendations for managing Ostreopsis proliferation on the Basque coast. The literature review conducted as part of this expert appraisal revealed that knowledge about the genus Ostreopsis (diversity, biology, ecology, toxins produced) is still too fragmentary to characterise the hazard and risk to human health. Nevertheless to help local authorities affected by Ostreopsis blooms, Agency proposes a surveillance and quality monitoring strategy based on collaboration between site managers and the regional health agencies (ARSs), applicable to sites currently subject to bathing water quality monitoring and water sports sites that meet the conditions below
Strain-Dependent Susceptibility to Prion Infection Encoded by Arg171 and Lys176 Sheep Prion Protein Polymorphic Variants
No full textInternational audienceBackground. Classical scrapie in sheep is caused by several different strains rather than a single strain, as is the case for epidemic classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Polymorphisms R 171 and K 176 located in the β2-α2 loop region of sheep prion protein (PrP) have been associated with potential protection for the propagation of classical scrapie.Methods. The protective role of R 171 and K 176 polymorphic variants in susceptibility and resistance to different prion strains circulating in Europe was investigated using transgenic mouse lines expressing R 171 or K 176 sheep PrP in comparable levels (R 171 -Tg552 and K 176 -Tg570, respectively). Both lines were intracranially challenged with a panel of isolates representative of diverse prion strains, including at least 4 different classical scrapie strains. These isolates were previously characterized by transmission studies in ovine (Wt-OvPrP-Tg501) and bovine (BoPrP-Tg110) transgenic mice.Results. R 171 -Tg552 and K 176 -Tg570 mouse lines succumbed after the inoculation of atypical scrapie isolates with 100% attack rates and long survival times. However, the propagation of all tested classical scrapie isolated was completely blocked in R 171 -Tg552 mice, whereas in K 176 -Tg570 mice the propagation of most of the classical scrapie isolates was highly restricted or completely blocked depending on the prion strain. BSE transmission to R 171 -Tg552 mice was only possible after its adaptation to sheep PrP while no infection could be detected in K 176 -Tg570 mice, even after passage in sheep.Conclusions. These results indicate that the R 171 and K 176 polymorphic variants of the ovine PrP sequence restrict the propagation of prions in a strain-dependent manner and are useful tools for prion strain discrimination