HAL ENVT (Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse)
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Mycotoxins hazard: the European view
No full textInternational audienceFood and feed are likely to be contaminated by mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites produced by molds mainly from Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium genera. To characterize the hazard of these contaminants, published data on their toxicokinetics and toxicity are scrutinized to determine the human health-based guidance values and to identify reference points (RPs) for animal category and species. This review describes how these values are constructed and summarizes the human tolerable daily intake (TDI) for the Fusarium toxins, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, zearalenone, and fumonisins but also for ochratoxin A, and ergot alkaloids. For carcinogenic mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, it is not possible to establish TDI, and the risk for human health is determined by the margin of exposure between the benchmark dose's lower confidence limit and the exposure. This review also details, when they could be determined, the RPs for the same mycotoxins for ruminants (dairy cow, heifer, beef cattle, steer, sheep, goats), poultry (chicken, duck, turkey), porcine, solipeds, fish, rabbits, cats, and dogs.It also addresses the difficulties and challenges involved in establishing TDIs and/or RPs with regard to (i) the lack of data (e.g. on emerging mycotoxins) and their quality, (ii) the availability of species-or sex-specific data, (iii) the consideration of clinical cases or a new, more sensitive endpoints, and (iv) the establishment of grouped TDIs/RPs and the consideration of possible interactions between mycotoxins.</p
Étude comparative des facteurs prédisposants à la fourbure et de la gestion par les propriétaires, en France et en Écosse
No full textLaminitis detection relies on knowing its clinical signs. Its management depends on four axes: management of feeding practices, the horse’s premises, exercise and pain. Our survey collected epidemiological data for French cases of laminitis, then assessed the equine owners’ knowledge of laminitis clinical signs and their confidence in identifing a case and managing it. Management confidence was compared with that of Scottish owners of native ponies. A difference in confidence between owners was identified for both identification and management of laminitis, depending on the number of horses owned and the previous exposure to cases. It was identified between Scottish and French owners as well. The identification and confirmation by professionals of laminitis cases underlines the reliability of cases detected by owners. Cited clinical signs, however, are not the best discriminators.La détection de la fourbure repose sur la connaissance de ses signes cliniques et sa prise en charge sur quatre axes : l’alimentation, le logement, la gestion de l’exercice et la douleur. Notre enquête a collecté des données épidémiologiques sur la fourbure en France, puis a évalué la connaissance des signes cliniques de la fourbure et la confiance des répondants pour identifier un cas et participer à sa gestion. La confiance de gestion a été comparée à celle de propriétaires de poneys écossais. Une disparité de confiance a été soulignée pour l’identification et la gestion de la fourbure entre répondants selon le nombre de chevaux possédés et l’exposition à des cas, et entre répondants français et écossais. L’identification de fourbure et sa confirmation soulignent la fiabilité des cas détectés par les propriétaires. Les signes cliniques cités ne sont cependant pas les meilleurs discriminants. Ce travail souligne la nécessité d’informations et de mise en lumière des ressources existantes
Tentative d'amélioration de l'évaluation de la numération des hématies et de l'hématocrite estimés par l'automate d'hématologie XN-1000V chez la chèvre
No full textIn goats, red blood cells are particularly small and very close in size or even identical to that of platelets, which poses a major challenge for hematology analyzers. This similarity complicates the differentiation between these two cell types and compromises the reliability of all variables associated with red blood cells, platelets, and thus hematocrit. The objective of this study was to assess the performance of the automated methods used by the Sysmex XN-V analyzer, electrical impedance and optical flow cytometry, by comparing them to the reference method of manual microhematocrit. Based on the analysis of 57 caprine blood samples, hematocrit values calculated using impedance (RBC-I × MCV/10) and optical cytometry (RBC-O × MCV/10) were both higher than manual microhematocrit, with the former showing a proportional and constant bias, and the latter a constant bias. In conclusion, neither method allows for a reliable estimation of hematocrit in goats: although innovative, flow cytometry does not prove sufficiently reliable for routine use in this species.Chez la chèvre, la taille des hématies est particulièrement petite et très proche ou identique à celle des plaquettes, ce qui pose un problème majeur pour les automates d’hématologie : cette particularité complique la distinction entre ces deux types cellulaires et compromet la fiabilité de l’ensemble des variables associées aux hématies et aux plaquettes et donc de l’hématocrite. L’objectif de cette étude a été d’évaluer l’aptitude des méthodes automatisées utilisées par le Sysmex XN-V, l’impédance électrique et la cytométrie de flux optique, en les comparant à la méthode de référence du microhématocrite. Sur 57 spécimens caprins analysés, l’hématocrite calculé à partir de l’impédance (RBC-I x MCV/10) et la cytométrie optique (RBC-O x MCV/10) sont supérieurs au microhématocrite manuel avec observation respectivement d’un biais constant et proportionnel et constant. En conclusion, aucune des deux méthodes ne permet une estimation fiable de l’hématocrite chez la chèvre : la cytométrie de flux, bien qu’innovante, ne s’avère pas suffisamment fiable pour être utilisée en routine dans cette espèce
Étude de protocoles alternatifs de supplémentation en fer chez le porcelet : impact sur la croissance et la survenue d’arthrites en maternité
No full textIron deficiency anemia for piglets is a major issue in the pig industry. This experimental study compared the effects of injectable and oral iron on hemoglobin levels, growth, and arthritis occurrence in maternity. Conducted in a commercial pig farm on 236 piglets from 59 sows, the groups were: FO (oral iron): 56 g of Ferkofer at D5, D8, and D11; FOM (modified oral iron): same distributions + D15 and D22; FH (hybrid iron): 140 mg of Gleptovex at D5 + Ferkofer at D15 and D22; FI (injectable iron): 200 mg of Gleptovex at D5. Mean hemoglobin levels measured at birth and weaning were higher for FI (11.3 g/dL) and FH (11.4 g/dL). FOM gave similar results (mean: 10.6 g/dL), while FO showed the lowest levels (mean: 7.9 g/dL) and the highest proportion of anemic piglets. No significant effect was observed on growth. The incidence of arthritis was low, with no difference between groups. The FOM protocol is promising but requires a more in-depth economic study.L’anémie ferriprive des porcelets est un enjeu majeur en filière porcine. Cette étude expérimentale a comparé les effets du fer injectable et oral sur l’hémoglobinémie, la croissance et les arthrites en maternité. Réalisée dans un élevage commercial sur 236 porcelets issus de 59 truies, les traitements étaient : FO (fer oral) : 56 g de Ferkofer à J5, J8 et J11 ; FOM (fer oral modifié) : mêmes distributions + J15 et J22 ; FH (fer hybride) : 140 mg de Gleptovex à J5 + Ferkofer à J15 et J22 ; FI (fer injectable) : 200 mg de Gleptovex à J5. Les hémoglobinémies moyennes mesurées au sevrage étaient significativement plus élevées pour FI (11,3 g/dL) et FH (11,4 g/dL). FOM a présenté un résultat relativement proche (moyenne de 10,6 g/dL), tandis que FO présentait les taux les plus bas (moyenne de 7,9 g/dL) et la plus forte proportion de porcelets anémiés. Aucun effet significatif n’a été observé sur la croissance. L’incidence des arthrites était faible, sans différence entre les groupes. FOM et FH offrent des perspectives intéressantes, à confirmer par de futures études
Micro-RNA expression data from common carp brain cells infected by Cyvirus cyprinidallo3 at permissive and non-permissive temperatures
No full textInternational audienceMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs capable of altering gene expression. In viruses, miRNAs may significantly influence the interaction between the virus and its host. Among all the viruses that have been reported to encode miRNAs, those belonging to the Herpesvirales order encode the largest number of pre-miRNAs. Cyvirus cyprinidallo3 (CyHV-3) is a member of the Alloherpesviridae family and is recognised as a significant threat for the common carp and ornamental koi aquaculture.The present study aimed to identify miRNAs involved in the lytic cycle of CyHV-3 and monitor their expression from 1 h to 10 days post-infection (dpi), at two different temperatures: a permissive temperature (22 °C) and a non-permissive temperature (30 °C). This is the first study that describes the expression kinetics of predicted miRNAs from CyHV-3-infected carp cells.Alignment of reads against a CyHV-3 reference genome led to the identification of 81 putative pre-miRNAs. Although this data mainly focused on CyHV-3 miRNAs, an alignment of reads against the Cyprinus carpio genome led to the identification of 3025 miRNA that could be annotated.Of note, the 7 miRNAs previously identified in CyHV-3 were retrieved among the 81 putative pre-miRNAs found here. The number of putative miRNAs identified is far higher than in the two previous studies, probably because of the high number of reads obtained across the 36 individual samples that represented all stages of viral infection.A constant increase in the expression of virus-predicted miRNAs was observed along the viral infection at 22 °C, with a maximum at 6 dpi (Fig. 2). Interestingly, cytopathic effects started to be observed after 3 dpi, and all the cells were lysed after 10 days. In contrast, no cyctopathic effects were recorded at 30 °C; at this temperature, no difference could be observed between samples in terms of miRNA expression
La stachybotryotoxicose : une intoxication équine d'actualité et peu connue
No full textInternational audienceStachybotryotoxicosis is a mycotoxicosis caused by Stachybotrys chartarum when it develops on humid dry forage. All animal species can be affected by this intoxication, although horses appear to be the most senstitive species. The mycotoxins produced are powerful inhibitors of protein syntheses, with more marked effect on cells with rapid turnover. Clinical signe vary greatly depending on the animal and the quantity and nature of the toxins present. Mucocutaneous lesions are common in equids, sometimes accompanied by systemic damage. The clinical picture is polymorphous and this condition should be considered in cases of complex differential diagnosis.La stachybotryotoxicose est une mycotoxicose due à Stachybotrys chartarum lors de son développement sur les fourrages secs réhumidifiés. Si toutes les espèces animales peuvent être concernées par cette intoxication, les chevaux semblent être l'espèce la plus sensible. Les mycotoxines produites sont de puissants inhibiteurs de la synthèse protéique dont les effets sont plus marqués sur les cellules à renouvellement rapide. Les signes cliniques peuvent être très variables selon les animaux, la quantité et la anture des toxines présentes. Des lésions cutanéo-muqueuses sont fréquentes chez les équidés, parfois accompagnées d'une atteinte systémique. Le tableau clinique est polymorphe et cette affection doit être considérée en cas de diagnostic différentiel complexe
Impacts sur la santé publique de la dynamique des populations de renards
No full textOpinion and report approved by the Expert Committee Socio-economic analysis in its plenary session on 11 May 2023 and the Expert Committee Animal health and welfare (CES SABA) in its plenary session on 06 June 2023. The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety provides independent scientific opinions and reports. The original version of the ANSES opinion and report in French is available on the website of ANSES at https://www.anses.fr/fr/system/files/SABA2022SA0049Ra.pdf.Suggested citation: ANSES. (2023). Avis et rapport de l'Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail relatif à l'évaluation des impacts sur la santé publique de la dynamique des populations de renards (Saisine 2022-SA-0049). Maisons-Alfort: ANSES, 200 p.International audienceThe Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) can be hunted as a game species. It may also be listed as a “species likely to cause damage” (ESOD – the acronym in French), for public health reasons among others. Conversely, benefits linked to the presence of foxes are also put forward, such as the predation of rodents carrying zoonotic agents. In this context, ANSES was asked to: (1) list the zoonoses present in France for which foxes play an epidemiological role, (2) identify other public health impacts associated with changes in fox populations, (3) explain the relative importance of the effects of changes in fox populations for humans and/or the environment, (4) analyse the feasibility of a cost‐benefit analysis (CBA) of the prevention and impacts associated with these zoonoses. In France, the fox is a source of zoonotic pathogens, with a major role for Echinococcus multilocularis, a parasite for which the fox is the main source of environmental contamination. However, reducing fox populations does not reduce the risk of transmission of E. multilocularis to humans or domestic animals, and may even have the opposite effect to the one intended. The main levers for action are those relating to exposure to environmental contamination. The fox is part of complex trophic networks, in which its specific role in regulating prey populations is impossible to determine because (i) several predators share the same prey, with a variable role for the fox among the predators, (ii) the dynamics of prey populations is also conditioned by factors other than predation. The relationship between the abundance of rodents and the risk of disease for humans has not been demonstrated either, due to the complexity of the trophic and epidemiological networks, their highly probable variability from one ecosystem to another, and the multiplicity of hosts. As a result, the data currently available does not allow any conclusions to be drawn about the epidemiological role of the fox as a predator of rodents hosting zoonotic agents. Finally, there is no public health justification for culling foxes, particularly for ESOD classification, except in the very specific and localised context of the fight against bovine tuberculosis, for which the selective culling of foxes in and around the livestock buildings of a domestic outbreak has been proposed. In addition, the expertise concluded to the feasibility of a CBA targeted at assessing the burden of alveolar echinococcosis and measures to prevent its transmission. The feasibility study shows the partial nature of a CBA targeting zoonoses, without taking into account other roles played by the fox in the ecosystem
Effects of dietary camelina oil intake on skeletal muscle metabolism and sarcopenia in older mice
No full textInternational audienceThe age-related decrease in skeletal muscle mass and function, mostly known as sarcopenia, increases the risk of mobility impairments, chronic disease and early mortality. Physical activity and targeted dietary approaches are the most effective intervention to prevent or limit sarcopenia. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) could alleviate some aspects of age-related diseases. We investigated the effect of a chronic intake of a diet containing a high content of omega-3 PUFA in old mice exposed to a normocaloric or an obesogenic diet. Female C57BL/6J mice received a low-fat or a high-fat diet containing 5 or 6%, respectively, of camelina oil (comprising 27% omega-3 PUFA) for 18 weeks and were compared to animals receiving the similar diets containing high-oleic sunflower oil instead. Circulating parameters, calorimetry and physical performances were evaluated as well as muscle lipid content and molecular adaptations. Consumption of camelina oil increased omega-3 PUFA content in biological membranes, as well as circulating levels of anti-inflammatory oxylipin mediators. High-fat diets induced changes in body composition but these effects were not affected by the intake of camelina oil. However, camelina oil consumption increased motor coordination in the low-fat condition. Some lipidomic adaptations were observed in relation to oil intake. Variations in plasma levels of glycerol, free fatty acids and muscle gene expression suggested improved lipid homeostasis in groups receiving camelina oil. In conclusion, the consumption of an energy-balanced diet with a high content of omega-3 PUFA provided by camelina oil could provide benefits on muscle health. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable
FORVM Plants: Annotation of scientific literature to contextualize plant metabolism data
No full textInternational audienceThe annotation of scientific literature on plant matrices represents a major challenge for the contextualization of data in metabolomics. Unlike the medical field, there is currently no standardized indexing system for plant species. As a result, initiatives such as Planteome, which develops specialized ontologies for plants, remain largely underutilized.To address this gap, the "FORVM Plants" project proposes the use of language models (LLMs) to establish associations between chemical compounds and ontological concepts. This approach aims to improve the interpretation of experimental data derived from plant matrices in metabolomics. To overcome the lack of annotation, an automatic annotation method based on the semantic similarity capabilities of LLMs is proposed, enabling the assignment of ontological terms to scientific literature. These models can capture the meaning of words and phrases beyond their lexical form.This strategy also builds upon the methodology developed in the FORVM Disease project, which establishes statistically significant associations between chemical compounds and concepts from the MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) ontology. Integrating these approaches opens new perspectives for the contextualization of experimental data, particularly within metabolomics platforms.Preliminary results, obtained using the Big Data Metabolomics Semantic Data Lake platform, have enabled the generation of relevant annotations and associations for biomarker identification. Currently, this knowledge is being validated in three application areas: the response of Brassicaceae to water and osmotic stress, the characterization of cannabis varieties rich in THC and CBD, and the study of redox metabolism in tomatoes. This innovative strategy thus offers a promising framework for leveraging plant ontologies and extracting large-scale knowledge in the field of metabolomics.L’annotation de la littérature scientifique sur les matrices végétales représente un défi majeur pour la contextualisation des données en métabolomique. À ce jour, il n’existe pas de système d’indexation standardisé pour les espèces végétales, contrairement au domaine médical. Des initiatives comme Planteome, qui développe des ontologies spécialisées pour les plantes, demeurent donc largement sous-exploitées.Face à ce constat, le projet "FORVM Plants" propose de recourir à des modèles de langage (LLM) afin d’établir des associations entre composés chimiques et concepts ontologiques. Cette approche vise à améliorer l’interprétation des données expérimentales issues de matrices végétales en métabolomique. Pour surmonter le manque d’annotation, une méthode d’annotation automatique de la littérature scientifique par des termes ontologiques, basée sur la similarité sémantique des LLM, est proposée. Ces modèles sont capables de saisir le sens des mots et des phrases au-delà de leur simple forme lexicale.Cette stratégie s’appuie également sur la méthodologie développée dans le projet FORVM Disease, qui permet d’établir des associations statistiquement significatives entre composés chimiques et concepts de l’ontologie MeSH (Medical Subject Headings). L’intégration de ces approches ouvre de nouvelles perspectives pour la contextualisation des données expérimentales, notamment sur les plateformes de métabolomique.Les premiers résultats, obtenus grâce à la plateforme Big Data Metabolomics Semantic Data Lake, ont permis de générer des annotations et des associations pertinentes pour l’identification de biomarqueurs. Actuellement, ces connaissances sont en cours de validation dans trois domaines d’application : la réponse des Brassicacées au stress hydrique et osmotique, la caractérisation des variétés de cannabis riches en THC et en CBD, ainsi que l’étude du métabolisme redox des tomates. Cette stratégie innovante offre ainsi un cadre prometteur pour l’exploitation des ontologies végétales et l’extraction de connaissances à grande échelle dans le domaine de la métabolomique
Bacterial conjugation in the ruminant pathogen Mycoplasma agalactiae is influenced by eukaryotic host factors
No full textInternational audienceHorizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays a pivotal role in the evolution and adaptation of genome-reduced mycoplasmas. The conjugative properties of these organisms are key in this phenomenon but are largely understudied, particularly in vivo . In the present study, the ruminant pathogen Mycoplasma agalactiae was used as a model organism to document mycoplasma conjugation in environments of increasing complexity, from axenic to cell and organotypic culture conditions. Compared to axenic mating conditions, mycoplasma co-cultivation with goat epithelial cells or bovine precision-cut lung slices resulted in enhanced mating frequencies with high rates of M. agalactiae integrative and conjugative element (ICEA) self-dissemination. These results were conditioned by the presence of eukaryotic cells in the culture and influenced by competition between mating partners but were not limited to M. agalactiae , as similar results were observed with Mycoplasma bovis . Mycoplasma conjugation ex vivo was further characterized by analyzing mycoplasma chromosomal transfer (MCT), a newly discovered mechanism of horizontal exchange of chromosomal DNA that generates mosaic genomes. Compared to ICEA transfer, MCT was detected at lower rates under cell and organotypic culture conditions, suggesting a negative impact of these cellular environments on MCT or its progeny. Finally, mating experiments under nutrient-deprived conditions identified nucleotide stress as a potential factor influencing the modulation of mycoplasma conjugation by eukaryotic host cells. In conclusion, these results suggest that HGT in vivo is likely underestimated and provide valuable models to further study mycoplasma conjugation ex vivo . IMPORTANCE Conjugation is an evolutionary shortcut that bacteria use to exchange genetic information with their neighbors. Despite the fast evolution rate of the genome-reduced mycoplasmas, their conjugative properties remain largely understudied, particularly in vivo . Here we used the ruminant pathogen Mycoplasma agalactiae to study how mycoplasmas conjugate in co-culture with host-derived cells and tissues. Interestingly, conjugation was stimulated when mycoplasmas were co-cultured with eukaryotic cells. This was documented by monitoring the self-propagation of a mobile genetic element known as integrative and conjugative element (ICE) and the exchange of chromosomal DNA leading to the formation of mosaic genomes. While ICE transfer was observed at high frequency, only a few mosaic genomes were detected in the presence of eukaryotic cells. Further data point toward nucleotide stress as a possible factor modulating mycoplasma conjugation in cellular environments. These results suggest that mycoplasma-host interactions may stimulate conjugation in vivo