HAL ENVT (Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse)
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Food additive mixtures in French children and adults: the nationally representative Esteban study
No full textInternational audienceThis study aimed to identify exposures to food additives and their mixtures in a nationally representative sample of French adults and children. Using repeated 24-hour dietary recalls and food records (including commercial brand information) from the cross-sectional Esteban survey (France, 2016), additive intake was estimated by merging with multiple food composition databases, and laboratory assays in food matrices. Non-negative matrix factorisation was used to identify additive mixtures. Their associations with sociodemographic, lifestyle, and dietary factors were assessed using survey-weighted regressions. A total of 2,177 adults (18-74 years old) and 1,279 children (6-17 years old) were included. Mean daily additive intake was 4.42 g/day in adults and 5.08 g/day in children. Sixty additives were consumed by at least 5% of adults, and 71 by children, including several with suspected adverse health effects (e.g., carrageenan, acesulfame K, aspartame, titanium dioxide). Three main mixtures were identified in adults and four in children, and were correlated with distinct sociodemographic profiles. In conclusion, this first nationally representative assessment of food additive exposure in French children and adults provides the evidence that food additives are consumed as mixtures and, together with emerging data on synergistic interactions, it underscores the importance of considering combined exposures in future safety evaluations.</div
Disentangling plant genotype and soil effects on the functional potential of rhizosphere microbiota.
No full textNational audienc
Optimisation de la xénogreffe sur le poisson-zèbre (Danio rerio) : étude préliminaire
No full textIn oncology, evaluating therapeutic efficacy requires the development of in vivo models that preserve fundamental tumor characteristics. Zebrafish have proven to be a useful tool. Their many advantages (cost, speed, etc.) in research offset the disadvantages of mouse models while providing relevant preclinical data within a timeframe appropriate to the urgency of implementing treatment. This technology enables the optimization of personalized care for human patients. This work covered all stages, from fish breeding to xenotransplantation and its follow-up (comparison of three measurement techniques). One of the studies focused on combating host immune rejection through the administration of anti-inflammatory treatments. Preliminary studies have highlighted the need to standardize protocols in order to limit animal death and increase the success of xenotransplantationEn cancérologie, l’évaluation de l’efficacité thérapeutique nécessite la genèse de modèles in vivo conservant les caractéristiques tumorales fondamentales. Le poisson-zèbre s’est révélé être un outil pertinent. Ses nombreux avantages (coût, rapidité, …) dans le cadre de la recherche permettent de pallier, aux inconvénients des modèles murins tout en fournissant des données précliniques pertinentes dans un délai approprié à l’urgence de mise en place du traitement. Cette technologie permet l’optimisation de la prise en charge personnalisée du patient humain. Ce travail a abordé toutes les étapes, de l’élevage des poissons à la xénogreffe et son suivi (comparaison de 3 techniques de mesure). Une des études a porté sur la lutte contre le rejet immunitaire de l’hôte par administration de traitements anti-inflammatoires. Les études préliminaires ont mis en évidence la nécessité de standardiser les protocoles afin de limiter les pertes d’animaux pour augmenter le succès des xénogreffes
Détermination des marqueurs hépatiques de l'exposition de poulets aux PolyChloroBiphényles (PCBs) par métabolomique RMN 1D et 2D
No full textInternational audienceIn order to enhance food safety surveillance, sector players must benefit high-throughput, low-cost screening methods to control critical points in the food chain. One of the approaches proposed by the ANR SENTINEL project consists of combining the discovery and identification of food chain contamination markers by "omics" techniques with targeted high-throughput and cost effective techniques in order to easily and quickly measure these markers in animal tissues or fluids. To do this, based on a case study (exposure of chickens to ultra-trace levels of PCBs), we explored the potential of NMR spectroscopy to identify hepatic markers of exposure of chickens to ultra-trace levels of contaminants (here PCBs). To overcome the limitations of 1D NMR for the identification and quantification of biomarkers, the interest and performance of 2D NMR has been evaluated using several fast 2D sequences. Following a Bligh and Dyer extraction, both aqueous and lipidic extracts of liver samples from chickens exposed to low doses of PCBs in the feed for 45 days (Aroclor 1260 4 µg/kg/day ; 20 µg/kg/day ; 200 µg/kg/day) were analyzed by 1D proton NMR and 2D NMR sequences, namely Ultrafast COSY, Fast-COSY, Non-Uniform Sampling (NUS) TOCSY and NUS HSQC on a 600 MHz NMR spectrometer. Multivariate statistical analyses (PCA and PLS-DA analyses) were performed on NMR data to differentiate control and exposed animals and characterize metabolic alterations due to exposure to PCBs. Our preliminary results on one-dimensional proton NMR data showed different lipidic profiles between control animals and the three groups of exposed animals despite low exposure doses. For polar metabolites, we observed differences between control and treated animals only for the lowest exposition dose. Work is now in progress for the identification of discriminant metabolites.2D NMR spectra showed an improved peak separation compared to 1D NMR spectra. The various 2D datasets are undergoing treatment for statistical analyses, and already show powerful capacities. These preliminary results obtained by 1D NMR metabolomics are encouraging, notably by revealing lipidic metabolism disturbances despite very low doses of exposure to PCBs. The statistical analyses on the 2D NMR data will continue with the aim of highlighting additional discriminant metabolites. Our preliminary results already demonstrate the complementarity of 1D and 2D approaches and the added-value of 2D NMR for improving metabolite separation and identification capabilities. Our innovative methodology paves the way to the development of new solutions for efficient monitoring which could be applied to other nutritional studies
Deletion of PPARα in mouse brown adipocytes increases their De Novo Lipogenesis
No full textInternational audienceObjective: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors involved in the control of lipid metabolism. The PPARα isoform is highly expressed in brown adipose tissue (BAT). However, its precise role in BAT remains unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of PPARα in BAT of high fat diet-induced obese mice in a thermoneutral environment.Methods: We used tamoxifen-inducible-BAT specific PPARα knockout mice (PPARαBATKO) that were housed at thermoneutrality to minimize BAT basal activation, fed a high-fat diet for 20 weeks and challenged with a β3-adrenergic agonist (CL316,243) during the last week. Both male and female mice were studied.Results: Body weight and glucose tolerance tests were similar in both sexes and genotypes. However, BAT morphology was altered in PPARαBATKO mice, with more unilocular and larger lipid droplets compared to control mice, suggesting BAT impaired function. Indeed, when treated with CL316,243, both male and female mice had increased De Novo Lipogenesis (DNL), reflected by an increased expression of ChREBPβ and lipogenic enzymes ACLY, ACC1, FASN and SCD1. These changes were accompanied by an increase in fatty acids in triglycerides, and thus an increase in lipid storage. Moreover, lipid profiles in phospholipids were different, suggesting a modification in the membrane content with an increase of palmitoleate.Conclusions: Altogether, our results reveal a key role for PPARα in DNL in BAT and in the regulation of lipid metabolism in HFD-induced obesity
Evaluation des connaissances des propriétaires sur le syndrome métabolique équin (SME) et le heashaking, rédaction de fiches conseils à destination des propriétaires
No full textThe growing awareness of equine owners regarding animal welfare is leading them to seek veterinary care and medicalize their horses more frequently. At the same time, scientific advances in veterinary medicine now make it possible to establish a greater number of accurate diagnoses. These developments reveal many chronic conditions that a ect the health and welfare of both sport and leisure horses. In an e ort to better understand the mechanisms underlying these chronic disorders and to improve the quality of life of their horses, many owners independently seek out information. However, the sources they consult are not always scientifically reliable, which can lead to misinterpretation or inappropriate management decisions. This work pursues three complementary objectives. First, it synthesizes bibliographic data on two major equine disorders: equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) and headshaking. Second, it assesses owners’ level of knowledge about these conditions through a questionnaire. Finally, it results in the development of reliable advisory sheets for owners, created by combining the findings of the survey with information from the scientific literature. These sheets provide up-to-date information on disease prevalence, associated risk factors, clinical signs indicative of deterioration or recurrence, and key environmental management measures designed to optimize the quality of life of a ected horses. A simplified schematic of the pathophysiology is also included.These sheets are not intended as a substitute for veterinary consultation and should only be provided to owners by a veterinarian once an accurate diagnosis has been made. They are designed to be updated regularly to reflect ongoing advances in equine veterinary research.La sensibilité croissante des propriétaires d’équidés au bien-être animal les conduit à médicaliser de plus en plus fréquemment leurs chevaux. Parallèlement, les avancées scientifiques en médecine vétérinaire permettent aujourd’hui d’établir un plus grand nombre de diagnostics précis. Ces progrès révèlent de nombreuses affections chroniques qui affectent la santé et le bien-être des chevaux de sport et de loisir. Dans le but de mieux comprendre les mécanismes à l’origine de ces affections chroniques et d’améliorer la qualité de vie de leurs chevaux, de nombreux propriétaires entreprennent des recherches par leurs propres moyens. Toutefois, les sources consultées ne présentent pas toujours une validité scientifique suffisante, ce qui peut engendrer une mauvaise interprétation ou des choix de gestion inadaptés. Ce travail poursuit trois objectifs complémentaires. Il consiste d’abord à synthétiser les données bibliographiques relatives à deux affections majeures : le syndrome métabolique équin (SME) et le headshaking. Ensuite, il évalue le niveau de connaissances des propriétaires sur ces affections à l’aide d’un questionnaire. Enfin, il aboutit à la réalisation de fiches conseils fiables destinées aux propriétaires et élaborées à partir de la combinaison des résultats du questionnaire et des données de la littérature scientifique. Elles présentent des informations actualisées concernant la prévalence des affections, les facteurs de risque associés, les signes cliniques évocateurs ainsi que les principales mesures de gestion environnementales visant à optimiser la qualité de vie des animaux atteints. Un schéma synthétique de la physiopathologie y est également proposé. Ces fiches ne constituent en aucun cas une alternative à une consultation vétérinaire et ne doivent être remises aux propriétaires que par un praticien, après établissement d’un diagnostic précis. Ces fiches doivent faire l’objet de mises à jour régulières en fonction des avancées de la recherche en médecine équine
A Non-genotoxic Variant of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 EcN 2.0 Overexpressing Microcins Reduces Intestinal Carriage of ST131 ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) ST131 is a multidrug-resistant pandemic clone of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing bacteria, with the primary reservoir within the gut. A biotherapeutic strategy to limit the intestinal carriage of ST131 E. coli isolates has been developed using a modified version of the probiotic E. coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN 2.0) that does not exhibit genotoxic activity and overexpresses microcins. The capacity of EcN 2.0 to inhibit in vitro the growth of E. coli was demonstrated using strain JJ1886, a representative human clinical ST131 isolate. We evaluated the efficacy of EcN 2.0 in a murine model of stable colonization of the intestinal microbiota by the multidrug-resistant E. coli JJ1886. The administration of EcN 2.0 reduced the individual load of JJ1886 in feces when compared to the placebo-treated animals. Following a 30-day course of daily oral administration of EcN 2.0, 8 of 17 mice no longer excreted the ST131 strain. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that EcN 2.0 was more efficient than EcN WT against clinical multidrug-resistant uropathogenic E. coli isolates from humans and animals. Accordingly, the probiotic EcN 2.0 may represent a viable strategy to limit the carriage of ST131 and potentially other multidrug-resistant pandemic enterobacterial clones, which in turn could help limit the spread of antimicrobial resistance and the incidence of urinary tract infection
Genetics of body weight and length of Large White piglets and relationship to maternal performance
No full textInternational audienceBody weight and body metrics of newborn piglets reflect their level of development. We studied a Large White population raised in a single experimental herd. Survival and growth performance of 10,101 piglets originating from 689 litters were analysed. In 440 of these litters, 1,320 piglets contrasting for birth weight were recorded for body length and circumference. At piglet level, the estimated direct and maternal heritability values were were h²d=0.02 and h²m=0.13 for birth weight, h²d=0.65 and h²m=0.21 for the ponderal index and h²d=0.23 and h²m=0.01 for the ratio of circumference to body length. The genetic correlation between the ponderal index and litter size and gestation length tended to be negative
Nissolia brasiliensis as a non-nodulating model legume
No full textThe nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis (RNS) is specifically formed by four orders of angiosperms. The largest of these four orders include the legume family, the Fabaceae. Among legumes, historical model species have emerged, such as the RNS-forming Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus, or, more recently, Aeschynomene aevenia. By contrast, legume species that have lost RNS have been largely ignored. Here, we describe the first chromosome-level assembly for a non-RNS-forming legume, the tropical papilionoid Nissolia brasiliensis. We compared its genome to closely related legumes and identified genes associated with RNS. Finally, we developed a stable transformation protocol that can be deployed in the future to re-evolve RNS in legumes, a first step toward the goal of engineering RNS in non-legume crops
Impact of protein and phosphorus restriction on carcass composition and meat quality in pork
No full textInternational audiencePig production faces challenges in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrition: environmental concerns related to resource utilization, manure composition and feedstuff costs. This study investigated the effects of restricted protein, essential amino acids, and mineral P intake on carcass composition and meat quality in pigs, as part of the Pigweb project. Swiss Large White pigs (24 females, 24 castrated males) were assigned to one of four dietary treatments: a control diet (C), a nitrogen-restricted diet (N-) without soybean meal and low in crude protein and essential amino acids(-20%), a phosphorus-restricted diet (P-) excluding mineral phosphate and containing 15% (with phytase) and 47% (without phytase) less digestible P in the grower and finisher phases, respectively, and a combined N- and P- restricted diet (NP-). Carcass and cuts composition was assessed by DXA, CT, NMRI and dissection. No interactions between N and P restrictions were observed (P > 0.05). The N restriction reduced carcass weight by 8% (P = 0.003) along with ham, loin, and shoulder cut weights (P < 0.01). Muscle cut weights were also lower (P < 0.01), and carcass lean tissue weight decreased by 6 to 12%, depending on the measurement method (P < 0.001). Fat and bone weights of cuts and meat quality were not affected by diet except loin luminosity (P = 0.044). The P restriction had no effects on carcass, cut traits, nor on lean or fat tissue weights. However, P restriction reduced carcass and cut bone mineral density by 12% (P < 0.001) and shoulder bone weight by 3% (P = 0.032). These findings highlight the unfavourable effects of protein and essential amino acid restrictions on muscle deposition while demonstrating that eliminating dietary mineral phosphate seems feasible with limited impact on carcass composition