HAL ENVT (Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse)
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Génétique
No full textNational audienceLors du congrès mondial de 2024 à Tarragone en Espagne, 25 communications (1 synthèse, présentations orales et 6 posters) ont été présentées dans la session « Génétique », qui comprenait aussi une table ronde. Tous les auteurs n'étaient malheureusement pas présents pour réaliser leur présentation (sessions orales comme pour les posters). L'Espagne est le pays le mieux représenté avec communications (dont la synthèse), 5 pour la Chine, 4 pour la France, 2 pour le Nigéria et le Mexique, et enfin 1 communication pour un consortium européen, l'Italie, la Hongrie, l'Indonésie et la Slovaquie. La table ronde a permis de rassembler des auteurs français, chinois et espagnols pour présenter et animer des sujets génétiques variés. La présentation de ces communications est répartie en 5 thèmes : variabilité génétique et sélection, utilisation du croisement, carrière des femelles reproductrices, caractérisations de races et phénotypage, génétique moléculaire.</div
Génération et utilisation de graphes de connaissances pour aider à la contextualisation des données de métabolomique
No full textInternational audienceThis article introduces a knowledge graph e-infrastructure, the Metabolomic Semantic Data Lake, for contextualizing metabolomics data. It links biological concepts and annotated scientific literature using AI, addressing annotation gaps. Based on Big Data technologies and the Semantic Web, it offers an API for easy data access. FORVM ChemDisease and FORVM Plants graphs enable the analysis of toxicological pathways and the identification of plant biomarkers. The aim is to enhance data integration and interpretation in life sciences.Cet article présente une e-infrastructure de graphes de connaissances, le "Metabolomic Semantic Data Lake", pour contextualiser les données métabolomiques. Elle relie des concepts biologiques et annote la littérature scientifique grâce à des méthodes issues de l'intelligence artificielle, palliant le manque d'annotation dans certains domaines. Basée sur des technologies Big Data et le Web Sémantique, elle offre une API pour un accès facile aux données. Les graphes FORVM ChemDisease et FORVM Plants permettent d'analyser des voies toxicologiques et d'identifier des biomarqueurs végétaux. L'objectif est d'améliorer l'intégration et l'interprétation des données en sciences de la vie
Evaluating new meat/mushroom mixtures for the mitigation of process-induced toxicants and for environmental co-benefits
No full textInternational audienceSeveral studies suggest the involvement of toxic food-born contaminants in various human pathologies. Meat products are particularly concerned by the generation of process-induced toxicants (PITs) with mutagenic and carcinogenic properties which are now more than ever targeted by health safety agencies. Along with these public health considerations, FAO projections for 2030 predict an increase in protein demand of around 40%, which cannot be covered only by animal protein. Scientists therefore agree that it is necessary to increase the proportion of plant proteins in our diets, but many obstacles remain before we get there. In this context, the MixMeat project aims to show that it is possible to formulate new types of mixed foods guaranteeing a low rate of PITs generated during cooking while maintaining a good essential porteins and nutrients intake.To do this, the project takes advantage of both the antioxidant and nutritional properties of button mushrooms to offer an innovative mixed food that is healthier and in line with the need for food transition. The aim of the project is to develop a new mitigation method for PITs and to investigate the mitigation mechanisms involved, as well as the environmental impact that would result from formulating such a food.In this presentation, the results showing the influence of mushroom incorporation on PIT mitigation (i.e. heterocyclic aromatic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) will be exposed, as well as the results of life cycle analysis of this new mixed food compared to ground beef patties
Binette
No full textBinette is a fast and accurate binning refinement tool to constructs high quality MAGs from the output of multiple binning tools
Exudates secreted: Penicillium expansum's means of conquering the external environment
No full textPenicillium expansum, the causal agent of apple blue rot, produces patulin, a well-known mycotoxin regulated in many countries. When grown on various synthetic media, P. expansum secretes exudates. The release of the latter has been previously described in fungi and contribute to their virulence by secreting toxic specialized metabolites (SMs) into the external environment. Exudates are no longer produced in a mutant deleted for PatL, a transcription factor essential for patulin biosynthesis, suggesting a link between patulin and exudate production. In this context, the content of exudates produced by P. expansum was characterized by metabolomics and proteomics. These analyses revealed 20 SMs such as patulin and citrinin, and 194 proteins in the secretome, mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism to degrade the plant wall, and to build or modify the fungal wall. Four of the secreted proteins (PatE, PatB, PatO, PatF) are involved in patulin biosynthesis, especially PatE, the last enzyme in the patulin biosynthetic pathway. The fact that its substrate, ascladiol, was also present suggests that the final step of patulin secretion may occur outside the fungus. In parallel, a comparative transcriptomic study of wild-type and null mutant ΔpatL strains unveiled that PatL negatively or positively regulated the expression of 294 genes. Among them, 21 genes encode proteins present in exudates, i.e. 11 % of the exudates, including four proteins involved in patulin biosynthesis, but also enzymes involved in starch degradation. Our results suggest a broader role for PatL than the sole regulation of patulin biosynthesis
Prise en compte du bien-être animal dans les développements du Cati SICPA
No full textInternational audienceLe Cati SICPA a pour mission principale de fournir des systèmes de collecte, de stockage et de gestion des données de phénotypage animal, pour les unités expérimentales «animales» et les chercheurs. Ces systèmes comprennent un volet logiciel et un volet matériel, que SICPA peut être amené à intégrer ou à développer. Cet article présente 3 exemples de réalisations qui illustrent les types de contributions du collectif SICPA dans les expérimentations menées dans les UE/ IE des départements GA et Phase : SICPA Environnement, SICPA Sanitaire et Alimentation, Nid électronique pour les poules
Seroprevalence of West Nile, Usutu and tick-borne encephalitis viruses in equids from south-western France in 2023
No full textInternational audienceThe circulation of West Nile virus (WNV), Usutu virus (USUV), and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was investigated in south-western France during the first six months of 2023, following the emergence of WNV in equids in Gironde, a département in south-western France, in 2022. Blood samples were collected from 494 horses located in the Gironde département and divided into three zones: the Confluence zone, the Intermediate zone and the Arcachon Basin. Samples were tested for WNV-, USUV- and TBEV-specific antibodies. An overall seroprevalence of 14% (95% CI [11–18%]) for orthoflavivirus antibodies was detected in Gironde. The highest seroprevalence rates for WNV and USUV were observed in the Confluence Zone (9%, 95% CI [6–13%] and 5%, 95% CI [3–8%], respectively), where the type of housing (animals kept in pasture only) and proximity to a special bird protection area were identified as risk factors for WNV seropositivity. This study presents the first seroprevalence investigation of WNV, USUV and TBEV infections in equids located on the Atlantic coast of France and demonstrates intense circulation of WNV in this region, as well as evidence of equine USUV-specific infection
Artificial symbiont replacement in a vertically-transmitted plant-bacterium association provides insights into the basis for specificity
No full textInternational audienceSome plants engage in permanent, vertically transmitted symbioses with bacteria. Often, these bacteria are hosted extracellularly in specific structures on the leaves, where they produce specialized bioactive metabolites that benefit their host. These associations are highly specific, with one plant species associating with a single bacterial species, but little is known about how these symbioses originate and how specificity is maintained. In this study, we show that the symbiotic association between a wild yam and a bacterium can be manipulated experimentally, and that bacteria-free plants are open to colonization by environmental bacteria. Through metabolic profiling, we show that the endophytic niche is rich in organic acids and intermediates of the TCA cycle. Environmental bacteria capable of utilizing these acids, such as the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida , readily colonize aposymbiotic plants. However, successful colonization is contingent upon the absence of the vertically-transmitted symbiont and an active type VI secretion system. Unexpectedly for a vertically-transmitted symbiosis, these findings suggest that microbe-microbe interactions, including antagonism, may play a crucial role in maintaining the specificity of an association. However, low transmission rates of synthetic symbionts provide evidence that transmission barriers or bottlenecks may still occur, further enforcing partner fidelity. Together, these results highlight the complexity of mechanisms underlying mutualistic associations, and provide insights into the evolution of bacterial leaf symbiosis
Planetary-scale heterotrophic microbial community modeling assesses metabolic synergy and viral impacts
No full textConflit d'intérêt : Steven Hallam est le co-créateur de Koonkie Inc (solution de bioinformatique)The oceans buffer against climate change via biogeochemical cycles underpinned by microbial metabolic activities. While planetary-scale surveys provide baseline microbiome data, inferring metabolic and biogeochemical impacts remains challenging. Here, we constructed a model for each TARA Ocean metagenome or metatranscriptome representing heterotrophic prokaryotes and their viruses and assessed these as community-wide metabolic phenotypes. To validate, we showed that even with reaction-mappable genes only (∼1/4 of the total genes), the composition of these models revealed metabolism-inferred ecological zones that matched taxonomy-inferred zones. Model inferences include providing a new metric of community-wide metabolic cooperation and new insights into connections between microbial metabolism and organism diversity, and the ecological role of viruses. The latter suggests they genomically target community-critical metabolic reactions and estimates where viruses remineralize versus sink carbon. While this new constraints-based, agile, and mechanistic modeling framework is highly upgradable, it already begins to convert molecular-scale environmental omics data to ecological and even planetary-scale biogeochemical features that will better bring microbes and their viruses into earth system and climate models
Development of an experimental model using cold stress to assess the pathogenicity of two Moroccan AI H9N2 isolates from 2016 and 2022 in commercial broiler chickens
No full textInternational audienceSince 2016, low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) H9N2 became a major issue for poultry production in Morocco. Even though the agent was classified as low pathogenic, AI H9N2 cause significant economic losses, particularly during co-infections. Experimentally, it has been difficult to reproduce the clinical picture without appealing other viral or bacterial pathogens. Our study was carried out to evaluate a new challenge model using cold stress in commercial broilers infected with two Moroccan H9N2 viruses isolated in 2016 and 2022. One hundred twenty day-old chicks were divided into four groups: A, B, and C exposed to cold stress, and D was kept as negative control. At 21 days of age, Groups A and B were challenged by oculo-nasal route with 107 EID50 of H9N2 strains, isolated respectively during 2016 and 2022. Meanwhile, chicks of group C were exposed to only cold stress. The assessment of body weight gain, clinical signs, lesions, mortality, and oropharyngeal viral shedding was monitored for 15 days post-challenge. Results showed that cold stress exacerbated H9N2 clinical signs, allowing us to establish a scoring system and to validate the challenge model without co-infections. Gross and microscopic lesions, induced by the virus primarily in the respiratory tract, peaked at 5 dpi and significantly decreased at 15 dpi. Group B harbored the highest viral loads with viral shedding persisting beyond 11 dpi in both groups. This study demonstrates a clear clinical differenceamong the two isolates; A/chicken/Morocco/178-2/2022(H9N2) showed a significant increase in virulence compared to the firstly isolate A/chicken/Morocco/SF1/2016(H9N2).The novel H9N2 challenge model using cold stress will contribute to a better understanding of LPAI pathogenesis and epidemiology and allow for research closer to the field