19852 research outputs found
Sort by
[[alternative]]Self and Other: Inquiry into the Origin of Ethics
No full text[[abstract]]自我與他者的關聯是倫理學論述的現實基礎。亞里斯多德在《尼各馬可倫理學》中以「朋友作為另一個自我」，且「友誼是從如何待己推廣到如何待人」，如此「自愛」與「愛他人」在德行倫理學裡並無衝突。但另一方面，西方契約論傳統以「理性利己」為人類最優先的行為動機，而道德行為不過是為了達成幸福的一種手段而已。利己與利他的先後之爭最終體現為「亞當斯密難題」：即《國富論》以「利己」為經濟學的人性基礎；但《道德情感論》則視「利他」為道德哲學的人性根源。經濟人與道德人的人性基礎是否相互抵觸？「利他」是否即等同正確的倫理抉擇？本文的主旨，在於考察人我關係這既古典又當代的西方倫理議題：由佛洛姆對利己與利他問題的社會心理沿革考察，延伸至當代現象學反思道德哲學的人性論預設，再由列維納斯對倫理現象的沉思，對照於古典東方儒學經典的智慧，以釐清倫理現象的本質。相較於西方主體哲學的倫理觀點，論語中所謂的「仁」揭示了一種更原初的現象：除卻「利己／利他」的二元相對，自我與他者間猶有其它可能的關聯形式，或許孔子的「愛人」之「仁」更能展現倫理現象的起源。[[abstract]]The relationship between the Self and other is the realistic basis of ethics discourse. Aristotle advocated “friends as another self”in “Nicomachean Ethics”, and “he is related to his friend as to himself”, so there is no conflict between “self-love”and “love of others”in Aristotle's virtue ethics. But on the other hand, the Western tradition of contract theory takes “rationality and self-interest”as the highest priority of human behavior, and moral behavior is but a means to achieve happiness. The conflict between selfishness and altruism is finally reflected in the “Adam Smith problem”: that is, “The Wealth of Nations”takes “self-interest”as the humanity basis of economics; but “The Theory of Moral Sentiments” regards “altruism”as the root of human nature of moral philosophy, so does human economic life and ethical actions necessarily contradict each other? Is “altruism”equivalent to a correct ethical choice? The main purpose of this article is to examine the classical and contemporary ethical issues of self and the other, a classical and contemporary Western ethical issue: from Fromm's investigation of the social psychological evolution of self-interest and altruism, to the phenomenological reflection on the human nature presupposition of contemporary moral philosophy, and then from Levinas' reflection on Western ethics in comparison with the wisdom of classical Eastern Confucianism, to clarify the nature of ethical phenomena. Compared with the ethical point of view of the Western philosophy of subject, the so-called “benevolence”in the Analects reveals a more primitive phenomenon: apart from the duality of “self-interest/altruism”, there are other possible forms of connection between the self and the other, perhaps the “benevolence”of Confucius' “loving people”can better show the origin of the ethical phenomenon
[[alternative]]Modeling an Incentive Bonus Scheme for Sales Forces
No full text[[abstract]]本研究主要目的，在藉由數量模式的探討，瞭解在獨佔廠商激勵其異質型態之業 務小組的報償制度中，紅利報酬與佣金報酬的設計，以及紅利報酬制度設計的改變對業務小 組銷售行為的影響。研究發現，在下列六種情況，最適紅利報酬及其邊際紅利報酬會提高： （i）當業務小組的異質性愈低時、（ii）當業務小組群的規模愈大時、（iii）當產品的銷售底 價愈高時、（iv）當產品之生產成本愈低時、（v）當貼現率愈高時、（vi）當業務小組之最適 銷售量超過一定水準後，並且計算紅利報酬之時間間隔愈長時。
The purpose of this paper is to find the properties of a bonus scheme and commission in a compensation system designed by a company. By this study, we discover the bonus scheme needs a higher bonus payment and greater marginal bonus payment under the following situations：(i)sales forces are less heterogeneous in sales potential; (ii)the size of sales forces is greater;(iii)sales forces face a higher selling cost of product;(iv)the company has a lower production cost;(v)there exists a higher discount rate;(vi)there is a greater length of time horizon if under a certain condition
Information Service: Podcast Course Video-Sharing System, for Example
No full text[[abstract]]This system focuses on teaching courses and the sharing of self-timer movie. It has open spirit of the textbook-assisted learning, encouraging users to upload, share, and expand. Provided as a passage of after-school instruction, the content of the teaching will be made into a movie and uploaded to the website for answers of questions. The use of Podcast platform can help achieve the sharing of knowledge and experience, for the platform has built up a course classification and message boards to provide teachers and students with the service of Q & A and account subscription. Successfully built, Podcast System can be used as a remedial teaching program in the department's website, which integrates the output of two-dimensional bar code as an application of action learning and guidance
Pricing of prescription drugs and its impact on physicians' choice behavior
No full text[[abstract]]This research presents an analysis of Taiwan’s health care market with the focus on the pricing of prescription drugs and its impact on physicians’ choice behavior. Since the advent of Taiwan’s national health insurance, with the competent authority being Bureau of National Health Insurance (BNHI), hospitals are allowed to sell prescription drugs to patients at prices above the purchasing prices, so each prescription drug has two prices: one at which drugs are sold to hospitals; the other which BNHI reimbursement to hospitals. The margin between the different prices is the sales discount that pharmaceutical companies offer to the hospitals. We find that sales discount has a great impact on physicians’ choice behavior: i.e., physicians are price-sensitive to prescription drugs. In addition, it is found that too high a sales discount of a prescription drug would result in a too low weighted average price of that drug sold; thus BNHI would be more likely to adjust downward the rate it reimbursement to the hospital. This presents a sales strategy problem to pharmaceutical companies. To solve this, we use the distribution of physicians’ evaluations of prescription drugs to establish a profit maximization model in hopes of helping companies to price drugs and find the optimal promotion expending. Ten popular prescription drugs are used in this research as examples
A Fuzzy Ranking Method By The Centers Of Fuzzy Set
No full text[[abstract]]Two homomorphic mappings, taking each bounded fuzzy set as an element of the domain and the center of this fuzzy set as its image, will be derived in this paper. Since the range is defined on the real number, we can use them as the indxes for fuzzy number comparison. And in order to deal with the output data of some fuzzy arithmetic methods, the numerical comparison methods on calculating the fuzzy number representing in a series of -level sets are also proposed Furthermore, some properties will also be derived on those mappings if we restrict the domain on symmetric fuzzy numbers
Multiple parents crossover operators: A new approach removes the overlapping solutions for sequencing problems
No full text[[abstract]]Maintaining population diversity throughout generations of Genetic Algorithms (GAs) is key to avoid premature convergence. Redundant solutions is one cause for the decreasing population diversity. To prevent the negative effect of redundant solutions, we propose a framework that is based on the multi-parents crossover (MPX) operator embedded in GAs. Because MPX generates diversified chromosomes with good solution quality, when a pair of redundant solutions is found, we would generate a new offspring by using the MPX to replace the redundant chromosome. Three schemes of MPX will be examined and will be compared against some algorithms in literature when we solve the permutation flowshop scheduling problems, which is a strong NP-Hard sequencing problem. The results indicate that our approach significantly improves the solution quality. This study is useful for researchers who are trying to avoid premature convergence of evolutionary algorithms by solving the sequencing problems
[[alternative]]Parents' Involvement, Peer Relationship and Achievement of Children of Single-parent--from the Perspectives of Preschool Educators
No full text[[abstract]]本研究從幼兒園之教保服務人員的觀點出發，探討單親家庭幼兒的家長參與、幼兒的同儕人際關係及幼兒的學習表現。本研究採取質性研究法進行，以半結構式的訪談法為主，邀請符合研究條件之教保服務人員參與訪談。研究結果顯示影響單親幼兒的家長參與的正向因素有：（1）家長重視子女的學習表現；（2）家長重視幼兒的感受；（3）教保服務人員主動邀請家長參與；（4）家長較願意參加不需耗費太多心思的活動。負向因素有：（1）家長工作作息與幼兒園不一致；（2）家長與子女互動少；（3）家長會因為與教保人員的性別而有所區別；（4）家長過度依賴隔代教養；（5）家長對幼兒的期待過低。另外，單親幼兒的同儕人際互動主要是受到個人與行為特質影響，興單親事實無涉。最後，影響單親幼兒學習表現良好的因素有：具有強烈的好奇心、細心觀察、認真聽講以及家長參與學習；學習表現低落的原因則為缺乏學習的環境、學習對象以及學習動機等因素。本研究據此結果加以討論，並對幼兒園、教保人員和家長提出相關建議。
This study was aimed to explore parents' involvement, peer relationship and achievement of children of single-parent. The study, a qualitative research, has been mainly conducted by the interview method. Five preschool educators who have more than 10 years of experiences were the interviewees. The conclusions are listed as below: The single parents were not able to participate in children's education at home and school affairs because of personal factors. Single-parenthood did not affect the single-parent preschoolers' peer relationship. However the personal characters do have impacts on the developments of interaction. Single-parent children's academic performance were basically based upon personal learning attitudes, adults' guides, environmental preparation and role modeling. The study suggests that we can enhance children's academic performance by providing the children with friendly learning environment and encouraging parents' involvement in education