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AutoCAD File Types and Their Application in Civil Engineering
No full textThis article discusses the main AutoCAD file formats and their role in modern engineering, construction and manufacturing processes. There are presented working, standardization, data exchange ,documentation, recovery file formats. Special attention is paid to the discussion of the CAD–CAM–CNC work cycle, which combines computer-aided design and real production into a single technological process.
The purpose of the work is promoting the thoughtful use of AutoCAD files for students and novice engineers and preparing them in accordance with the requirements of the modern professional environment
ON THE ANALYSIS OF A TUNNEL LINING OF OVAL CROSS-SECTION BY THE VARIATION METHOD
No full textA tunnel support (cylindrical shell) of oval cross-section, whose thickness and radius vary stepwise, is analyzed using the variational method.
A discontinuous solution of the governing differential equation is constructed based on the theory developed by Sh. E. Mikeladze
Investigation of Structural Behavior and Computational Modeling of a Transformable Guiding Bridge
No full textThis paper investigates the structural behavior and computational modeling of a transformable guiding bridge system intended for rapid deployment in extreme operational conditions. The performance of temporary guiding bridges is governed not only by their structural configuration but also by the accurate evaluation of internal forces and deformations arising during both installation and service stages, which is particularly critical for emergency, rescue, and military engineering applications.
The distinguishing feature of the proposed bridge system lies in its transformable structural behavior. During the installation phase, the bridge functions as a temporary multi-span structure supported by deployable auxiliary supports, whereas during service it is converted into a single-span system. This transformation leads to a significant redistribution of internal forces and necessitates a computational approach capable of capturing both structural states.
A realistic calculation model was developed to represent the actual behavior of the bridge, incorporating modular geometry, temporary transformable supports, and appropriate boundary conditions. Structural analysis was carried out using MIDAS Civil 2024 software, based on the displacement-based finite element method. The model considers permanent, live, and temporary installation-related loads corresponding to unfavorable working conditions.
The results demonstrate that maximum bending moments, shear forces, and deflections occur during the installation stage but remain within allowable normative limits. The study confirms that the application of transformable temporary supports significantly improves structural safety and constructability. The proposed guiding bridge system provides a reliable and efficient solution for rapidly deployable transport infrastructure in extreme environments
Algorithms for Investigating the Strength, Stability, and Vibrations of Assembled Structures and Their Individual Elements
No full textThis paper presents a comprehensive study of algorithms for analyzing the strength, stability, and vibration behavior of assembled structural systems and their individual elements. The information required for static strength analysis is formulated and processed using dedicated computational programs, transforming initial data into standardized forms suitable for algorithmic implementation. Numerical examples are presented, and the obtained results are critically analyzed, demonstrating the efficiency and reliability of the proposed approaches
აკუსტიკური გახმოვანების ფუნქციის მქონე სადიაგნოსტიკო სისტემის (კონტროლერის) სტრუქტურულ-ფუნქციონალური და ელექტრული სქემების შემუშავება და მოდელირება
No full textThis paper presents the design and modeling of structural-functional and electrical circuits of a diagnostic system (controller) equipped with an acoustic feedback function. The proposed system is intended for medical equipment, particularly hemodialysis devices, to improve the efficiency and responsiveness of diagnostic processes.
The system architecture is based on a microcontroller platform and provides real-time processing of data obtained from analog and digital sensors, visual indication, and generation of acoustic notifications. The paper describes the functional structure of the controller, operating modes, electrical schematic design, and simulation modeling performed in the PROTEUS environment.
Simulation results confirm the functional reliability of the proposed solution and demonstrate its practical applicability in medical diagnostic systems.სტატიაში განხილულია აკუსტიკური გახმოვანების ფუნქციის მქონე სადიაგნოსტიკო სისტემის (კონტროლერის) სტრუქტურულ-ფუნქციონალური და ელექტრული სქემების შემუშავება და მოდელირება. შემოთავაზებული სისტემა განკუთვნილია სამედიცინო აპარატურაში, კერძოდ ჰემოდიალიზის მოწყობილობებში, დიაგნოსტიკური პროცესების ეფექტიანობისა და ოპერატიულობის გასაზრდელად. სისტემის არქიტექტურა ეფუძნება მიკროკონტროლერულ პლატფორმას და უზრუნველყოფს ანალოგური და ციფრული სენსორებიდან მიღებული ინფორმაციის დამუშავებას, ვიზუალურ ინდიკაციასა და აკუსტიკური შეტყობინებების გენერირებას რეალურ დროში. სტატიაში აღწერილია კონტროლერის მუშაობის რეჟიმები, ელექტრული პრინციპული სქემა და მისი სიმულაციური მოდელირება PROTEUS-ის გარემოში. მიღებული შედეგები ადასტურებს შემუშავებული გადაწყვეტის ფუნქციურ სისწორესა და პრაქტიკული გამოყენების პერსპექტივას სამედიცინო სადიაგნოსტიკო სისტემებში
საწარმოო ტექნოლოგიები. სამრეწველო რობოტები
No full textThe paper covers the essence, role and importance of production technologies and industrial robots in modern production.
Production technology is presented as a complex methodology for designing and managing production lines, aimed at ensuring the efficient, safe and economical production of large quantities of products. The main tasks of production technology are discussed, which include planning production lines, optimizing productivity, identifying and solving problems, developing and implementing new technologies.
Two main productivity indicators are described: capital productivity (equipment efficiency) and labor productivity (labor efficiency). It is emphasized that a production engineering specialist plays a crucial role between production personnel and management, which gives him the opportunity to develop both technical and managerial skills.
Regarding industrial robots, their official definition is presented according to JIS standards and the Industrial Safety Law. The classification of robots according to structural features is discussed: vertical articulated, SCARA, parallel link, Cartesian, cylindrical and polar coordinate robots. Collaborative robots that work safely together with humans are separately mentioned.
A clear distinction is made between industrial and service robots: the former replace human work in a production environment, while the latter support human activity in various fields. The Sugino Machine CRb robot is also presented as an example of a cylindrical coordinate robot, which is distinguished by high accuracy and the ability to work in narrow spaces.
The paper emphasizes the growing importance of automation due to labor shortages and job safety, as well as the widespread use of robots in the automotive, electronics, semiconductor and food industries.ნაშრომში გაშუქებულია საწარმოო ტექნოლოგიებისა და სამრეწველო რობოტების არსი, როლი და მნიშვნელობა თანამედროვე წარმოებაში.
წარმოების ტექნოლოგია წარმოდგენილია როგორც საწარმოო ხაზების დიზაინისა და მართვის კომპლექსური მეთოდოლოგია, რომელიც მიმართულია დიდი რაოდენობით პროდუქციის ეფექტური, უსაფრთხო და ეკონომიური წარმოების უზრუნველყოფისკენ. განხილულია წარმოების ტექნოლოგიის მთავარი ამოცანები, რომლებიც მოიცავს საწარმოო ხაზების დაგეგმვას, პროდუქტიულობის ოპტიმიზაციას, პრობლემების იდენტიფიკაციასა და გადაჭრას, ახალი ტექნოლოგიების შემუშავებასა და დანერგვას.
აღწერილია ორი მთავარი პროდუქტიულობის ინდიკატორი: კაპიტალის პროდუქტიულობა (აღჭურვილობის ეფექტურობა) და შრომის პროდუქტიულობა (მუშახელის ეფექტურობა). ხაზგასმულია, რომ წარმოების ინჟინერიის სპეციალისტი ასრულებს გადამწყვეტ როლს საწარმოო პერსონალსა და მენეჯმენტს შორის, რაც მას აძლევს როგორც ტექნიკური, ისე მენეჯერული უნარების განვითარების შესაძლებლობას.
სამრეწველო რობოტებთან დაკავშირებით წარმოდგენილია მათი ოფიციალური განმარტება JIS სტანდარტებისა და სამრეწველო უსაფრთხოების კანონის მიხედვით. განხილულია რობოტების კლასიფიკაცია სტრუქტურული მახასიათებლების მიხედვით: ვერტიკალური არტიკულირებული, SCARA, პარალელური ბმული, კარტეზიული, ცილინდრული და პოლარული კოორდინატების რობოტები. ცალკე აღნიშნულია თანამშრომლობითი რობოტები, რომლებიც უსაფრთხოდ მუშაობენ ადამიანებთან ერთად.
გაკეთებულია მკაფიო განსხვავება სამრეწველო და მომსახურე რობოტებს შორის: პირველები ანაცვლებენ ადამიანის მუშაობას საწარმოო გარემოში, ხოლო მეორეები უჭერენ მხარს ადამიანის საქმიანობას სხვადასხვა სფეროში. ასევე წარმოდგენილია Sugino Machine-ის CRb რობოტი, როგორც ცილინდრული კოორდინატის რობოტის მაგალითი, რომელიც გამოირჩევა მაღალი სიზუსტით და ვიწრო სივრცეებში მუშაობის შესაძლებლობით.
ნაშრომში ხაზგასმულია ავტომატიზაციის მზარდი მნიშვნელობა მუშახელის დეფიციტისა და სამუშაო უსაფრთხოების გამო, აგრეთვე რობოტების ფართო გამოყენება საავტომობილო, ელექტრონიკის, ნახევარგამტარების და კვების ინდუსტრიებში
Efficacy of Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Across Stages of Parkinson’s Disease
No full textDeep brain stimulation (DBS) is a proven intervention in the treatment of Parkinson disease (PD), which offers substantial control of motor symptoms, medication-saving and quality of life to a well-selected population. This narrative review is a summary of the current evidence on the efficacy of DBS through the PD spectrum of outcomes, with an emphasis on motor and non-motor outcomes and patient response modifiers. This narrative review provides a summary of the existing research on DBS effectiveness throughout the PD spectrum, motor outcomes, non-motor outcomes, and variables affecting patient response. Early-stage DBS, used shortly after the development of motor complications, can deliver long-term motor utility, lessening the overall load of dopaminergic drugs, and cognitive safety in the selected patients. DBS has been very effective in treating treatment-resistant motor symptoms of PD in severe forms but non-dopaminergic symptoms, including gait, balance disorders, and cognitive impairments, can end up being the determinants of the final results in the disease. The choice of the target between the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus internus (GPi) must be made on a case-by-case basis, given the possibility of a higher medication reduction with STN-DBS compared to more desirable neuropsychiatric profile of GPi-DBS in at-risk patients. The non-motor outcomes are not stable, and it is the reason to consider the necessity to carry out a comprehensive preoperative assessment, patient education and multidisciplinary focus. Although strong evidence is offered in support of DBS, the study has limitations such as the lack of long-term quality of life and non-motor outcomes data and standardized stimulation and assessment protocols. The future research must be devoted to large and prospective trials comparing early and delayed DBS, patient selection by neuroimaging and genetic biomarkers and by applying extensive technological breakthroughs, including adaptive and closed-loop stimulation. The optimal integration of DBS in the management of PD will be important to address the problem of underutilization, cost-effectiveness, and fair access
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Contemporary Approaches to Diagnosis and Prognostic Assessment
No full textMild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) or concussion is the most common type of traumatic brain injury in the world and a significant cause of long-term disability and healthcare expenditure even though routine neuroimaging may show normal results. Most individuals recover, although some do have long-term symptoms in terms of both cognitive, mood and ability, with the most significant being the persistent post-concussion syndrome (PPCS) that lasts more than three months; risk factors interact between biological, psychological and socioeconomic factors: the female sex, pre-existing mental issues, anxiety, headache burden, previous TBI, and social stressors, with military populations that received a blast identified as the most vulnerable. This narrative review was used to summarize the major predicaments and developments in the diagnosis and prognostication of mTBI and treatment with gaps in emerging biological and clinical supports and research. Targeted clinical assessment, neuroimaging (CT, MRI, DTI, functional imaging), neuroinflammation, and blood biomarkers (S100B, GFAP, UCH-L1, NfL, tau) were searched in PubMed and Google Scholar and included peer-reviewed human research studies that reported clinical presentation, diagnosis techniques, biomarkers, imaging, or recovery data during both acute and protracted stages of the disease process; only studies that contained primary data, were non-review studies, case report/commentary, or had major The literature suggests that symptom based-assessment and scales like GCS (usually 13-15 in mTBI), SCAT5, and ACE are the baseline, but not adequate in identifying subtle deficits and CT should be used to rule out intracranial hemorrhage and MRI as it has limited practical uses in acute conditions. Modern modalities (e.g. DTI) and fluid biomarkers have potential to indicate microstructural injury and triage imaging necessity, but do not have adequate specificity, standardization, and cross-population validation to be conclusive diagnostic or prognostic measures. Neuropsychological testing, eye-tracking, balance assessment, EEG, and comorbidity and context-sensitive mobile health tools could offer functional sensitivity. All in all, in heterogeneous definitions, varying results and methodological constraints hinder comparability and prediction, so there is a need to establish a set of standard diagnostic criteria and a large and diverse, multimodal, longitudinal study to facilitate a clinically relevant risk model and specific rehabilitation trajectory
Peculiarities of the construction of rotating buildings
No full textThe main goal of architects when designing, depending on the purpose of the buildings, is to create the most perfect and convenient working or living conditions for people. One of the important factors in this regard is to ensure the orientation of the building\u27s facade in such a way that daylight and sunlight penetrate as much as possible. Based on the above, to meet this requirement, buildings are often equipped with wide windows, glazed balconies, or their facade parts are completely covered with stained glass. Many buildings include a large number of terraces and open balconies. Many architects have gone further and have already implemented many projects where the building itself or its floors rotate and it is possible to orient it in the desired direction. The idea of building rotating buildings arose at the beginning of the last century and gradually developed to such an extent that for several years now very interesting projects of rotating skyscrapers have been developed. Due to its engineering solution, the construction of such buildings is associated with significant costs, and their implementation is only related to finding financing
Application of Hydrocyclone for Wastewater Treatment in Wine Industry
No full textGlobal water scarcity is increasing in many regions causing a deficiency in agricultural, human and industrial needs. Industrial activities produce wastewater and solid waste streams needed management. These waste streams have a negative environmental impact. Therefore, wastewater treatment will be important to solve the problem.
The varying amounts of generated winery wastewater, together with their composition during the winemaking process, pose a challenge for wineries when selecting suitable treatment methods. A general trend in winery wastewater treatment, where the shortcomings of many techniques are related to the variations in the organic content and volume of the wastewater.
A single operation is generally not sufficient to improve the quality of wastewater treatment for discharge into the environment. However, hydrocyclone treatment is a promising technology. Hydrocyclone treatment technology has become more popular and accepted in recent years for the treatment of many types of wastewaters, while conventionally activated sludge processes cannot. handle the composition of wastewater or fluctuations in the wastewater flow. According to our research, hydrocyclone treatment makes it easier to treat winery wastewater at lower costs