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Investigating the soundscape of the Yellow Sea: Initial insights into biophony from passive acoustic monitoring
No full text1
Development of coastal disaster prevention simulation platform beyond climate change
No full textClimate change, driven by global warming, is increasingly intensifying the frequency and severity of coastal disasters, especially in densely populated coastal regions. Rising sea levels and elevated sea surface temperatures exacerbate the impacts of typhoons, storm surges, and wave overtopping, posing critical threats to coastal infrastructure and communities. An analysis of 35 years of tide gauge data from the Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Agency (KHOA) indicates an average sea level rise of 3.06 mm/year, with regional variations of 3.46 mm/year on the east coast and 2.74 mm/year on the south coast. This cumulative rise of approximately 10.7 cm has accelerated shoreline retreat and undermined coastal stability. Hypothetical scenarios based on Typhoon Maemi (2003) reveal that under current sea-level conditions, the storm’s destructive potential would be significantly amplified, particularly along Korea’s southern coast. Intensified typhoons and wave overtopping further jeopardize marine infrastructure and exacerbate sand loss from beaches, particularly in areas with increased artificial structures, such as breakwaters. To address these risks, we propose a state-of-the-art coastal disaster prevention simulation platform. This platform integrates digital twin technology, 3D GIS, and real-time meteorological and oceanographic data to model sea-level rise, typhoon trajectories, storm surges, and coastal erosion. It also provides digital twin based decision-support tools for early warnings, disaster preparedness, and adaptive response strategies. This study highlights the necessity of a coordinated, multi-agency approach involving Korean governmental bodies (e.g., MOF, MIS) and research institutions (e.g., KIOST and NDMI). By leveraging marine big data, this platform enhances coastal resilience and facilitates sustainable management practices in the face of a rapidly changing climate.1
UNDERWATER ULRASONIC SENSORS AND DISTANCE MEASUREEMENT METHOD WITH PHYSICAL VARIABLE CHARACTERISTICS
No full text본 발명은 물리적으로 가변 가능한 수중 센서는 유전체와 피에조 세라믹과의 분리 및 결합을 통해 하나의
수중 센서를 이용하여 초근거리 및 원거리 감지 중 어느 하나를 감지할 수 있는 장치 및 장치를 이용한 감
지 방법에 관한 것이다.
구체적으로, 수중 센서는, 수중 내 물체로 방사한 초음파의 반사파를 감지하는 유전체와 피에조 세라믹의
분리 및 결합을 선택할 수 있도록 한다. 구체적으로 피에조 세라믹과 유전체의 분리를 통해 피에조 세라믹
이 자유 진동할 수 있으며, 이로 인해 수중 센서의 링 다운이 증가하여 원거리의 반사파를 감지할 수 있
다. 이와 다르게 피에조 세라믹과 유전체의 결합을 통해 유전체의 링 다운이 감소되어 근거리의 반사파를
감지할 수 있다. 즉, 유전체와 피에조 세라믹의 결합과 분리를 선택할 수 있으며, 선택된 조건에 따라 감
지하고자 하는 영역의 조건(예: 원거리 및 근거리)에 따라 감지가 이루어질 수 있다
Genome-based reclassification of the family Stappiaceae and assessment of environmental forcing with the report of two novel taxa, Flexibacterium corallicola gen. nov., sp. nov., and Nesiotobacter zosterae sp. nov., isolated from coral and seagrass
No full textTwo novel strains, MaLMAid0302T and SPO723T, isolated from coral and eelgrass, respectively, were distinguished from other Stappiaceae species based on phenotypic, biochemical, phylogenetic, and chemotaxonomic traits. Taxonomic challenges within the family Stappiaceae were addressed using a taxogenomic approach with iterative clustering, establishing an optimal average amino acid identity (AAI) threshold (71.92–72.88%) for genus delineation. This analysis led to major taxonomic revisions, including the establishment of new genera—Parapolycladidibacter, Astericibacter, Flexibacterium, Aliiroseibium, Laciiroseibium, Soliroseibium, Novilabrenzia, Litoriroseibium, and Algilabrenzia—as well as the reassignment of several species: Hongsoonwoonella albiluteola comb. nov., Parapolycladidibacter stylochi gen. nov., comb. nov., Astericibacter flavus gen. nov., comb. nov., Nesiotobacter exalbescens comb. nov., Aliiroseibium hamelinense gen. nov., comb. nov., Laciiroseibium aquae gen. nov., comb. nov., Soliroseibium sediminis gen. nov., comb. nov., Novilabrenzia suaedae gen. nov., comb. nov., Novilabrenzia litorale gen. nov., comb. nov., Litoriroseibium aestuarii gen. nov., comb. nov., Litoriroseibium limicola gen. nov., comb. nov., and Algilabrenzia polysiphoniae gen. nov., comb. nov. Given this extensive taxonomic reclassification of the family Stappiaceae, strain SPO723T (=KCCM 42324T = JCM 14066T) was classified as Nesiotobacter zosterae sp. nov., and Flexibacterium corallicola MaLMAid0302T (=KCTC 92348T = JCM 35474T) was designated as the type species of the newly established genus Flexibacterium. Close phylogenetic ties to Pseudovibrio, known for symbiosis, prompted analysis of niche-specific genetic compositions. Canonical Correspondence Analysis attributed 64% of genomic variation to phylogenetic forcing and 36% to environmental forcing. Functional adaptations included pectin and aromatic compound degradation in sediment strains, nitrogen reduction in flatworm strains, and sulfur metabolism in coral strains. The eelgrass strain exhibited dTDP-L-rhamnose synthesis, potentially aiding biofilm formation for adhesion in dynamic environments. These findings emphasize the roles of both environmental and phylogenetic forcing in shaping genomic diversity and highlight the ecological importance of the family Stappiaceae in marine habitat-associated niches.11Nsciescopu
Changes within the coral symbiosis underpin seasonal trophic plasticity in reef corals
No full textScleractinian corals are mixotrophic organisms that use both autotrophic and heterotrophic pathways to fulfill their metabolic needs. Corals span a spectrum of trophic strategies and vary in their dependence on associated algal symbionts, with certain species capable of increasing heterotrophic feeding to compensate for the loss of autotrophic nutrition. As this ability can improve the likelihood of survival following marine heat waves and environmental disturbance, the continued threat of global and local stressors necessitates the investigation of trophic plasticity to determine coral responses to changing conditions. Here, we examined trophic strategy shifts between wet (high temperature and light) and dry (low temperature and light) seasons for seven genera of scleractinian corals by applying a Bayesian statistical model to determine the isotopic niches of paired coral hosts and their symbionts. Using a novel index (Host Evaluation: Reliance on Symbionts), trophic strategy was evaluated along a continuum of mixotrophy for each season. Three genera exhibited significant trophic shifts and were more heterotrophic in the dry season, likely as a mechanism to compensate for decreased symbiont functioning under lower temperatures and irradiance during these months. The magnitude of trophic plasticity varied across genera, and this pattern was positively correlated with global distribution. Together, our findings substantiate taxonomic differences in nutritional flexibility and provide support for trophic plasticity as a distinguishing trait for understanding coral biogeography.33Yscopu
Late Neoarchean multi-stage granitoid rocks in the Dengfeng terrane, North China Craton: Petrogenesis and implications for geodynamic processes
No full textDuring the late Neoarchean era, the rise of K-rich granitoid rocks marked a significant geological event indicative of the maturation and stabilization of continental crust. These granitoids, emerging after tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) magmatism, stirred debates over the interrelations and geodynamic implications. In this study, diverse granitoid rocks were identified in the Dengfeng terrane of the North China Craton (NCC), dating as approximately 2.63–2.50 Ga. The 2.5 Ga meta-dioritic rocks exhibit elevated MgO (2.2–7.7 wt%) and Mg# (45–69). Geochemical simulation reveals sanukitoid-like pattern, featuring highly fractionated REE compositions and depleted zircon Hf isotopes (ƐHf(t) values range from +3.9 to +6.5). Apatite Nd isotopes of εNd(t) values ranging from −0.1 to 4.69. Meta-dioritic rocks were interpreted to be formed by partial melting of a depleted mantle source influenced by subducted slab-derived fluids. The TTG gneiss (2.63–2.52 Ga) exhibit mildly fractionated REE patterns, weakly positive Eu anomalies, lack of magmatic fractionation evidence, and high (La/Yb)N (6.94–114.9) and Sr/Y (28.6–294) ratios, indicating their formation derived from partial melting of pre-existing low-K mafic crust. The K-rich granitoids (2.56 Ga) are characterized by high K2O/Na2O ratios (0.67–1.89), low MgO content and Mg# (< 1.2 wt% and < 55, respectively). A chain of evidence including geochemical modeling, constant aluminum saturation index (ASI) values of 1.00–1.35, and zircon εHf(t) values ranging from +8.2 to +11.2 suggest their derivation through partial melting of tonalitic rocks. Further analysis suggests that the source for K-rich granitoids are enriched by subducted slab melts or metasedimentary rocks at various crustal depths. In terms of petrogenesis, late Neoarchean granitoid magmatism in Dengfeng terrane likely relates to subduction and accretionary orogeny. Archean active continental margins are vital for early crustal maturation and granitoid diversification during subduction and collision.11Nsciescopu
The proper role of the doctrine of incidental questions in international adjudication
No full textThe doctrine of incidental questions functions to bring issues or norms within the purview of international courts and tribunals, even when such issues or norms may appear to lie beyond the scope of the parties’ consent to jurisdiction. Accordingly, there is a clear need to consider the contours and proper role of this important judicial doctrine. The following paper seeks to do exactly that by making two principal claims. The first is that the role of the doctrine of incidental question is one which is residual. Second, even when resort to this doctrine is necessary, because the international court may otherwise be frustrated in the fulfilment of its function, there exist two constitutive requirements in the doctrine which limit its scope, namely those of necessity and ancillarity.11Nssciscopu
A Legal and Policy Study on the Safety of Submersible Research and Developmen
No full text잠수선은 수중 환경이라는 위험과 복잡함이 높은 영역에서 운용되는 것이고, 일반적 인 건조뿐만 아니라 연구개발의 경우에도 초기 단계부터 안전 확보가 매우 중요하다. 본 연구는 잠수선(특히 유인 잠수정)의 연구개발 과정에서 적용될 수 있는 법제도를 식 별하고, 그 쟁점을 도출하며, 나아가 정책적 개선방안을 제시하고자 한다.
이를 위하여 ｢연구실 안전환경 조성에 관한 법률｣, ｢산업안전보건법｣, ｢선박안전법｣ 의 내용과 적용범위를 검토하고, 잠수선 연구개발 안전을 둘러싼 법정책적 개선방안을 도출하였다. 특히 연구실 안전과 산업 안전 법제의 적용 경계를 확인하고, ｢선박안전법｣ 과 ｢잠수선 기준｣의 적용 여부 및 기술적 요건을 분석함으로써, 실험실 수준을 넘어 해 양 실험 단계까지 아우르는 통합적 안전 관리 체계의 필요성을 확인하였다. 고위험 연 구개발에 관한 법적 정책적 개선방안을 제시하고, 나아가 잠수선 자체 안전에 관한 기 술기준 관련 규제 개선 및 잠수선 운항 해역 안전 체계 개선방안을 제시하였다.22Nkc
Seasonal Variations in Bacteria-Bacteriophage ecological association in the Coastal Ecosystem of Temperate region
No full textBacteriophages are the most abundant biological entities in marine environments and play a crucial role in regulating bacterial communities. To explore the ecological interactions and diversity of bacteria and bacteriophages in the southern coastal ecosystem of South Korea, specifically the Tongyeong coast, seawater samples were collected monthly at three different depths (0 m, 15 m, and 30 m) across 76 sampling events with environmental parameters. Bacterial communities were analyzed using 16S rDNA metabarcoding, while bacteriophage communities were investigated through metagenomic sequencing. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis revealed similar clustering patterns among environmental factors, bacterial communities, and bacteriophages. The composition of each community showed no significant differences across depths but was divided into two distinct seasonal groups: Group I, observed in March, April, and May (cold season), and Group II, observed during the remaining months (warm season). Bacterial communities exhibited a composition influenced by temperature, with an increase in Gammaproteobacteria under warmer conditions, while Alphaproteobacteria and Flavobacteriia became more prevalent in colder waters. The bacteriophage community was primarily composed of Unclassified phages (Caudoviricetes) and Autographiviridae, with an increased prevalence of Zobellviridae during colder months. The most abundant bacteriophage species included Peniceispirillum phage HMO-2011, Lentibacter phage vB_LenP_ICBM2 (Zobellviridae), and Pelagibacter phage HTVC010P. Spearman correlation analysis was performed on taxa with a relative abundance of ≥0.5%, revealing significant correlations among 23 bacterial species and 41 bacteriophage species. The lytic-to-lysogenic life cycles of bacteriophages are crucial from an ecological infection perspective. Their changes in lysogenic life decreased from 12.2% in Group I (cold season) to 6.7% in Group II (warm season). Thus, the co-occurrence patterns observed between bacteria and bacteriophages in this study provide new insights into their ecological relationships in the temperate coastal environment.2
Distribution of 137Cs in the East Sea and Coastal Water off Southern Korea Peninsula in 2024
No full textThis study investigates the vertical and horizontal distribution of the artificial radionuclide, cesium137 (137Cs, half–life: 30.17 year), in seawater of the Korean seas (the East Sea and the coastal water off southern part of Korean Peninsula) immediately after the Fukushima wastewater release in 2024. In the East Sea surface,137Cs activities ranged from 0.88–1.55 mBq kg-1 (average: 1.19 ± 0.27 mBq kg-1, n = 8). The activity was highest at the surface and decreased with depth, reaching values below the minimum detectable activity (MDA) 2,000 m.137Cs activities in the surface off southern Korean sea, ranged from 1.38–2.24 mBq kg-1 (average: 1.68 ± 0.34 mBq kg-1, n = 5), with slightly higher activities in the surface compared to those in deeper water. The temporal variation in137Cs activities in both regions showed an overall exponential decrease of137Cs since the 2000s, except for the few years after the Fukushima accident (in March 2011). Based on this trend, effective environmental residence time (ζEF) of137Cs in the mixed layer depth of the East Sea was estimated to be 20.5 ± 6.6 years. The oceanic residence time (ζOC) was calculated to be 64.0 ± 0.8 years. According to the137Cs mass balance in the East Sea (based on the balance between atmospheric input and vertical mixing), the downward flux of137Cs from mixed layer to the deep–water (1,350 –2,000 m) were calculated to be 1.87–1.89 Bq m-2 yr-1 with oceanic residence time of 50.0–50.6 yrs. © 2025 Ocean and Polar Research.33Nscopuskc