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Corriger la ponctuation ou faire expliciter les connexions : enjeux d'une pause métalinguistique en production d'écrit
No full textInternational audienceFor a student, it is one thing to observe the punctuation of texts, another is to make choices during the writing process. These choices may deviate from normative expectations and yet participate, along with other linguistic elements, in the structuring of a text in the making. How can the teacher rely on these cues to allow students to clarify connections before rewriting ? From the analysis of intermediate texts collected from 1st grade to high school, we will try to show the forms that this metalinguistic reflection can take.Pour un élève, une chose est d’observer la ponctuation des textes, une autre est de faire des choix au cours du processus d’écriture. Ceux-ci peuvent s’écarter des attentes normatives et toutefois participer, avec d’autres éléments linguistiques, à la structuration d’un texte en devenir. Comment l’enseignant peut-il s’appuyer sur ces indices pour permettre aux élèves d’expliciter les connexions avant une réécriture ? A partir de l’analyse de textes intermédiaires recueillis du CP au lycée, nous essaierons de montrer les formes que peut prendre cette réflexion métalinguistique
Antimicrobial agents and microbial ecology
No full textInternational audienceAntimicrobials are therapeutic substances used to prevent or treat infections. Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents applied to non-living surfaces. Every year, several thousand tonnes of antimicrobials and their by-products are released into the environment and in particular into the aquatic environment. This type of xenobiotic has ecological consequences in the natural environment but also in technological environments such as wastewater treatment plants and methane fermentation sewage sludge treatment plants. The constant exposure of microbial communities not only to high concentrations but also to sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics is a key element in the development of antibiotic resistance in aquatic environments and in soils. The future of antimicrobials lies in the development of biosourced or bioinspired molecules. The observation and deciphering of interactions between living organisms is the key to this development
One Versus all for deep Neural Network Incertitude (OVNNI) quantification
No full textInternational audienceDeep neural networks (DNNs) are powerful learning models yet their results are not always reliable. This is due to the fact that modern DNNs are usually uncalibrated and we cannot characterize their epistemic uncertainty. In this work, we propose a new technique to quantify the epistemic uncertainty of data easily. This method consists in mixing the predictions of an ensemble of DNNs trained to classify One class vs All the other classes (OVA) with predictions from a standard DNN trained to perform All vs All (AVA) classification. On the one hand, the adjustment provided by the AVA DNN to the score of the base classifiers allows for a more fine-grained inter-class separation. On the other hand, the two types of classifiers enforce mutually their detection of out-of-distribution (OOD) samples, circumventing entirely the requirement of using such samples during training. Our method achieves state of the art performance in quantifying OOD data across multiple datasets and architectures while requiring little hyper-parameter tuning
Tamilischer Kulturnationalismus. Ideologie und Identität im Wandel am Beispiel von Karunanidhis Drama Kalaiñarin Cilappatikāram. Nāṭakak Kāppiyam
No full textFür Mu. Karunanidhi, Politiker, Schriftsteller und Drehbuchautor, ist das berühmte Tamil-Epos Cilappatikāram nicht nur Teil eines literarischen Kanons, der die Antiquität, den Reichtum und die Eigenständigkeit der tamilischen Sprache illustriert, sondern Zeugnis der einzigartigen Geschichte und Kultur der Tamilen und Abbild einer idealen, prä-arischen Zivilisation. Die vorliegende Arbeit beleuchtet Karunanidhis Neu-interpretation des Epos als Bestandteil eines Netzwerks identitätsstiftender Propaganda-mittel im Kontext der sozio-kulturellen und politischen Diskurse zur Zeit der aufstreben-den DMK. Im Rahmen der Analyse werden sowohl die Einflüsse zentraler Akteure der Drawiden-Bewegung aufgezeigt als auch Karunanidhis Geschick, einen massen-wirksamen Kulturstolz zu etablieren und seine eigene politische Macht zu stabilisieren. Sein Drama kann hierbei als exemplarisch für die Verquickung von Kunst, Kultur und Politik erachtet werden. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, die ideologischen Aspekte der diversen Abweichungen vom Original-Epos zu erörtern und die Mehrdimensionalität der Dis-kurse jener Zeit zu diskutieren, die in Karunanidhis Drama reflektiert werden. Die Be-trachtung der Neuinterpretation des Cilappatikāram im Spiegel der dynamischen Text-Kontext-Beziehung verdeutlicht, dass keine kohärente Ideologie der Drawiden-Bewegung abstrahiert werden kann, sondern illustriert vielmehr deren Wandel anhand zahlreicher inhärenter Diskontinuitäten, Ambivalenzen und Aushandlungsprozesse
Sri Lanka looks back to India
No full textGeopolitical competition is increasing everywhere, and the Indian Ocean is no exception. One of the most significant causes of this phenomenon is the Chinese-driven Belt- and Road Initiative (BRI). In its quest to challenge the economic, political, and military supremacy of Western liberal democracies and their like-minded partners in Asia, Beijing started using major transcontinental development schemes to enhance its sphere of influence. Particularly autocratic regimes tend to join China’s BRI, forming a ‘quasi-alliance’ network. However, in recent years indications emerged that autocratic elites known to be closely embedded in the BRI are facing mounting domestic political pressure due to looming economic and financial crisis situations. This SADF Focus will shed light on the case of the currently ruling Rajapaksa dynasty in Sri Lanka. China’s involvement and considerable impacts on the country’s economy since the 2000s are well documented. The island must be regarded not only as the first major destination for Chinese Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), based on geostrategic considerations, but also as a focal point for Beijing’s international financial development assistance, long before the launch of the BRI. Yet today, Colombo is undergoing a foreign policy transformation, giving more importance to its relations with New Delhi than in the past. Observers are stating that the latter would be conducted at the expense of Chinese influence in the island. This Focus argues that the apparently changing patterns of relations between Sri Lanka and China might hint at a larger transformation within Beijing’s quasi-alliance system of “willing autocrats”
The end for Khan?
No full textPakistan is witnessing a most severe political crisis, as the government is strongly challenged by both state and society. It is not the first time that Imran Khan, as Pakistan’s Prime Minister (PM), is facing severe criticisms; it is not the first time that a wide array of oppositional forces gather to demand his resignation. Short-lived and unstable governments, the army’s and secret service’s dominant role in the country’s decision-making, and a growing leverage by Islamist forces within the institutional-administrative structure are most noteworthy characteristics of Pakistan’s political arena. In fact, the ousting of successive ruling administrations ‘is as old as Pakistan itself’. According to observers, almost all political and religious parties were involved in the toppling of governments in the past. PM Khan, too, faces frequent pressure from the opposition, Islamist clerics, and other domestic socio-political actors. […
PROPAGATION OF SINGULARITIES ON AdS SPACETIMES FOR GENERAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS AND THE HOLOGRAPHIC HADAMARD CONDITION
No full textInternational audienceWe consider the Klein–Gordon equation on asymptotically anti-de-Sitter spacetimes subject to Neumann or Robin (or Dirichlet) boundary conditions and prove propagation of singularities along generalized broken bicharacteristics. The result is formulated in terms of conormal regularity relative to a twisted Sobolev space. We use this to show the uniqueness, modulo regularizing terms, of parametrices with prescribed -wavefront set. Furthermore, in the context of quantum fields, we show a similar result for two-point functions satisfying a holographic Hadamard condition on the -wavefront set
Approches sémiotiques en didactique des sciences
No full textInternational audience"Approches sémiotiques en didactique des sciences" rassemble des contributions issues de travaux de recherche en didactique engageant des disciplines variées comme les mathématiques, la chimie, la physique et la géographie, qui mobilisent des supports sémiotiques de différentes natures. Il propose des clés pour saisir, voire réduire une part des incompréhensions qui peuvent s’installer entre un locuteur et un récepteur dans des situations d’enseignement scientifique
Discrete Time-Crystalline Response Stabilized by Domain-Wall Confinement
No full textInternational audienceDiscrete time crystals represent a paradigmatic nonequilibrium phase of periodically driven matter. Protecting its emergent spatiotemporal order necessitates a mechanism that hinders the spreading of defects, such as localization of domain walls in disordered quantum spin chains. In this work, we establish the effectiveness of a different mechanism arising in clean spin chains: the confinement of domain walls into “mesonic” bound states. We consider translationally invariant quantum Ising chains periodically kicked at arbitrary frequency, and we discuss two possible routes to domain-wall confinement: longitudinal fields and interactions beyond nearest neighbors. We study the impact of confinement on the order-parameter evolution by constructing domain-wall-conserving effective Hamiltonians and analyzing the resulting dynamics of domain walls. On the one hand, we show that for arbitrary driving frequency, the symmetry-breaking-induced confining potential gets effectively averaged out by the drive, leading to deconfined dynamics. On the other hand, we rigorously prove that increasing the range R of spin-spin interactions Ji,j beyond nearest neighbors enhances the order-parameter lifetime exponentially in R. Our theory predictions are corroborated by a combination of exact and matrix-product-state simulations for finite and infinite chains, respectively. The long-lived stability of spatiotemporal order identified in this work does not rely on Floquet prethermalization nor on eigenstate order, but rather on the nonperturbative origin of vacuum-decay processes. We point out the experimental relevance of this new mechanism for stabilizing a long-lived time-crystalline response in Rydberg-dressed spin chains