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IN, THROUGH, WITH et l'expression de la causalité en anglais contemporain Un exemple d'application des concepts de la TOPÉ
No full textInternational audienceThis paper aims at describing the similarities between IN, THROUGH and WITH as causal prepositions making use of Culioli’s concepts of occurrence, notion and locating operations (1999). (1) and (2) illustrate the specific contexts we will deal with :(1) He raised his eyebrows in/with surprise and softly sang the words of the song.(2) [...] their voices would automatically grow louder through surprise and excitement. In both examples IN, THROUGH and WITH introduce the word surprise. This paper will examine utterances in which the preposition is followed by a compact (mass) noun refering to a temporary mental state, i.e. an emotion.More accurately, our goal is to analyse the subtle semantic differences between these markers and to understand and predict the scope of their synonymy. The concepts of occurrence and locating operations in particular will help us describe the way each preposition functions. We will conclude, for example, that the locating operation involved with IN (identification) is not the same as the one involved with WITH (differentiation), and that the status of the located occurrence is different depending on the marker. This is what gives rise to the semantic difference between (3) and (4).(3) Managers can also be what [inaudible] referred to as ‘stress carriers’, causing stress for those around them, for example by being ‘the lovable incompetent boss who sets objectives, then changes his mind, or the flip-side of that, the dictator boss who rules with fear’.(4) Gordon Brown “I ruled in fear” he says more than once.By involving distinct locating operations, IN, THROUGH and WITH construct causality differently, hence the specifi semantic profile of each marker, for example the fact that with THROUGH, the locator is construed as infelicitous.We will show that IN, THROUGH and WITH can be seen as the traces of two locating operations – identification and differenciation – that proceed differently with each marker regarding the stages of the operation and the orientation of the relationship between the locator and the located entities. The major advantage of invoking Culioli’s concepts is to allow metalinguistic comparison between the markers.Le présent article met en œuvre les concepts d’occurrence de notion et d’opération de repérage tels qu’ils sont définis par Antoine Cuiloli (1999) dans le but de rendre compte des similitudes d’emploi entre les marqueurs IN, THROUGH et WITH dans l’expression linguistique de la cause. L’emploi qui nous intéresse est illustré par les exemples (1) et (2) :(1) He raised his eyebrows in/with surprise and softly sang the words of the song.(2) [...] their voices would automatically grow louder through surprise and excitement.Dans ces deux exemples, les prépositions IN, THROUGH et WITH ont pour régime surprise. Les contextes retenus pour examen ici seront les cas dans lesquels le régime de la préposition est un terme compact renvoyant à un état mental temporaire. Cet article a pour objectif de rendre compte de nuances sémantiques fines entre IN, THROUGH et WITH et des limites à leur concurrence dans l’emploi causal décrit ci-dessus au moyen des concepts d’occurrence et d’opération de repérage. Ainsi, on pourra expliquer la concurrence existant entre IN et WITH en (1) et la non équivalence de ces marqueurs en (3) et (4) en montrant que l’orientation de l’opération de repérage n’est pas la même avec ces deux marqueurs, et que l’identité du terme repéré diffère également.(3) Managers can also be what [inaudible] referred to as ‘stress carriers’, causing stress for those around them, for example by being ‘the lovable incompetent boss who sets objectives, then changes his mind, or the flip-side of that, the dictator boss who rules with fear’.(4) Gordon Brown “I ruled in fear” he says more than once.On montrera aussi les limites des similitudes entre IN, THROUGH et WITH, en expliquant dans quelle mesure (5) et (6) ne sont pas équivalents :(5) […] Gibbs' Arsenal team-mate Jack Wilshere withdrew through fear of exhaustion.(6) […] Iraqi police withdrew in fear of his well-organised and heavily armed fighters.La nature des opérations de repérage entre les occurrences par IN, THROUGH ou WITH génère des modes de construction de la relation causale différents, à même d’expliquer pourquoi, par exemple, le terme repère prend presque toujours une valeur anti-téléonomique avec THROUGH.Nous montrerons que les marqueurs IN, THROUGH et WITH mettent en jeu des opérations de repérage du type de l’identification et/ou de la différenciation, mais avec des articulations distinctes de la mise en relation des délimitations de ces occurrences, des étapes différentes dans le repérage et des orientations contraires de la relation. L’avantage de la représentation au moyen des outils de la TOPE est que ces opérations comparables rendent compte de la capacité des marqueurs à intervenir avec des sens proches dans certains contextes en même temps qu’elle offre le moyen de rendre compte des limites de leur interchangeabilité
WEAK UNIVERSALITY RESULTS FOR A CLASS OF NONLINEAR WAVE EQUATIONS
No full textWe study the weak universality of the two-dimensional fractional nonlinear wave equation. For a sequence of Hamiltonians of high-degree potentials scaling to the fractional Φ 4 2 , we first establish a sufficient and almost necessary criteria for the convergence of invariant measures to the fractional Φ 4 2. Then we prove the convergence result for the sequence of associated wave dynamics to the (renormalized) cubic wave equation. Our constraint on the fractional index is independent of the degree of the nonlinearity. This extends the result of Gubinelli-Koch-Oh [Renormalisation of the two-dimensional stochastic nonlinear wave equations, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 370 (2018)] to a situation where we do not have a local Cauchy theory with highly supercritical nonlinearities
L’apprentissage du graphisme en extérieur à l’école maternelle
No full textDepuis 2015, l’apprentissage du graphisme en maternelle est rattaché au domaine « Agir, comprendre, s’exprimer à travers les activités artistiques » pour éviter toute confusion avec les règles de l’écrit. Cependant, des résistances persistent dans les méthodes éducatives. De nombreux enseignants, de la maternelle à l’université, rattachent encore l’apprentissage du graphisme à l’apprentissage de l’écrit, éliminant toute part de liberté recherchée dans les procédures et les tracés des élèves. Pour résoudre ce problème, il est nécessaire de trouver de nouveaux leviers pour s’aligner à la modification des programmes. L’enseignement dehors pourrait en être un, au regard des intérêts que présente cette nouvelle pédagogie d’après de récentes études
La prévention spécialisée 2.0 : quels enjeux, pour quelles pratiques ?
No full textInternational audienc
Identifying barriers for nature-based solutions in flood risk management: An interdisciplinary overview using expert community approach
No full textInternational audienceThe major event that hit Europe in summer 2021 reminds society that floods are recurrent and among the costliest and deadliest natural hazards. The long-term flood risk management (FRM) efforts preferring sole technical measures to prevent and mitigate floods have shown to be not sufficiently effective and sensitive to the environment. Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) mark a recent paradigm shift of FRM towards solutions that use nature-derived features, processes and management options to improve water retention and mitigate floods. Yet, the empirical evidence on the effects of NBS across various settings remains fragmented and their implementation faces a series of institutional barriers. In this paper, we adopt a community expert perspective drawing upon LAND4FLOOD Natural flood retention on private land network (https://www.land4flood.eu) in order to identify a set of barriers and their cascading and compound interactions relevant to individual NBS. The experts identified a comprehensive set of 17 barriers affecting the implementation of 12 groups of NBS in both urban and rural settings in five European regional environmental domains (i.e., Boreal, Atlantic, Continental, Alpine-Carpathian, and Mediterranean). Based on the results, we define avenues for further research, connecting hydrology and soil science, on the one hand, and land use planning, social geography and economics, on the other. Our suggestions ultimately call for a transdisciplinary turn in the research of NBS in FRM
L'agrégation de l'insuline commence aux interfaces triples dynamiques, provenant de l'agitation de la solution.
No full textInternational audienceThe consequences of agitation on protein stability are particularly relevant to therapeutic proteins. However, the precise contribution of the different effects induced by agitation in pathways leading to protein denaturation and aggregation at interfaces is not entirely understood. In particular, the contribution of a moving triple line, induced by the sweeping of a solution meniscus on a container wall upon agitation, has only been rarely assessed. In this article, we therefore designed experimental setups to analyze how mixing, shear stress, and dynamic triple interfaces influence insulin aggregation in physiological conditions. This has been achieved by controlling agitation speed, shear stress, and the extension of triple interfaces in order to shed light on the contribution of different agitation-induced effects on insulin aggregation in physiological conditions. We demonstrate that strong agitation is necessary for the onset of insulin aggregation, while the growth of the aggregates is sustained even under weak agitation. Kinetic insulin aggregation studies in conditions of intermittent wetting show that the aggregation rate correlates with the amount of dynamic triple interfaces that the proteins are exposed to. Finally, we demonstrate that the triple line, where the protein solution, the air, and a hydrophobic surface meet constitutes a preferential early aggregation site.Les conséquences de l'agitation sur la stabilité des protéines sont particulièrement importantes pour les protéines thérapeutiques. Cependant, la contribution précise des différents effets induits par l'agitation dans les voies menant à la dénaturation et à l'agrégation des protéines aux interfaces n'est pas entièrement comprise. En particulier, la contribution d'une ligne triple en mouvement, induite par le balayage d'un ménisque de solution sur la paroi d'un récipient lors de l'agitation, n'a été que rarement évaluée. Dans cet article, nous avons donc conçu des montages expérimentaux pour analyser comment le mélange, la contrainte de cisaillement et les interfaces triples dynamiques influencent l'agrégation de l'insuline dans des conditions physiologiques. Pour ce faire, nous avons contrôlé la vitesse d'agitation, la contrainte de cisaillement et l'extension des interfaces triples afin de mettre en lumière la contribution des différents effets induits par l'agitation sur l'agrégation de l'insuline dans des conditions physiologiques. Nous démontrons qu'une forte agitation est nécessaire pour le début de l'agrégation de l'insuline, tandis que la croissance des agrégats est soutenue même sous une faible agitation. Des études cinétiques d'agrégation de l'insuline dans des conditions de mouillage intermittent montrent que le taux d'agrégation est corrélé à la quantité d'interfaces triples dynamiques auxquelles les protéines sont exposées. Enfin, nous démontrons que la ligne triple, où la solution de protéine, l'air et une surface hydrophobe se rencontrent, constitue un site préférentiel d'agrégation précoce
The science case and challenges of space-borne sub-millimeter interferometry
No full textInternational audienceUltra-high angular resolution in astronomy has always been an important vehicle for making fundamental discoveries. Recent results in direct imaging of the vicinity of the supermassive black hole in the nucleus of the radio galaxy M87 by the millimeter VLBI system Event Horizon Telescope and various pioneering results of the Space VLBI mission RadioAstron provided new momentum in high angular resolution astrophysics. In both mentioned cases, the angular resolution reached the values of about 10-20 microrcseconds. Further developments toward at least an order of magnitude "sharper" values are dictated by the needs of astrophysical studies and can only be achieved by placing millimeter and submillimeter wavelength interferometric systems in space. A concept of such the system, called Terahertz Exploration and Zooming-in for Astrophysics (THEZA), has been proposed in the framework of the ESA Call for White Papers for the Voayage 2050 long term plan in 2019. In the current paper we discuss several approaches for addressing technological challenges of the THEZA concept. In particular, we consider a novel configuration of a space-borne millimeter/sub-millimeter antenna which might resolve several bottlenecks in creating large precise mechanical structures. The paper also presents an overview of prospective space-qualified technologies of low-noise analogue front-end instrumentation for millimeter/sub-millimeter telescopes, data handling and processing. The paper briefly discusses approaches to the interferometric baseline state vector determination and synchronisation and heterodyning system. In combination with the original ESA Voyage 2050 White Paper, the current work sharpens the case for the next generation microarcsceond-level imaging instruments and provides starting points for further in-depth technology trade-off studies