HAL-EPHE's Open Archive (Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes
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Le renouveau du sauvage : faire, refaire, laisser-faire le sauvage dans nos territoires
No full textInternational audienceCet article propose une restitution du colloque « Le renouveau du sauvage » tenu au château de Cerisy du 26 juin au 2 juillet 2023, axé sur la cohabitation avec le sauvage et ses impacts sur la société. Le colloque a favorisé les échanges entre disciplines variées et acteurs de terrain (écologistes, géographes, historiens, philosophes, sociologues, naturalistes, gestionnaires d’espaces protégés, etc.). En parallèle, des interactions ont eu lieu avec le colloque « Que peut la littérature pour les vivants ? ». Cet article montre l’intérêt du dialogue entre sciences écologiques et humanités environnementales, révélant la diversité de la remise en question de l’anthropocentrisme. Il souligne également le rôle de la littérature et des arts dans la réesthétisation du monde malgré l’épuisement des récits. Le réensauvagement se décline sous diverses formes interrogées par la transition écologiqu
The Triumph of Dionysus and Heracles on a Gold Tray from Datong (Pingcheng,capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, 398-494 CE)
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Complement activation drives a compartmentalized innate immune response in C3 glomerulopathy contributing to the disease phenotype
No full textInternational audienceIntroduction: C3 glomerulopathy is a rare kidney disease resulting from dysregulation of the complement alternative pathway. The mechanistic diversity of alternative pathway activation, the heterogeneous immunological and clinical profiles limit a comprehensive understanding of the disease.Methods: Here, we characterize mechanisms of complement-mediated immune response within the kidney. We studied a retrospective cohort of 47 patients diagnosed with C3 glomerulopathy and profiled systemic and intra-kidney complement activation and characterized intra-kidney immune infiltrates.Results: The immune infiltrate of the kidney showed distinct compositions between the glomerular and interstitial compartments, with most neutrophils and macrophages in the glomeruli versus a majority of B and T lymphocytes and macrophages in the interstitium. The presence of a neutrophil-rich glomerular infiltrate appeared to be associated with stronger markers of complement activation in both systemic and intra-kidney compartments. However, interstitial immune infiltrates were not associated with a specific complement activation profile. The presence of a neutrophil-rich glomerular infiltrate correlated with a better response of the kidney to treatment and kidney survival, while patients with higher interstitial infiltrate had poor kidney survival.Conclusion: Our study highlights a link between the intra-kidney immune response, complement activation profile, and the phenotypic expression of the disease, which contributes to improving our understanding of the disease
Contacts et conflits en Méditerranée (VIe-XIIIe siècle) ; Société, Église et pouvoir politique dans l'Occident médiéval (XIe-XVe siècle)
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Predictive validity of cognitive abilities for air traffic controllers selection among proficient scientific candidates
No full textInternational audienceMost air traffic controllers (ATCO) are selected after high school graduation, partly based on cognitive abilities. On the contrary, French ATCO are selected after an intensive scientific post-secondary program without undergoing cognitive assessment. This study examines the potential incremental validity of cognitive predictors in ATCO training for such proficient applicants. Initial and unit training results were available for 414 and 277 ATCO students, respectively. All students took cognitive ability tests, encompassing visuospatial processing, quantitative knowledge, and work samples. We compared a baseline regression model with academic performance as sole predictor to an extended model with the addition of the cognitive abilities composite score. The R2 of the extended model increased significantly, by 0.04 (p < .001) and 0.06 (p < .001), respectively, for predicting practical initial and unit training outcome. In conclusion, even for scientific proficient candidates, cognitive assessment can enhance the success rate of ATCO training
Situations de vulnérabilités en contexte plurilingue dans les espaces francophones
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Access to agricultural lands influences the effects of seasonal drought on early growth and juvenile body mass in a large herbivore
No full textInternational audienceIncreasing rainfall deficits threaten the persistence of terrestrial large herbivores, yet, very few studies have investigated the effects of droughts on populations inhabiting anthropized areas, which dominate European landscapes. We investigated how rainfall deficits (measured using the Standardized Precipitation Index, SPI) and local agricultural land use shaped the early growth of fawns and the body mass that they attained by their first winter in a population of European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in southwestern France. Using data on 155 new-born fawns, we found that early growth decreased as local woodland availability increased, irrespective of spring rainfall conditions. In contrast, based on data from 218 GPS-monitored juveniles, aged 8-10 months, we found that local landscape composition and seasonal rainfall deficits had interacting effects on winter body mass. The juveniles were generally heavier with higher proportions of meadows in their predicted home range (mean 0.4 kg +/- 0.2 SE), but this difference disappeared following dry summers (SPI < 1). Juveniles with low access to summer crops (e.g., 5%) were significantly lighter following dry autumns (mean -0.9 kg +/- 0.3 SE), whereas this was not the case for those with higher access to these crops (e.g., 20%). Although populations of large herbivores may respond to harsh climatic conditions by exploiting anthropogenic resources, our results suggest that any compensation effects are strongly dependent on the type of anthropogenic land use and the timing of rainfall deficits, calling for explicitly considering how local climatic conditions and human practices may interact in shaping individual performance and, so, population dynamics
Digging deeper: deep joint species distribution modeling reveals environmental drivers of Earthworm Communities
No full textInternational audienceEarthworms are key drivers of soil function, influencing organic matter turnover, nutrient cycling, and soil structure. Understanding the environmental controls on their distribution is essential for predicting the impacts of land use and climate change on soil ecosystems. While local studies have identified abiotic drivers of earthworm communities, broad-scale spatial patterns remain underexplored. We developed a multi-species, multi-task deep learning model to jointly predict the distribution of 77 earthworm species across metropolitan France, using historical (1960–1970) and contemporary (1990–2020) records. The model integrates climate, soil, and land cover variables to estimate habitat suitability. We applied SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) to identify key environmental drivers and used species clustering to reveal ecological response groups. The joint model achieved high predictive performance (TSS >0.7) and improved predictions for rare species compared to traditional species distribution models. Shared feature extraction across species allowed for more robust identification of common and contrasting environmental responses. Precipitation variability, temperature seasonality, and land cover emerged as dominant predictors of earthworm distribution but differed in ranking across species and functional groups. Species clustering into response groups to climatic, land use and soil revealed distinct ecological strategies including a gradient of sensitivity to precipitation seasonality, differential habitat preferences in terms of vegetation cover and wetness and trade-offs between soil acidity and organic matter quality. Our study advances both the methodological and ecological understanding of soil biodiversity. We demonstrate the utility of interpretable deep learning approaches for large-scale soil fauna modeling and provide new insights into earthworm habitat specialization. These findings highlight land cover and seasonal climate variability as efficient proxies for soil biodiversity, providing actionable indicators for global monitoring initiatives and helping to identify habitat requirements of earthworm species to guide emerging earthworm conservation strategies in the face of global environmental change
Toxicity by contact of Bordeaux mixture but no behavioral responses of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma cordubensis
No full textInternational audienceThe increasing use of pesticides is recognized as a threat to pest natural enemies. We investigated the effects of Bordeaux mixture, a fungicide widely used in viticulture, on Trichogramma cordubensis, a biological control agent used against the major vineyard pest Lobesia botrana. The lethal and sublethal effects of 20 g.L -1 Bordeaux mixture on T. cordubensis were studied. To assess the potential persistence of Bordeaux mixture, each experiment was conducted at four different time scales after pesticide application. A first experiment aimed to assess the effects of surface contaminations to Bordeaux mixture on the longevity of T. cordubensis, which was reduced by 26 % when exposed to the fungicide. A second experiment aimed to assess the oviposition dynamics of T. cordubensis during the three first days after its emergence in contaminated or unexposed environments. No differences in oviposition were observed when T. cordubensis was exposed to Bordeaux mixture. A third experiment aimed to assess the oviposition choices of T. cordubensis between hosts on either contaminated or unexposed surfaces. No evidence of an oviposition deterrence was detected. Overall, surface contact with Bordeaux mixture was found harmless on T. cordubensis life parameters. Time after fungicide applications did not differently impact our results on longevity and behavior. However, time after both control and pesticide applications may have led to altered micro-environmental conditions affecting T. cordubensis' development. This study suggests that T. cordubensis inability to discriminate against a copper contaminated environment is a crucial factor in enhancing its effectiveness as a biological control agent