International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences
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Pharmacognostic, physiochemical and Phytochemical Profile of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. and Alpinia calcarata Roscoe
Get PDFAlpinia galanga and Alpinia calcarata (Zingiberaceae), are rare, fast disappearing, threatened species and well known ayurvedic herbs and are used as medicine due to anti-bronchitis, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancerous, anti-cough, anti-diabetic and anti-bacterial properties. The aim of present study was to gather information for the systematic identification and authentication of these valuable species as per WHO guidelines. Powdered leaves of A.calcarata showed high alcohol soluble extractive value, high moisture content, total ash value than rhizome powder and contrary in A.galanga. On the basis of fluorescence analysis rhizomes of these species carry more active ingredients chiefly used for therapeutical purposes. The presences of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids etc. were confirmed during preliminary phytochemical screening. The pharmacognostic characters obtained in the present investigation might be useful in drug industry for the identification, authentication and quality of commercial samples supplied by suppliers and will be very useful in designing the monograph on these drugs in the Indian Pharmacopoeia.
 
Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and Invitro Anti–viral Activity of Ethanolic extract of Whole plant of Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers against Hepatitis-A Virus
Get PDFHerbal product design refers to the process of developing, standardizing, processing, and validating an herbal product for the market. Hepatitis A is an infectious disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). There are no specific medicines to cure infection with hepatitis A. Hence, there is a need for the development of less toxic, more efficacious and cost-effective antiviral agents. The present work highlighted the invitro anti–viral activity of ethanolic extract of whole plant of Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers against HAV. Ethanolic extract of the selected plant was prepared by soxhlet apparatus and rotavap. For the antiviral screening against HAV, toxicological effect of selected plant extract was determined through MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) cell proliferation assay using Huh-7 cell lines. The standard used is Camptothecin (CPT) at 25µG concentration. Plant extract was tested at 3.125 μg/mL, 6.25μg/mL,12.5μg/mL, 25 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL concentrations. The cell morphology was observed and recorded under microscope. The results clearly indicated the selected plant extract shows a dose dependent activity and it was maximum at 50 μg/mL concentration where it shows only 56.24% of virus viability and it was comparable to standard drug where it shows 43.01% of viability. Phytochemical screening of selected plant extract reveals the presence of different secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoides, tannins, resins, steroids. Presence of these compounds in alone or combination might be responsible for the observed antiviral activity.
 
Isolation and characterization of bacteria associated with dental caries with special reference to their etiologic potential
Get PDFThe dental caries is a significant public health problem affecting a number of children and adults throughout the globe. However, the prevalence of dental caries is increasing with increasing consumption of dietary sugar but several factors other than sugar are suggested for the etiology of dental caries including involvement of microorganisms and host factors. The microbes involved in dental caries convert dietary sugar into acid which lead to demineralization of tooth enamel and ultimately results in development of dental caries. The mutans streptococci including S. mutans are suggested to be involved in the etiology of dental caries. Under certain circumstances dental caries can develop even in the absence of these organisms. Due to the disparity in the etiology of this disease, we designed the study to isolate microbes from dental caries and compared them with microbes isolated from healthy individuals. The results revealed that although mutans streptococci is a major contributor in the etiology of dental caries, but some other non-mutans organisms can also contribute to dental caries etiology. The results suggest that proper consideration for removal of non mutans cariogenic bacteria should be given in addition to removal of mutans streptococci for management of dental caries. The results also suggest that some future studies focusing on removal of non mutans organism, mutans streptococci and both kind of organisms and their subsequent effects on management of dental caries should be done in order to understand relative contribution of these organisms in disease etiology.
 
Some medicinal plants of Mandsaur district commonly used for the treatment of Snakebite
Get PDFSnakebite is a common acute medical emergency faced by tribal and rural populations in Mandsaur district with heavy rainfall and humid climate. Present study deals with 9 plant species belonging to 8 genera and 5 families, used traditionally by Bhil and Bhilala tribes and rural people of Mandsaur district (Madhya Pradesh) for the treatment of snakebite. Achyranthes aspera Linn is the most common plant of Madhya Pradesh and others parts of India used for the treatment of snakebite.
 
Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using pigment producing Streptomyces sp and Its drug binding assay
Get PDFCardiovascular disease, management of hypertension is mostly treated by Amlodipine, atorvastatin and telmisartan. Amikacin also one of the pharmaceutical drugs against bacterial infections. The Streptomyces sp. DSK2 melanin absorbs the drugs in different concentration, different temperature and different incubation timings. The result shows that the Streptomyces sp. DSK2melanin absorb the drugs in 40◦C and the reaction timings were 180min. Amlodopine bind strongly at 40◦C at180 min, other two drugs Atorvastatin and Amikacin moderate bind at 40◦C at 120 min. Other biomedical studies of the Streptomyces sp. DSK2 melanin silver nanoprticle was synthesized in 180s by the microwave radiation method. The silver nanoparticle range 50nm in size, which is confirmed by TEM analysis, UV spectrum at 420nm , FTIR Spectrum , XRD. The melanin showed the potent antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH assay, the maximum activity was 87.96 and the total antioxidant activity phosphomolybdate assay) was 88.05. in this study, Streptomyces sp. DSK2 Melanin has great biomedical activity.
 
Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Against Phytopathogenic Fungi
Get PDFCrude extracts of 17 medicinal plants were examined for their antifungal properties against phytopathogenic fungi. Hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts were tested using disc diffusion method at concentrations varying from 1.25 to 5 mg/ disc. Among these, hexane extract of Blumea mollis was the most effective against Aspergillus flavus with zone of inhibition of 23mm at 5mg/disc concentration. The Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of B. mollis hexane extract against A. flavus, A. niger and Botrytis cinerea were 0.623, 0.825 and 0.622 mg/ml respectively. Terpenoids, saponins, anthraquinones and anthocyanins were detected in the hexane extract of B. mollis. Subsequently, GC-MS analysis of the extract revealed the main constituent to be cycloheptane (34.21%). This could have potential use as a fungicide against phytopathogens.
 
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the attenuation of the 2- deoxy-D-glucose toxicity is alleviated by inositol
Get PDFIn Saccharomysis cerevasiae the glycolytic transcription factor GCR1 tightly controls the expression of genes involved in glycolysis but the importance of Gcr1 transcription in 2-DG toxicity is still elusive. In the present study, we observed 2-DG toxicity in the wild-type, gcr1∆, and ino2∆ cells under inositol absence (I−) condition obstruct the growth, hence the opi1∆ cells were resistant to 2-DG exposure. Further, the presence of 2-DG significantly decreased the promoter activity of INO1 in the WT cells. The 2-DG exposure suppressed the growth rate in WT and gcr1∆ strains under inositol limitation condition, but the opi1∆ (over production of inositol) strain was resistant to the 2-DG exposure with I− condition. Taken together, the above findings suggest that 2-DG exposure reduced the promoter activity of INO1 leads to inositol auxotrophic growth defect, hence the inositol supplementation bring back normal. To conclude that the inositol alleviates the 2-DG toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
 
Effects of Neem [Azadirachta indica] Leaf and Seed Kernel Extracts on the Hairy Leaf Caterpillar- Eupterote mollifera [Bombycidae: Lepidoptera] insect Pests of Moringa tree [Moringa oleifera]
Get PDFMoringa Oleifera as a drumstick tree is a small fast growing evergreen or deciduous tree. It has been known to us for a very long time for its nutritional and medicinal value. This tree is susceptible to several insect pests and diseases. The common pest of Eupterote mollifera treated with neem leaf water extract and neem seed kernel extract. The fresh leaves and seeds of Azadirachta indica (Neem) were collected from the field and shade dried then powdered leaf and seed. This powder was used for the preparation of 5.0% stock solution. Thereafter, the following concentration were prepared by stock solution as 3.75% ,2.5%,1.25%, 0.625%, 0.5%, and 0.25%. The present experiment was done against E. mollifera after treatment the caterpillar`s activities of feeding body weight loss and gain results were observed and discussed.
 
Evaluation of Immunomodulatory Effects of Silkworm (Bombyxmori L.) Cocoon Extracts on Methylprednisolone Induced Rats
Get PDFThe present study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of cocoon extracts of Silkworm on methylprednisolone drug induced immunosuppression in rats. Silkworm cocoons were collected and extracts were prepared. A total of 24 Wistar Albino rats divided into four groups were used in the study. Group-I rats were treated with distilled water. Group-II rats received Methyl prednisolone (20mg/kg), Group-III rats given cocoon extract of Silkworm (300mg/kg) + Methyl prednisolone(20mg/kg) and Group-IV received cocoon extract of Silkworm (500 mg/kg) + Methyl prednisolone (20mg/kg). Physical and immunological parameters were measured on 6th and 12th day. At the end of study rats were sacrificed under anesthesia. Spleen was collected , weighed and examined for histopathology. The results and findings of the study suggest the immune enhancement activity of cocoon extacts of Silkworm on methylprednisolone induced immunosuppression.
 
Seasonal Monitoring of Waterbirds of Chhari Dhandh wetland in Kachchh District, Gujarat, India
Get PDFA study was conducted by Gujarat Ecological Education and Research (GEER) Foundation on waterbirds of Chhari Dhandh during the year 2016-17 covering all the major seasons. A total of 66 waterbird species were recorded that belonged to 14 families. Among all the families, maximum number of species were represented by Anatidae family (i.e., the family of ducks, geese and swans) and Ardidae family (i.e., the family of herons, egrets and bitterns) with 13 species belonging to each family. Chhari Dhandh supported maximum population of waterbirds (n=4,162) in winter. On the contrary, minimum waterbird population (n=362) occurred in this wetland during summer. The study has indicated that Chhari Dhandh has highest utility as waterbird habitat during winter season and therefore maximum management practices should be focused during this period. The study has also indicated that open water and shoreland area support a large number of waterbird species and many of them are gregarious (occurring in congregation) calling for the need of focusing management efforts on these two habitats.