International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences
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Alteration in Antioxidant Defence System and Oxidative Stress in blood of Liver Cirrhosis
Get PDFSerum liver marker enzymes ALT, AST, ALP and GGT are generally used as liver marker enzymes however they cannot provide exact idea regarding establishment of liver disease condition because many liver cirrhotic participants indicate non-significant alteration. Present study is aimed to know the level of antioxidant defense system and oxidative stress in controls and cirrhotic participants. The cross-sectional study was carried out at tertiary centre of gastroenterologist unit at Anand. Experimental participants were divided into two groups: Control (n= 52, Age- 26.7±1.23 years, 39 M/ 13 F) and cirrhosis (n= 44, Age- 53.48±2.02 years, 34 M/10 F). All participants underwent anthropometric assessment, clinical examination, biochemical parameters, antioxidant parameters and lipid peroxidation marker or oxidative stress marker. Results of our study indicates non- conclusive increase in serum enzyme level. As an average only 42-67 % of the participants indicates increase (ALT (55%), AST (67.5%), GGT (57.5%) and ALP (42.5%)). The total antioxidant activity (Gallic acid equivalent (GAE (p<0.0001)) and Trolox equivalent (TE) (p<0.0001)) and antioxidant enzymes such as Catalase (CAT (p<0.0001)), Glutathione Peroxidase (GSHPx (p<0.0001)) and Glutathione-s-transferase (GST (p<0.0001)) were significantly decreased except superoxide dismutase (SOD (p<0.05)) during cirrhosis condition. Lipid peroxidation marker or oxidative stress marker (MDA) was significantly increased (p<0.0001) in cirrhotic participants compared to controls. The alteration in the above parameters is among all (100%) the participants. Study strongly indicates that antioxidant enzymes namely GST, GSHPx and CAT can be used as surrogate markers of oxidative stress for the cirrhosis condition.
 
Diversity of Lichens along Elevational Gradients in Forest Ranges of Chamarajanagar District, Karnataka State
Get PDFThe lichen species richness in Chamarajanagar district in Karnataka, India were assessed using altitudinal gradient, in order to compare distribution patterns of different growth forms, dominant families and diversity index. Four major forest ranges, Biligiriranga Hills, Himavad Gopalaswamy Hills, Malay Mahadeshwara Hills, and Shivanasamudra Falls were surveyed and a total of 97 lichens, belonging to 47 genera and 25 families were recorded. Physciaceae was found to be dominant family by 18 species under 8 genera, followed by Parmeliaceae with 16 species under 4 genera. Crustose type was dominated with 51%, followed by foliose type with 38%. Malay Mahadeshwara hills had highest lichen species richness and harboured 67 species, of which, 36 species were crustose type and 28 species were foliose type. Shannon-weiner index ranged from 3.85- 2.45 and Simpson index of diversity ranged from 0.02-0.09. Luxuriant growth of lichens was recorded at the altitude of mid elevation with degree of abundance, density, frequency and distribution of the lichen species compared to other elevation. The present study provided baseline data of lichen diversity, which helps in understanding the relationship between distribution of lichen species along different elevation bands and vegetation types.
 
Rhizobacterial isolates of Capsicum chinense inhibited fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani
Get PDFUmorok (Capsicum chinense) is a commercially important chilli plant of Northeastern India. To improve the overall growth and health of the plant we explore the rhizosphere bacteria associated with the plant through serial dilution and pure culture method from three different growth stages juvenile, flowering and fruiting stage. The isolated rhizobacteria were then screened for their biocontrol enzyme activities like cellulose, protease and chitinase, and the potential isolates were molecular characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The identified microorganism were then studied for its antagonism assay against the fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani using dual culture method. The isolates which showed the highest antagonism were selected and treated with the pathogen infected Umorok plant and measured the growth indicating traits in the greenhouse experiment. During the molecular characterization of the rhizobacteria, 127 novel strains were identified. Five bacterial phyla were observed in the three growth stages, and gammaproteobacteria were predominantly present among them. Seven potential rhizobacteria were selected from the diverse list of rhizobacteria showing the biocontrol and antagonism assays. Umorok was infected with plant pathogen R. solani and treated with the selected rhizobacteria to measure the plant growth. The findings confirmed that Lysobacter enzymogenesis competitively inhibited the R. solani and significantly improved the shoot and root system.
 
Identification and Characterization of Bioactive Compounds of Leaves of Justicia Gendarussa Burm. F.
Get PDFThe present investigation has been carried out to find the phytochemicals present in Justicia gendarussa leaves extract. The leaves of Justicia gendarussa were collected from Kadukaval in January 2018 Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India. The powder leaf was extracted with aqueous and 70% methanol for 24 hours and studied for FTIR, HPLC and NMR. A preliminary phytochemical testing of the leaves extract where than to identify the phytoconstiuents, which reveals that presence of tannin, saponin, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, triterpenoid, carbohydrate, anthroquinone, polyphenol, glycoside bioactive compound was isolated by column chromatography technique. The collected flavonoid fractions was purified by thin layer chromatography. FTIR, HPLC and NMR studies were carried out to find the structure of bioactive compound Quercetin. 1H- NMR and 13C – NMR that reveals the structure of flavonoids. The compound was identified as 3, 3’, 4’, 5, 7 – pentahydroxyflavanone by 1H- NMR and 13C – NMR. All these data obtained in the present investigation supported the rich source of phytochemicals preent in J.gendarussa leaves extract and therby traditional claim associated with J. gendarussa literature.
 
Evaluation and optimization of DNA for RAPD analysis of Terminalia tomentosa
Get PDFForest tree species are more demanding than other plants to extract a pure and high quality of DNA for molecular genetics. A modified protocol for Terminalia tomentosa genomic DNA extraction was developed by introducing modification on Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) method. The principle modification we involved in the present study are; PVP (Polyvinylpyrrolidone), column based purification step and copper acetate solution. Fresh leaves were collected from the tender shoots of mature trees of Terminalia tomentosa. The yield and the purity of genomic DNA was monitored by measuring optical density (O.D.) at A260 and A280 with a Nanodrop Spectrophotometer (ND2000).The highest amount of genomic DNA with the best quality was isolated from column based step in the CTAB extraction buffer. The yield of DNA by this modified method was approximately 100-153 µg per 200mg of fresh leaf tissue. Both ratios were 2.1 and 1.8 respectively, indicating the absence of contaminating metabolites. The obtained DNA was then tested for suitability by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR analysis. Clear band pattern were observed for DNA isolated from four accessions of Terminalia tomentosa, collected from different geographical locations of Achanakmar Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve, Central India. The results clearly indicate the utility of DNA for genetic diversity analysis of this forest tree species.
 
Isolation and Screening of Chlorella Sorokiniana for Wastewater Treatment and Biodiesel Production
Get PDFAbstract- Microalgae grown on wastewater are a probable source of low cost wastewater treatment and biodiesel production. In the study, microalgae was enumerated and identified as Chlorella sorokiniana by 18S rDNA sequence which was cultivated in different wastewater for nutrient removal as well as biodiesel production were studied. The results reveal that the pH of different wastewater samples almost neutralized by microalgae, the total dissolved solids elimination ranging from 52 to 66%, the biological oxygen demand removal efficiency varied much among different wastewaters the removal rate is of 72 to 90%, the chemical oxygen demand removal ranges from 59 to 75%. The magnesium level was decreased and efficiency is about 36 to 60%, the sulphates absorption efficiency was ranging from 57 to 68% and the chloride removal efficiency was 13 to 33%. The lipid content was obtained from the algal biomass which are grown in different wastewater samples was transesterified for biodiesel production, the biodiesel was analyzed by FTIR which meets the ASTM and EU standards, hence from the current study it is evident that Chlorella sorokiniana can be effectively used for potential source for phycoremediation and biodiesel production.
 
To Raise the Polyclonal Immuno-Probe(s) and Development of Enzyme Immuno-Assay for Detection of Cross Reactivity of Alternaria brassicae and their Different Isolates
Get PDFAlternaria brassicae is a fungus commonly found in South-East Asia, is one of the most common plant pathogenic fungi in Brassica crops. Its toxic activities have been proved. Hence, a sensitive, rapid and inexpensive screening test to detect Alternaria brassicae in agricultural commodities is necessary to protect Brassica crops. In the present study, the proteins of Alternaria brassicae were isolated, prepared, characterized and used as an antigen to raise polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) against it. Rabbits were immunized by the antigen in combination with Freund’s adjuvant. Immuno blotting analysis was performed to determine antibody specificity towards the antigen. Hybridoma supernatants were screened by enzyme-linked immuno- sorbent assay (ELISA), dot-blot and slot-blot tests which confirmed the presence of specific Antigen-Antibody interactions among pAbs and Alternaria brassicae antigens. It was observed that most of the pAbs cross-reacted with the fungi. It was concluded that development of highly specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against the specific strain of Alternaria brassicae can be done in near future. It will be used for the disease diagnostic and identification of infection level.
 
Assessment of endophytic fungal isolates for its Antibiofilm activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Get PDFThe present study reports assessment of the antibiofilm activity of endophytic fungi on quorum sensing controlled biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 2453. Endophytic fungi isolated from agriculture field were evaluated for antibiofilm activity. After fermentation in sucrose broth, biofilm formation inhibitors from endophytic fungi were extracted using ethyl acetate. The active extract from each endophytic fungus was assayed for inhibition of biofilm formation using biosensor strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa. At highest tested concentration (200µg/ml) of both fungal extract and biocidal agent, the extract from Fusarium sp.1 demonstrated maximum inhibition in biofilm formation (49.65%) and minimum inhibition by Colletotrichum sp. extract (18.21%) and inhibition was significant at (P < 0.05). Similarly at highest tested concentration (200µg/ml) of fungal extract alone, the maximum percent decrease (18.90%) was observed in P. aeruginosa by Phoma sp. extract and minimum inhibition by Penicillium sp extract (4.00%) with no statistical difference. On the other hand extract from Aspergillus sp.2 was found to show no antibiofilm activity but exhibit stimulatory effect on biofilm formation extract (-4.78%). Combined effect of active fungal extract and biocidal agent resulted in significantly more percent biofilm inhibition as compared to fungal extract alone. The action of one or more active compounds extracted from endophytic fungi may be responsible for antibiofilm activity. Such compounds could be effective against emerging multidrug resistant pathogens.
 
Abnormalities in Lipid Profile Amongst Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in North Indian Population
Get PDFDiabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Lipid abnormalities which can occur in diabetes mellitus can further complicate management of patients and is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Keeping the above in view the present study aims to look for association between the lipid profile amongst diabetic patients and normal healthy controls in the Punjabi population. To meet the above objective blood samples were collected from a total of 100 diabetic subjects (20 type 1 and 80 type 2 diabetes) visiting the OPD and ward of department of medicine, in Civil Hospitals of Kapurthala, Jalandhar and Amritsar and 100 normal healthy controls matched for age and sex. Each patient was investigated for plasma glucose fasting (FPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum cholesterol (TC), serum triglyceride (TG), high density lipoproteins (HDL) low density lipoproteins (LDL) and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). The mean serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol in diabetic subjects were 191.27 + 30.85 mg/dl, 159.11+ 37.11 mg/dl, 115.80 + 25.62 mg/dl, 31.48 + 7.68 mg/dl and 43.22 + 5.00 mg/dl while their levels in normal healthy individuals were 166.21 + 9.67 mg/dl, 123.69 + 15.87 mg/dl, 96.57 + 7.97 mg/dl, 24.78 + 3.15 mg/dl and 44.90 + 1.49 mg/dl respectively. The mean serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and VLDL cholesterol was significantly higher while serum HDL value was significantly lower in diabetic subjects as compared to non diabetic subjects. This study shows dyslipidemia among diabetic patients and proposes that the failure to recognize the presence of abnormal lipid profile may be a primary cause of poor management often encountered in some of the treated diabetics.
 
Biochemical Composition in Edible Tissues of Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) from Nagapattinam Coast, Tamil Nadu, India
Get PDFThe present study was undertaken to analyze the biochemical composition in relation to season, sex, and size groups in edible tissues of E. malabaricus in Nagapattinam coast, Tamil Nadu, India. Seasonal variations in moisture content ranged between 72.35 and 79.13%, crude protein (68.22 and 73.25%), carbohydrate (2.12 and 5.23%), crude lipid (4.33 and 7.66%) and ash content (5.25 and 8.64%) in all the size groups of both sexes. Among the size groups in both sexes, maximum carbohydrate level was recorded during postmonsoon (50-60 cm: female-5.38%) and minimum during summer (30-40 cm: male-2.85%). Low protein content was noticed in larger size groups and high values in smaller size groups. Most of the size groups in females showed higher protein content than males during all the seasons. The crude protein contents in muscle tissues of the presently studied finfishes showed a relationship with spawning season. High protein levels were observed in muscle during post and pre spawning months and low values during spawning season.