International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences
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Developement of anti- P. aeruginosa Immunoglobulin Y antibodies as prophylacic therapy for cystic fibrosis patients
Get PDFEmergence of multidrug-resistance (MDR) P. aeruginosa for respiratory tract infections represents a major critical challenge to the health care community worldwide. It is associated with progressive chronic respiratory infection in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). While, the antibiotic resistance has been a global growing problem and vaccines development is impeded by several limitations, an urgent need to develop novel approaches is growing. In this study, we developed anti- P. aeruginosa IgYs as an alternative to meet this need. Preclinical evaluation revealed that immunization of Balb/c mice with the developed IgYs resulted in 95%, 90%, 70% protective effect among group (A) that was immunized intranasal one hour before challenge, group (B) that was immunized intranasal six hours after challenge and group (C) that was immunized orally, respectively. Furthermore, the pulmonary bacterial load in treated mice was lower than in the controls by more than 2 log after 24 hours of infection. Thus, the prepared IgYs had anti-P. aeruginosa immuno-reactivity that increasing its potential for use as a prophylactic therapy.
 
A Study on Cadaveric Dry Skulls to Calculate the Incidence of types of Pterion in North-West Indians
Get PDFPterion is a small area present in the temporal fossa and is covered by temporal muscle and temporalis fascia. Pterion is formed on norma laterals where 4 bones greater wing of sphenoid, parietal, frontal, and squamous part of the temporal bone articulate with each other. The aim of present study is to calculate the incidence of different shapes of the pterion. This study was conducted on 108 human dry skulls in the Department of Anatomy, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jaipur. The following parameters Sphenoparietal, Frontotemporal, Epipteric and Stellate were observed in pterion and noted down in table format. The study was conducted on 108 human dry skulls and 216 types of pterion were observed where 133 sphenoparietal, 60 were frontotemporal type, 23 were epipteric type and no incidence of stellate type. Sphenoparietal type of pterion was the most dominant type of pterion which was observed in 61.57%of cases. This study will be helpful to anatomists, neurosurgeons, anthropologists and researchers. This study concludes that the knowledge of the position of pterion will be helpful for burr hole surgeries and neurosurgeries, anatomists, anthropologists and researchers.
 
Evaluation of Pharmacological Activities of the Leaf Extracts of Antidesma menasu Miq.
Get PDFAntidesma menasu is a folklore plant known for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Folklore practitioners use the leaves of this plant for swelling of body parts, lower back pains, arthritis in humans and swelling of shoulders and udders in animals. Development of a new drug requires pre-clinical studies of crude extracts on animal models. The objective of this study is to screen the drug for its pharmacological activities. Present study reveals anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Antidesma menasu. It also includes toxicity study, for screening the crude extracts for any adverse effects on animals and comparison of the effectiveness of the drug in corresponding solvents.
 
Preliminary study of moth (Insecta: Lepidoptera) in Coonoor forest area from Nilgiri District Tamil Nadu, India
Get PDFThis present study was conducted at Coonoor Forestdale area during the year 2018-2019. Through this study, a total of 212 species was observed from the study area which represented 212 species from 29 families. Most of the moth species were abundance in July to August. Moths are the most vulnerable organism, with slight environmental changes. Erebidae, Crambidae and Geometridae are the most abundant families throughout the year. The Coonoor Forestdale area was showed a number of new records and seems to supporting an interesting the monotypic moth species have been recorded. This preliminary study is useful for the periodic study of moths.
 
Diversity and Distribution Patterns of Tree Species along Enkare Narok River, Kenya
Get PDFThe Enkare Narok River system features in the list of the majority of significant streams for conservation of riparian plant biodiversity but anthropogenic activities potentially threaten the formative ecosystem processes. This research paper ascertains the diversity and distribution patterns of riparian tree species in relation to the human disturbances. The procedure for collecting vegetation data involved the use of the line transects method. Transects were laid running orthogonal to the river at 20 m intervals downstream and ten plots in every transect were systematically determined, with a separation distance of 10 meters. A floristic exploration of dominant riparian tree species was done at 51 sites along a 2,250-meter stretch along Enkare Narok River from upper Narok Prisons area to lower Polung?a, in February 2018 towards the end of the dry season. A total of 198 tree species in 12 families were recorded in the Enkare Narok River system with an observed 1.4463-2.4849 Shannon diversity index and which followed a significantly diminutive trend downstream.
 
Antibacterial Activities of Soaps Prepared from Selected Plant Oils
Get PDFPlant oils are liquids extracted from plants usually plant seeds. They can be obtained through steam-distillation, solvent-extraction, resin trapping, and mechanical method such as cold pressing. Plant oil constituents contribute to the beneficial or adverse effects against pathogenic bacteria because the skin harbors diverse bacteria, and alterations to these bacteria can affect the effectiveness of skin as a blockage to infectious disease or create skin injury. Soaps formulated with plant oil have been found effective both in cleaning and killing bacteria. The aim of this study is to determine the antibacterial activity of some selected seed oil from plant for soap formulation. Soap tablets were produced through the cold saponification process by reacting to the selected seed oils (baobab oil, canary oil, castor beans oil, wild grapes, cottonseed oil, onion oil, and calabash seed oil) with sodium hydroxide. The sodium hydroxide solution was added to each seed oils in ratio 1:1 v/v and activities of the soap against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi were investigated. The results revealed that soap formulated with Onion seed oil possessed the highest activity against all bacterial strains. However, cottonseed oil, canary melon oil possessed good activities against all strains of bacteria only at higher concentrations (150mg/L and 200mg/L). The result suggests that the formulated soap especially those formulated with Onion seed oil, cottonseed oil, and canary melon oil will be effective in the eradication of skin bacteria. The oils can be used as an antibacterial agent in the industrial production soaps
 
Assessment of Radio Protective Effects of Myrtus communis L. on Human Lymphocytes Irradiated in Vitro by Gamma-rays Using Micronucleus Assay on Binucleated Human Lymphocytes
Get PDFThe study aimed to investigate the potential protective effect of alcoholic extract of Myrtus communis L. leaves from the cytogenetic toxicity induced by gamma rays in human peripheral lymphocytes using micronucleus (MN) assay. Irradiation was done at a dose of 2 Gy and the extract was added to cell cultures at two different concentrations 50 and 100 µg/ml an hour before the irradiation of the samples. The results showed that the extract caused a decrease in frequency of MN due to the influence of gamma rays in the concentrations 50 and 100 ug / ml (P = 0.01) compared to the irradiated group. It was observed that concentration 50 µg/ml of the extract caused a greater decrease in the frequency of micronuclei compared to concentration 100 µg/ml, no significant differences were observed in frequency of micronuclei between two groups(p˃0.05)
Resting Behaviour of Zika and Dengue Vector Aedes Aegypti Mosquito in Gia Lai, Viet Nam
Get PDFThe study was conducted in Pleiku city and Dak Po district belonging to Gia Lai province during the period 2016-2018. The results showed that Aedes aegypti was found in all study sites. The distincly anthropophilic and endophilic behaviours of Aedes aegypti make it a very effective vector of Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika viruses. In total, 95.3% of 746 resting adult Ae. aegypti were collected indoors, and only 4.7% outdoors. Indoor primary resting locations (73.8%) included living rooms (13.9%), bathrooms (4.8%), and others (7.5%). In Pleiku city, most of Ae. aegypti adults were collected on nets/ curtains (164 mosquitoes, 53.2%), followed by clothes (30.2%) and the lowest on wall surfaces (0.3%). Similarly, in Dak Po district, total of 422 specimens were collected and the highest collection was on clothes surfaces (234 mosquitoes, 53.4%), followed by nets/ curtains (176 mosquitoes, 40.2%) and the lowest on television surfaces (0.7%). In all sites, Ae. aegypti significantly rested from 1-2 m of height (72.3%).
 
An Assessment of Entomofaunal Diversity in Narmada Canal Command Area of North Gujarat region, India
Get PDFAn insects survey was conducted in Narmada Canal Command Area (NCCA) of North Gujarat region as a part of project “Study on Impact of Narmada Canal System on Environment and Ecology of the Areas benefited by the Canal System in Parts of North Gujarat, Saurashtra & Kachchh in Gujarat State”. The study includes 4 districts falling in North Gujarat region viz. Gandhinagar, Banaskantha, Mehsana and Patan. Visual Encounter Survey (VES) was carried out to detect and record insects in these districts. A total of 126 species belonging to 11 orders and 56 families were recorded in North Gujarat region. During this study, out of total species encountered in North Gujarat region around 28.57 % of species diversity is contributed by Lepidoptera and 13.49 % of species diversity is contributed by Odonata order. In, Banaskantha District, a total of 43 species of insects were encountered which belonged to 11 orders. In, Patan District, a total 44 species of insects were recorded that belonged to 8 orders. In, Mehsana District, a total of 50 species of insects recorded that belonged to 8 orders. In, Gandhinagar district, a total of 83 species of insects were encountered which belonged to 11 orders. Insect are beneficial to ecosystem directly or indirectly. Insect perform various different roles within ecosystem like pollination, seed dispersal, control population of other organisms, nutrient cycling and maintain soil fertility and provide a major food source for other taxa. The major insect groups recorded during the study mainly belonged to the groups like Dragonflies, Damselflies, webspinners, Grasshopper, Cricket, Locusts, Roaches, Mantis, Termites, Bugs, Antlions, Lacewings, Beetles, Flies, Mosquitoes, Ants, Bees, Wasp, Butterflies and Moths.
 
Enhanced Production of Therapeutically Valuable Withaferin A From In Vitro Propagated Withania Somnifera (L.) Dunal
Get PDFWithanolides from Withania somnifera are one amongst the most exploited secondary metabolites for their enormous therapeutical and pharmaceutical benefits. Large scale production of these herbs from different explants of in vitro germinated seedlings were tried in order to meet the growing market demand. A rapid and efficient indirect regeneration protocol was optimized from the leaf explants of W.somnifera. Compact green calli were obtained from leaf explants cultured on MS media supplemented with 2mg/L BAP showed good regeneration potential. Maximum multiple shoots were obtained from calli grown on MS media fortified with 1 mg/L BAP and 0.1 mg/L NAA. The micro shoots were excised and efficient rooting was induced in MS media supplemented with 0.2 mg/L IBA. The in vitro propagated plantlets were found to be high in their withaferin A content (3.21mg/g DW). The withaferin A content was around 2.12-fold higher than the control explants. Micropropagation of such a highly valuable medicinal plant is extremely necessary in meeting the growing demands of this therapeutically valuable medicinal plant