International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences
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Molecular characterization and genetic evolutionary relationship of Staphylococcus sciuri using 16S rRNA gene sequencing from non-venomous snake checkered keelback (Fowlea piscator, Schneider, 1799) from Western Madhya Pradesh, India
Get PDFThe study aims to explore pathogenic bacteria from the oropharyngeal cavity of non-venomous checkered keelback (Fowlea piscator) snake and evaluate the antibiotic assay. Swabbing was done under the supervision of a trained herpetologist and samples were aerobically cultured on the nutrient agar. All distinct colonies were subjected to Gram-staining and different biochemical tests. Molecular characterizations were done using the Sanger sequence method. The sequencing results were assessed by using BLASTn to evaluate the similarity with other species. Its phylogenetic tree was mapped using the neighbor-joining algorithm in MEGA X software. Staphylococcus sciuri strains NCTC12103 were identified based on Gram staining, morphological character, biochemical test and genetic characterization. Staphylococcus sciuri strain NCTC12103 was sensitive to most of the broad-spectrum antibiotics (piperacillin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gentamicin, cefotaxime) except erythromycin was used for snakebite treatment. The present study proves that a pathogenic bacterium is present in the non-venomous snake oral cavity. The study results make it evident that Staphylococcus sciuri could be responsible for secondary infection after the bite from a checkered keelback (Fowlea piscator).
 
Effect of oocyte with CLCG on embryo development and implantation rates after ICSI In Freeze-Thaw Embryo Transfer Cycles.
Get PDFIntroduction: Oocyte quality plays a major role in understanding the fertility potential of the female, which is primarily reflected by oocytes and their morphological features. A type of cytoplasmic abnormality exhibited by oocytes that can affect the oocyte quality is Centrally located cytoplasmic granulation (CLCG). Morphological variations of the oocyte may result due to different factors. Aim: To evaluate the consequences of CLCG on embryo development and implantation rates after ICSI in Freeze-Thaw Cycles. Methods: It was a retrospective study. A total of 418 day3 and 157 day5 patients who had undergone frozen-thawed cycles were recruited. Patients who had embryo transfer with CLCG were grouped as Test group (n = 100, n=90 day3 and n=38, n=42 day5. As per age <30 and age >31) and patients who had embryo transfer with normal oocytes morphology were grouped as the control group (n = 125, n=103 day3 and n=33, n=44 day5. As per age <30 and age >31) respectively. Results: Among the CLCG and the control group, there was no significant difference observed in the patient`s age, FSH, LH, and AMH. However, the maturation and fertilization rate among the patients age >31(P <0.05) years had a significant difference, and we also inferred that the CLCG did not affect the embryo development and implantation rate (P >0.05) in both groups respectively (age <30 and age >31). Conclusion: These results suggested CLCG might be a normal morphology of oocytes. There was no significant difference in embryo development patients with or without CLCG. The patients who freeze-thawed transferred CLCG embryos had a successful outcome.
 
Processing Yield Percentage and Phytochemical Appraisement of the Leaf, Stem-Bark, Inflore-infructescence, and Root of Petiveria alliacea (Linneaus)
Get PDFThe numerous pharmacological benefits of Petiveria alliacea Linneaus (Guinea Hen Weed) accentuated its further experimental studies, wherewith investigation of the sample processing yield percentage (SPY) and the phytochemical analyses of its leaf (LF), inflore-infructescence (INFLT), stem-bark (SB), and root were carried out using standard methods. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23 and results were presented as standard deviation (± SD) of duplicate determinations. The samples’ processing yield (SPY) percentage result flows in the order stem-bark > root > inflore-infructescence > leaf indicating the highest (50.60 %) and the least (21.32 %) values obtained in the stem-bark and leaf preparations respectively. The phytochemical screening showed the evaluated plant parts to possess abundant phytochemicals (tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, and alkaloids) at varying amount with the INFLT and the R taking the lead. Keen observation divulged the seven phytochemicals screened to be present in the INFLT while other parts did not have them in full. This may be suggesting the INFLT as a better granary of phytochemicals than the other parts. It was concluded that all the parts of P. alliacea are bountiful sources of plants’ secondary metabolites thereby justifying the fantastic use of the plant in folkloric medicine with special reference to the INFLT ampleness in glycosides and alkaloids. Additionally, the INFLT was recommended to be given unflinching attention in further experiments. The leaf also is to be more preferred (owing to its ability to re-sprout after several plucking) when the need for large quantity of extract is inevitably mandatory.
 
Dry Season Study of Arthropods’ Succession on Pig Carrions in Edjeba, Nigeria
Get PDFArthropods’ succession on putrefying pigs were monitored at the Edjeba community in Southern Nigeria, from 10th June to 10th August 2018. The arthropods were collected with the aid of sweep nets while the bodies of the carrions and the soil below the carrions were combed with brushes for the presence of the arthropods two times for the first week and one time for the remaining weeks, insects’ maggots found were grown till adults. Multiple bar charts were applied to illustrate the regularities of the flies in every phase of decay, pie charts were used similarly to indicate phases of putrefaction, Component bar charts were applied to demonstrate succession of the different orders of insects, while Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was used to show the spreading of insects in the different decay phases. Whereas PCA indicates that constituent 1 stood for 47.9% of the disparity in the dataset, constituent 2 stood for 30.8% making a total of 78.7%. The Simpson index was high (0.94) in the active decay phase but low (0.87) in the fresh phase. The dominance index was high (0.13) in fresh phase but low (0.06) in active decay phase, Shannon–Wiener index (H) was high (2.96) in the active decay phase but low (2.19) in the fresh phase. The evenness index (E) was high (0.92) in active decay phase but low (0.75) in dry decay phase and Margalef (R) was high (3.32) in advanced decay phase but low (1.88) in fresh phase. The equitability index was high (0.97) in active decay phase but low (0.89) in dry decay phase. The total number of insects collected were 1495, 244 were at fresh phase of decay, 273 at bloated phase, 437 at active decay phase and 346 at advance decay phase and 195 at dry decay phase of decay as 1090 of these insects were Diptera, Coleoptera were 285 and only 110 were Hymenoptera. More studies on carrion ecology should be carried out in the Edjeba community and its environs in order to generate trustworthy data base of arthropods of forensic importance in the city.
 
Comparative Study & Efficacy of Commonly Used Disinfectant against Human Pathogens
Get PDFDisinfection is the process of elimination of virtually all pathogenic organism on inanimate objects & surfaces thereby reducing the level of microbial contamination to safe level.The study aimed to evaluate sensitivity of some clinical organisms used for the tests are S. aureus, Klebshiella , Pseudomonas, E. coli, Bacillus with the activity of some selected commercial disinfectants used are Dettol, Lysol, Ultraclean, Phenyl & Phenol. All the disinfectants used in this study have bactericidal effect against the test organisms whereas Phenol Coefficient test was carried out to compare sensitivity of disinfectants to that of phenol under experimental method so as to determine the disinfectant efficacy. Phenol & Dettol showed highest antimicrobial activity against all test organisms. Ultraclean also showed high antimicrobial activity except Pseudomonas aeuroginosa. Phenol coefficient test was used for Staphylococcus appear as Lysol is the most potent disinfectant than all other disinfectant and for Bacillus appear as Dettol is more effective than other disinfectant used in this study.
 
Ethnomedicinal Plants of the Hamirpur (H.P.) Used for Treatment of the Kidney Stone and Arthritis
Get PDFThe extensive survey was conducted in the villages of distt. Hamirpur for the investigation of use of the ethnomedicinal plants. The present study was conducted to document medico- religious beliefs associated with the local phytodiversity of the peoples of Hamirpur. During the survey in the villages of Hamirpur it is found that old age peoples much familiar about the medicinal use of the wild plants. About 22 different wild plants were used by peoples of Hamirpur for the treatment of Kidney stone and Arthritis.
 
Analysis of Some Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) (Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Nickel, Lead and Zinc) in Different Smoked Fishes Sold in Gamawa and Hardawa Markets in Bauchi State, Nigeria
Get PDFThe heavy metal contamination of smoked fish species in Bauchi state, Nigeria`s northeastern region, was investigated. Zn, Cd, Cu, As, Ni, Pb, and Cr were detected in smoked fish species collected at random from different parts of the Gamawa and Hardawa markets. The concentrations of potentially toxic elements in samples collected after digestion using a conventional procedure in triplicate were analysed using Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (MPAES).The ranges of the measured concentrations in the samples were as follows; Zn (63.17 to 117.51 mg/kg), Cd (0.12 to 0.26 mg/kg), Cu (4.19 to 6.39 mg/kg), As (19.60 to 34.98 mg/kg), Ni (3.45 to 7.88 mg/kg), Pb (0.13 to 9.89 mg/kg) and Cr (3.04 to 8.98). The toxic elements Cd and Zn were the least abundant and most abundant in all nine (9) species, respectively. Cu and Cd levels were within the World Health Organization`s maximum guidelines in this investigation (WHO), except for samples from Gamawa (Catfish (117.50 mg/kg) and Clarias (112.60 mg/kg)) and Hardawa (Tilapia 116.50 mg/kg), the concentrations of Zn were found to be below the acceptable limits. In every smoked fish sample tested, the amounts of As, Ni, Pb, and Cr were greater than the WHO`s maximum tolerable limit. The findings of this study revealed that the fish sold in these markets were substantially contaminated with the PTE (Ni, Pb, As, and Cr), posing a serious health risk to the populace.
 
Morphological Alterations in Haemocytes of Adult American Cockroach, Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus) (Insecta: Blattodea: Blattidae) in Response to Thermal Stress and Induced Infection
Get PDFAmerican cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) are considered as potential vectors and possible reservoirs of pathogenic organisms. They respond to any infection by mounting immune responses mediated by morphologically and functionally distinct haemocytes. To understand the effect of abiotic stress like heat, cold and biotic stress induced by infection on American cockroahes, microscopic study of haemocytes was carried out from adult P. americana (Linnaeus) (Insecta: Blattodea: Blattidae). In the present study, morphological alterations of haemocytes were observed at high temperature (45°C for 12 hours), low temperature (4°C for 12 hours) and following inoculation with E. coli bacteria compared to the control haemocytes. Stress induced necrotic changes of haemocytes like loss of cellular integrity, vacuolization, cell swelling, blebbing, margination of chromatin, membrane rupture were recorded in all the three types of stress conditions. The most affected haemocytes were Plasmatocytes, Granulocytes and Prohaemocytes. Unusual nuclear separation in a cap like bleb formation and margination were observed at low temperature. Cellular aggregation and phagocytic extensions of Granulocytes and Plasmatocytes were visible after induced infection. This is the first study where the changes in the primitive immune cells of American cockroaches have been reported in response to abiotic and biotic stress. Hemocyte structural modifications and changes observed in the present study have potential implications in the study of stress response in P. americana in the extreme environment and in destruction of pathogens. Cellular aggregation and phagocytosis are characteristics defence reactions which are not found in thermal stressed cells. Although vacuolization, blebbing and chromatin margination were common alterations in response to all types of stresses applied in this study.
 
Diversity and Abundance of Zooplankton at Saheb Bandh, Purulia, West Bengal
Get PDFThe Saheb Bandh is an artificial lake located in the District Purulia. In this present study, we have shown monthly changes in diversity and density of Zooplankton in Saheb Bandh of Purulia. The study was done from March 2021 to August 2021 for six months. The average Zooplankton diversity at Saheb Bandh consisted of 20 genera, classified into four major groups, viz, Rotifera > Cladocera > Copepoda> Ostracoda. The Zooplankton sample consisted of 40% Rotifera, 35% Cladocera 15% Copepoda, and 10% Ostracoda respectively. Rotifera was the dominant group of Zooplankton recorded with respect to diversity and population density status. The current study on Zooplankton diversity at Saheb Bandh provides useful knowledge on a general freshwater ecosystem. In freshwater aquaculture management, it will be helpful strategies to protect the aquatic biodiversity in the agriculture area.
 
An Assessment of Decapod Crustaceans (Crabs and Shrimps) in Freshwater Riverine Systems across Watersheds of South-Central Guyana
Get PDFAreas across South-Central Guyana are very diverse and have the potential to sustain freshwater groups of vertebrates and invertebrates even though these areas are prone to major gold mining activities which have major impacts on the biodiversity both on land and in water. Some of the areas surveyed comprised of water bodies that were fully mined out and groups such as fishes, amphibians, insects, mollusks and crustaceans were the most representative animals. The knowledge of freshwater shrimps and crabs from Guyana is poor; hence the importance of this survey to identify the physicochemical parameters that serve as the best predictors of the density of crab and shrimps and examine the diversity trends using taxa abundance of crabs and shrimps. Water temperature (?) and dissolved oxygen (mg/l) seemed to be the best physicochemical parameters as it relates to predicting crustacean density and distribution across sites. River locality sites seem to have a stronger effect on crustacean community structure as compared to other surveyed localities (creek and waterfall), possibly indicating more suitable conditions within these sites. The number of five species of shrimps and four species of crabs was normal if we consider the range of area sampled.