International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences
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Conceptual Framework and Advances in CRISPR-Cas Based and BRED Phage Engineering
Get PDFThe increased proliferation of multi-antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens necessitates the development of alternate and supportive therapies to antibiotics. Being natural predators of bacteria, bacteriophages have garnered recent attention for their untapped potential to mitigate the public health problem. Progress in synthetic biology has led to the genetic engineering of phages to ameliorate their efficacy and precision via methods such as genome editing, modification of tail fibers, and treatment with chemical mutagens. This review will elucidate two promising genetic engineering strategies, CRISPR-Cas and Bacteriophage Recombineering of Electroporated DNA (BRED), as well as the advances and potential future developments in the field
Histopathological Effects of Cadmium Chloride on the Kidney in Japanese Quail
Get PDFCadmium is one of the most dangerous heavy metals for its long life and its acute and chronic effects. The current study aims to identify the effect of exposure to cadmium chloride on the histological structure of the kidneys in one of the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica. The study included two groups, a control group, and an experimental group. The birds of the experimental group were dosed to a concentration of 50mg/kg for four continuous days. The birds were sacrificed 4,15,30,60 days after the start of the experiment. The results of the histological examination of the kidney showed the emergence of many lesions in the four periods, to varying degrees between them. Among the most prominent of these is the appearance of the emergence of hydropic degeneration, necrosis, and desquamation in the renal tubules. Deformation, irregularity, and dilaceration of some glomeruli and atrophy of others were observed, expanding Bowman`s space. The study concluded that the cadmium chloride causes much tissue damage to the body of the quail bird and that it is necessary to take into account not to be exposed to this element to maintain its economic value.
 
Organophosphate Pesticide-induced Cytotoxicity in Rat Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes and Ameliorating Effect of Quercetin
Get PDFOrganophosphate pesticides (OP) are the most extensively used chemicals all over the world and therefore, responsible for most of the human poisoning cases. Present study is carried out to evaluate the in vitro toxicity of quinalphos (QNP) and chlorpyrifos (CPF), the two commonly used OP pesticides, using rat peripheral lymphocytes, and protective effects of a natural flavanoid, quercetin. Results showed dose-dependent and exposure-time dependent cytotoxicity of both QNP and CPF, estimated by MTT assay and lactate dehydrogenase release in culture medium. The pesticides also showed dose-dependent decrease in the levels of ATP in lymphocytes. The results clearly showed compromised membrane integrity leading to cell death by lysis on exposure with QNP or CPF. The anticholinesterase activity of QNP and CPF were evident from the dose-dependent inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in cultured rat lymphocytes. Quercetin, a well-known flavanoid with antioxidant activity, when given along with the QNP and CPF, resulted in decreased toxicity of both the pesticides. Quercetin co-treatment therefore, offered partial protection against OP pesticide induced toxicity.
 
Diversity, Distribution, Nativity and Indigenous Uses of Crop Wild Relative of District Mandi Himachal Pradesh and Their Potential in Crop Improvement Programme
Get PDF63 crop wild relatives (CWRs) 34 herbs, 12 Shrub and 17 trees, belonging to 25 Families and 42 genera has been documented from Mandi district (31°42` 29.4" N latitudes and 76° 55` 52.92" E longitudes) of Himachal Pradesh, North West Himalaya covering approximately 3,950 km2 area, comprising 469 panchayats and 3374 villages with 2, 19, 145 households. The total human populations of study area is 9, 99,777 and livestock population is 67355.Altitudinal range of study area varies from 500-4034 m. In this study family Rosaceae has been found dominant represented by 13 spp. followed by Fabaceae (5 spp.) among genera Rosa is found dominant represented by 5 spp. These plant resources are utilized as a source of food, fodder, fuel, oil, medicine, material and root stock for improvement of cultivated plants by local people, but their use and tradition knowledge of utilizing is on sharp decline. Due to population explosion and shrinking of agriculture land due to urbanisation, industrialization and modernization major challenge before researcher at present is to feed day by day growing population and ensure food security for coming generation. Further adverse environmental conditions followed by emergence of new pathogens and pest future crops have to thrive in a drier, warmer and more variable climatic conditions. All this necessity the production of novel crop varieties which are resistant to various biotic and abiotic stresses and also maintain natural biodiversity. CWRs are important source of the genes for breeding program because these have been evolving for thousands of years in adverse environmental conditions and possess a much higher degree of adaptability. They can provide germplasm for hybridisation and rootstock for grafting of commercial crops. To ensure food security CWRs need to be utilized efficiently in crop improvement and breeding programme for better outcome.
 
Three known species of the genus Parahadronchus – First report from Mizoram, India
Get PDFMononchs play a vital role in reducing phytophagous nematode population. The present study deals with the diversity of Parahadronchus in Mizoram. Various soil samples were collected from different parts of Mizoram along with the GPS location. Upon processing and examination, three known species of the genera Parahadronchus were found, viz., Parahadronchus siroii, Parahadronchus marami and Parahadronchus shakili. P. siroii is distinguishable from P. shakili in its smaller body, short oesophagus, lesser number of vulval papillae, small lip, etc. P. marami has narrower buccal cavity, thinner body with three subventral denticles. P. shakili has larger body, broader buccal cavity with 3-6 subventral teeth.
 
Effects of Seed density on Grain yield and Agronomic traits of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Kabul and Khost Agro-Ecological conditions, Afghanistan
Get PDFOptimum seed density is an important factor for high yield as well as wheat grain quality. Apt seed density not only increases yield but reduces the total cost of wheat production. The purpose of this research was to investigate the most optimum density for three wheat varieties under two different environments to produce high yield of wheat. The experiment was conducted in two different agro-ecological zones (Kabul and Khost provinces, Afghanistan) during the 2018 - 2019 growing season. The research was arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design with the combinations of densities (100, 110 and 120 kg ha-1) and three wheat varieties (Baghlan09, Kabul013 and Moqawim09). Densities and varieties revealed significant differences for different traits under study. Results indicated that Kabul013 and Baghlan09 at 110 kg seeds ha-1 in zone 1 had better fertile tillers, spike length and grain yield while the same varieties in zone 2 performed better at 120 kg ha-1 for these traits. Interestingly Moawwim09 produced better of these traits on120 kg ha-1in both zones. Interaction effects among the locations, densities x variety were also significant. From the analysis results, it’s concluded that 110 kg seeds ha-1 for Kabul013 and Baghlan09 varieties and 120 kg seeds ha-1 for Moqawim09 variety in zone 1 while 120 kg seeds ha-1 for all three varieties in zone 2 are the suitable seed rate and should be sown
 
Bioethanol Production from Waste Paper
Get PDFThe municipal waste constitutes paper as major part of the solid waste. Due to shrinking landfill capacity; it has become tough to manage this solid waste. The waste paper considered here is the newspaper along with the paper used in offices for printing & photocopying. The waste paper is rich in cellulose which could serve as substrate for bioethanol production. This would lead to reduction of greenhouse gases which are released in traditional way of ethanol production. In this study, an attempt was made to convert the cellulose, a sugar into ethanol via fermentation process. Before the actual fermentation, the paper was pre-treated and hydrolyzed with 5% conc.H2SO4 at 121°C for 30 minutes. The fermentation was carried out using S.cerevisiae. The alcohol was purified using distillation and the various parameters like specific gravity, odor, yield etc. were estimated.
 
Psycho Medicinal Uses of Some Indigenous Plants in Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand (Western Himalaya)
Get PDFPresent investigations was carried out in different blocks of district Tehri Garhwal, (Uttarakhand) to study the folk or traditional uses of some indigenous plants for ailments of various psychological disorders. 30 plant species belonging to 24 families were identified from study area, which is used by local peoples. Some psychological demurs i.e. religious deities, devil soul, ghostly elements and super natural powers are common in hills, and these demurs caused various psychological disorders. Even peoples of hills region depend on modern allopathic medicine but because of their deep-rooted beliefs in religious metaphysical and ghostly elements of their villages, also believe on their traditional practices for ailments of some psychological disorders.
 
Cell-Cell Coupling And Cell Hubness Make a Cell More Resistant Against Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Stress: A Computational Modeling Study
Get PDFIn this study, a computational framework was used to check out how cell physical connections to neighboring cells and the hubness property of a cell affect its response to environmental stress such as extremely low-frequency electromagnetic (ELF-EMF) intervention. For this purpose, a mathematical model of a special kind of excitable cells, i.e. human pancreatic beta-cell was incorporated. The connection between cell models was also formulated by a mathematical expression. Furthermore, by changing the characteristics of the model toward increasing calcium dynamics, the hubness property was assigned to the cell model. Using this mathematical model the effect of ELF-EMF was investigated. The simulation results indicated that the physical connection of a cell to its neighbor cells enhanced its potential to tolerate ELF-EMF stresses, possibly via channel sharing or via perturbing ELF-EMF field. Also, when a cell possessed the hubness property, it showed higher resistance against ELF-EMF interventions, possibly due to different calcium dynamics compared with non-hub cells.
 
Effect of Paper mill effluent on Nucleic acid content in Vital Organs of Snake Headed Fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch,1793)
Get PDFBiochemical study provides an early warning to potentially damaging alterations in stressed animals. Animal’s health is influenced by the fluctuations or alterations in metabolic processes taking place in its body’s tissues. So, the objective of this study to investigate the impact of sub lethal concentrations of paper mill effluent on nucleic acids content in vital organs of fresh water snake headed fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch). A significant decrease in nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) content in heart, muscles, kidney, liver and gill of test fish after 15 days exposure to the effluent as compared with control. Although 10% paper mill effluent may not be lethal for Channa punctatus but it affects the growth and survival of entire population and community of fishes as the sublethal becomes lethal in the long term.